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AI-Driven Battery-Free Wireless Sensing of Hazardous Liquid Spills via a Frequency-Selective Surface in a Monostatic Antenna Configuration 人工智能驱动的无电池无线传感有害液体泄漏通过频率选择表面在单天线配置
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3556170
Pau Casacuberta;Fatemeh Niknahad;Ali Maleki Gargari;Ferran Martín;Mohammad H. Zarifi
{"title":"AI-Driven Battery-Free Wireless Sensing of Hazardous Liquid Spills via a Frequency-Selective Surface in a Monostatic Antenna Configuration","authors":"Pau Casacuberta;Fatemeh Niknahad;Ali Maleki Gargari;Ferran Martín;Mohammad H. Zarifi","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3556170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3556170","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of spills is paramount in safeguarding safety and mitigating environmental risks in sensitive environments, including laboratories and industrial facilities. Here, the novel artificial intelligence (AI)-driven, battery-free, and wireless sensing methodology are presented for detecting liquid spills using a monostatic wireless sensing system. The system consists of a frequency-selective surface (FSS) serving as the sensor, in conjunction with a horn antenna that functions as the readout equipment. The sensing structure features a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$25 times 25$ </tex-math></inline-formula> resonator array with a 7-mm periodicity, operating at a resonant frequency of 7.2 GHz. The system analyzes the renormalized <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> response to quantify variations caused by the presence of liquid on the FSS, demonstrating a high sensitivity to isopropyl alcohol (IPA) spills. Using machine learning techniques, the framework generates <inline-formula> <tex-math>$512 times 512$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pixel masks delineating the affected area on the FSS, achieving an <inline-formula> <tex-math>${F}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-score exceeding 0.85 for spill localization. This sensing methodology shows potential for integration with augmented reality (AR) systems, enabling enhanced situational awareness and real-time spill localization. Future work aims to enhance the system’s capability to detect more hazardous materials and accurately classify them.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 7","pages":"1093-1096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10969564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Metal 3-D Stacking-Enabled WR4.3-Band Power Amplifier Featuring High-Power-Density TM01-Mode Radial Power Combiner 金属三维叠加wr4.3波段功率放大器，具有高功率密度tm01模式径向功率合成器
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557265
Kun Huang;Xiaojian Zhang;Ruoxue Li;Wei Su;Yue He;Hao Yang;Yaoling Tian;Jun Jiang
{"title":"Metal 3-D Stacking-Enabled WR4.3-Band Power Amplifier Featuring High-Power-Density TM01-Mode Radial Power Combiner","authors":"Kun Huang;Xiaojian Zhang;Ruoxue Li;Wei Su;Yue He;Hao Yang;Yaoling Tian;Jun Jiang","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557265","url":null,"abstract":"This letter reports a novel WR-4.3 band solid-state radial power combiner featuring high power density. It integrates a TE<sub>10</sub>–TM<sub>01</sub>-mode transducer, eight reconfigurable compact two-channel combined power amplifier (PA) units, and a highly efficient eight-channel radial power combined network to enable a 16-channel terahertz (THz) monolithic integrated circuits (TMICSs) combined amplifier. Experimental results demonstrate a saturated output power of over 400 mW at around 220 GHz, with a peak output power of 436 mW achieved at 215.4 GHz, corresponding to a maximum active combining efficiency of 89%. Additionally, the radial power combiner exhibits an ultracompact form factor, with a total volume of only 30.4 cm<sup>2</sup>, resulting in a maximum functional power density exceeding 14.35 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>. This work highlights the potential of the proposed architecture for high-power THz applications requiring compact and efficient power-combining solutions.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 7","pages":"1033-1036"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Hybrid CMOS-Polyimide Adaptive Force Radiometric Array With 3–5-GHz Wireless Connectivity 具有3 - 5 ghz无线连接的cmos -聚酰亚胺自适应力辐射阵列
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3556718
Amin Montazar;Xuyang Liu;Zhengyang Zhang;Hamidreza Aghasi
