{"title":"Frequency Reconfigurable Pole-Zero Inversion Image Rejection Filter for 5G FR2 Transceivers","authors":"Xu Wang;Jincai Wen","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3383889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3383889","url":null,"abstract":"A frequency reconfigurable image rejection filter (IRF) for 5G FR2 bands (24.25–27.5 GHz and 37–40 GHz) transceivers is presented. The circuit adopts a novel pole-zero inversion (PZI) topology and constructs two operating modes, high-pass (HP) mode and low-pass (LP) mode. PZI means the poles of one mode are the zeros of the other mode, and it is realized by two types (series-parallel, thru-ground) of resonators with reconfigurable poles and zeros. The PZI IRF is fabricated using a 65-nm CMOS process and the core size of it is 0.0315 mm2. It achieves the minimum loss of 5.4/5.7 dB and maximum image rejection ratio (IRR) of 24.5–26.5 dB with 6 GHz intermediate frequency (IF) frequency in two modes, respectively. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reconfigurable IRF in millimeter-wave frequencies. This design provides a high IRR solution for single-path non-IQ 5G FR2 frequency reconfigurable transceivers.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optically Transparent Microwave Wilkinson Power Divider With Heterogeneous Integration","authors":"Rui Geng;Xiaolian Chen;Zhao-Hua Xu;Xiao-Liang Ge;Zhi-Jun Qin;Liu Zhang;Guowei Fan;Yang Zhu;Wenming Su;Su Xu","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3381594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3381594","url":null,"abstract":"Transparent electromagnetic devices have received extensive attention in the development of large-aperture transparent antenna arrays for smart cities and optoelectronic co- aperture integrated wireless communication. As the key component of transparent antenna arrays, an optically transparent microwave power divider that requires conductive films with various sheet resistances for high transmission and low mutual coupling still remains challenges in practical realization. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a high-performance optically transparent eight-channel Wilkinson power divider by heterogeneously integrated low-loss metal mesh and high-loss indium tin oxide (ITO). Over the radio frequency band from 1.7 to 2.5 GHz (the center frequency is 2.1 GHz) and optical band from 380 to 760 nm, the isolation of the power divider is higher than 20 dB, the transparency is higher than 72%, and the transmission coefficient is around −9.6 to −10.7 dB. Our demonstration paves the way for future tunable transparent array antenna systems and optoelectronic co- aperture integrated multifunctional applications.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yizhuo Wu;Ang Li;Mohammadreza Beikmirza;Gagan Deep Singh;Qinyu Chen;Leo C. N. de Vreede;Morteza Alavi;Chang Gao
{"title":"MP-DPD: Low-Complexity Mixed-Precision Neural Networks for Energy-Efficient Digital Predistortion of Wideband Power Amplifiers","authors":"Yizhuo Wu;Ang Li;Mohammadreza Beikmirza;Gagan Deep Singh;Qinyu Chen;Leo C. N. de Vreede;Morteza Alavi;Chang Gao","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3386330","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3386330","url":null,"abstract":"Digital predistortion (DPD) enhances signal quality in wideband radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs). As signal bandwidths expand in modern radio systems, DPD’s energy consumption increasingly impacts overall system efficiency. Deep neural networks (DNNs) offer promising advancements in DPD, yet their high complexity hinders their practical deployment. This article introduces open-source mixed-precision (MP) neural networks that employ quantized low-precision fixed-point parameters for energy-efficient DPD. This approach reduces computational complexity and memory footprint, thereby lowering power consumption without compromising linearization efficacy. Applied to a 160-MHz-BW 1024-QAM OFDM signal from a digital RF PA, MP-DPD gives no performance loss against 32-bit floating-point precision DPDs, while achieving −43.75 (L)/−45.27 (R) dBc in the adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) and −38.72 dB in error vector magnitude (EVM). A 16-bit fixed-point-precision MP-DPD enables a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.8times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 reduction in estimated inference power. The DPD code in PyTorch is publicly available on GitHub.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140690460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pattern-to-Absorption Prediction for Multilayered Metamaterial Absorber Based on Deep Learning","authors":"Jiawen Wang;Caizhi Fan;Yihuan Liao;Lilin Zhou","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3385982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3385982","url":null,"abstract":"Metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) allow for a wider range of applications than single-layer ones for their multilayered nature, especially in ultrabroadband absorption. However, the design of multilayered MMAs is extremely complicated. Employed deep learning (DL), using a surrogate model to replace the time-consuming full-wave simulations during the design process can greatly improve the design efficiency. In this letter, an efficient approach for constructing the surrogate model of multilayered MMA is proposed. The coding frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are converted into multichannel images and then amplified to enhance the efficiency of dataset utilization and model training. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is developed as the surrogate model to achieve pattern-to-absorption prediction for the multilayered MMA with a high degree of freedom. Trained on only 18 000 instances with \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2^{108}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 total permutations, the CNN can predict the absorption of the meta-atoms within the frequency range of 1.00–20.00 GHz in 0.05 s with a mean deviation of 0.02144. Our letter provides an efficient way to construct surrogate models for multilayered MMA in the DL-based design process.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140902601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Ka-Band Transition From Integrated-on-Lid Microstrip to Ridge Gap Waveguide","authors":"Changjian Tao;Haidong Zheng","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3387474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3387474","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional microstrip line (MSL)-to-ridge gap waveguide (RGW) transition commonly sets the peripheral circuits to the same layer with the MSL for the reason the printed circuit board (PCB) is placed on the metal structure, which causes its inevitable limited integrability and inconvenience controllability. To overcome these demerits, the bottom of the PCB is used to supercede the conventional metal lid of the RGW in this letter. The proposed configuration uses an RGW bifurcated probe (BP) to convert the quasi-TEM mode into the TE101 mode in the resonator built by the plated-blind groove and cavity back. An MSL-modified monopole probe with a pair of irises is inserted in the resonator to couple the electric field (E-field) into the MSL. The methodology and mechanism of the transition are investigated and the manufactured back-to-back module verifies the feasibility of this transition. The transition allows the peripheral circuits to be placed on the flip side of the lid easily, which can significantly attenuate the adverse effects led by peripheral circuits, compact the size, and control the RGW circuits simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 6.3–7.6 GHz VCO Achieving 192.7 dBc/Hz FoM With Dual Common-