{"title":"A Hybrid CMOS-Polyimide Adaptive Force Radiometric Array With 3–5-GHz Wireless Connectivity","authors":"Amin Montazar;Xuyang Liu;Zhengyang Zhang;Hamidreza Aghasi","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3556718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3556718","url":null,"abstract":"To bridge the gap between force sensing technologies and wireless communication systems, this letter introduces a hybrid force radiometric array with direct analog force-to-radio-frequency (RF) radiation conversion. The design comprises a thin-film force sensor array, a flexible printed circuit board, an array of four class-D low-power voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) in 65-nm CMOS technology for voltage-to-frequency conversion, and a broadband multiport loop antenna for RF radiation. Class-D VCOs consume less than 2 mW of dc power and the system presents a linear force-to-frequency relationship. The measured radiometric array can achieve a force dynamic range of 105 N, a resolution of 0.1 N, and confirmed wireless connectivity of more than 5 m (limited by the laboratory dimensions).","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 6","pages":"880-883"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fusing Leontovich Boundary Conditions and Scalar 2-D FEM to Compute Lid and Lateral Wall Losses in H-Plane Waveguide Devices 融合Leontovich边界条件和标量二维有限元法计算h平面波导器件的盖子和侧壁损耗
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557266
Hui Jiang;Juan Córcoles;Jorge A. Ruiz-Cruz
{"title":"Fusing Leontovich Boundary Conditions and Scalar 2-D FEM to Compute Lid and Lateral Wall Losses in H-Plane Waveguide Devices","authors":"Hui Jiang;Juan Córcoles;Jorge A. Ruiz-Cruz","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557266","url":null,"abstract":"This letter introduces a 2-D finite-element method (FEM) for <italic>H</i>-plane waveguide devices, initially formulated for the ideal lossless case and then extended to include conductor losses. A scalar formulation naturally incorporates the Leontovich boundary condition on both the lid and lateral walls, with a first-order wavenumber correction at the lid walls and an additional matrix for lateral wall losses. Numerical results including an inductive filter and a K-band diplexer show excellent agreement with both analytic (when possible) and commercial software simulations based on 3D-FEM, confirming the method’s accuracy and efficiency for practical waveguide device analysis and design.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 6","pages":"764-767"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Low-Complexity DC-Offset-Cancellation Mechanism for 1-Mbps FM-UWB Receiver 1 mbps FM-UWB接收机的低复杂度dc偏移抵消机制
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557441
Yifan Li;Bo Zhou;Chunli Huang;Ziyuan Chen;Xukun Wang
{"title":"Low-Complexity DC-Offset-Cancellation Mechanism for 1-Mbps FM-UWB Receiver","authors":"Yifan Li;Bo Zhou;Chunli Huang;Ziyuan Chen;Xukun Wang","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557441","url":null,"abstract":"A frequency-modulated ultrawideband (FM-UWB) receiver (RX) is fabricated in 65-nm CMOS, to feature high energy efficiency, high robustness, and low complexity. Both the offset-insensitive RF front end and the offset-immune intermediate-frequency (IF) module are proposed for the DCoffset elimination of FM-UWB RXs. The active-balun embedded low-noise amplifier (LNA), symmetric-detuning bandpass filters (BPFs), single-ended envelope detectors (ENV-DETs), and self-biased IF amplifiers contribute to offset cancellation and distortion suppression and thus benefit high sensitivity and linearity. Digitally reconfigurable switched-capacitor arrays ensure design robustness. Experimental results show that the 3.75–4.25-GHz RX achieves a sensitivity of −81 dBm, a noise figure (NF) of4.0dB, and an energy efficiency of 1.8 nJ/bit, with an active area of 0.65 mm<sup>2</sup> and a power dissipation of 1.8 mW from a 1-V supply at a data rate (DR) of 1.0 Mbps.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 7","pages":"1073-1076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Miniaturized 90° Hybrid Coupler Utilizing Slow Wave Effects With a Hybrid Approach 利用慢波效应和混合方法的小型化90°混合耦合器
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557209
Do Hyeon Kim;Hong Soo Park;Sun K. Hong
{"title":"A Miniaturized 90° Hybrid Coupler Utilizing Slow Wave Effects With a Hybrid Approach","authors":"Do Hyeon Kim;Hong Soo Park;Sun K. Hong","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557209","url":null,"abstract":"A 90° hybrid coupler is one of the essential components widely used in various RF applications. The arms of the conventional branch line 90° hybrid coupler typically require a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/4 length. In applications operating at low frequencies in the megahertz range or those demanding extremely small form factors, miniaturization becomes even more critical. In this letter, we present a 90° hybrid coupler using a hybrid approach to achieve miniaturization by combining meander lines and discontinuity lines. The proposed 90° hybrid coupler is validated via simulation and measurement, where the results show that the size of the proposed coupler is less than <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.1lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> in both the width and length, indicating a size reduction of 95.1%.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 7","pages":"1005-1008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters publication 电气和电子工程师学会《微波与无线技术通讯》出版物
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3547166
{"title":"IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters publication","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3547166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3547166","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10967025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Frequency-Spatial Adaptive Digital Beamforming Technique for Range-Angle Decoupling With High-Resolution MIMO Radar 高分辨率MIMO雷达距离角解耦的频率-空间自适应数字波束形成技术
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557216
Jiayu Zhang;Yuchen Li;Zhiwei Zhang;Changzhan Gu;Junfa Mao
{"title":"Frequency-Spatial Adaptive Digital Beamforming Technique for Range-Angle Decoupling With High-Resolution MIMO Radar","authors":"Jiayu Zhang;Yuchen Li;Zhiwei Zhang;Changzhan Gu;Junfa Mao","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3557216","url":null,"abstract":"High-resolution multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar has been extensively employed for imaging across a wide range of applications. However, when radar systems are designed with a wide modulation bandwidth and a large aperture, performance degradation caused by range-angle coupling (RAC) becomes a significant challenge. Such coupling severely reduces angular resolution at off-boresight angles when conventional digital beamforming is utilized. To address this issue, a novel frequency-spatial adaptive digital beamforming (FSADBF) technique is proposed, in which adaptive steering vectors are generated based on frequency-spatial phase of the intermediate frequency (IF) signals for accurate angle estimation. Through this approach, target range estimation is performed within each angular cell, thereby avoiding the degradation of resolution caused by RAC, where the target is distributed across a large number of angle cells, particularly at off-boresight angles. Simulations and experiments have been conducted to validate the proposed technique, which significantly improves the angular resolution of MIMO radar.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 6","pages":"888-891"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A DC-51.5 GHz Digital Step Attenuator With Sub-5 dB Insertion Loss and 3.1° RMS Phase Error 一种插入损耗低于5db、相位误差RMS为3.1°的DC-51.5 GHz数字阶跃衰减器
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3555936
Ziang Zhang;Jianing He;Qin Chen;Xuhao Jiang;Xiangning Fan;Lianming Li
{"title":"A DC-51.5 GHz Digital Step Attenuator With Sub-5 dB Insertion Loss and 3.1° RMS Phase Error","authors":"Ziang Zhang;Jianing He;Qin Chen;Xuhao Jiang;Xiangning Fan;Lianming Li","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3555936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3555936","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an ultrawideband and low-loss digital step attenuator (DSA) with a 15.5-/0.5-dB attenuation range/step. To reduce the insertion loss (IL), a merged attenuation cell is proposed to realize 4-/8-/12-dB attenuation. Moreover, a bridge capacitor is adopted in the merged attenuation cell to expand the bandwidth of the proposed DSA while reducing the phase error between different attenuation states. The proposed DSA is fabricated with a 65-nm bulk CMOS process with a compact core area of only 0.026 mm<sup>2</sup>. With measurements, over the entire operating bandwidth from dc to 51.5 GHz, it achieves an IL of less than 5 dB and root-mean-square (rms) attenuation/phase errors of less than 0.25 dB/3.1°, respectively.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 6","pages":"780-783"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters Information for Authors 电气和电子工程师学会《微波与无线技术通讯》作者须知
IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1109/LMWT.2025.3547168
{"title":"IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2025.3547168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2025.3547168","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10967026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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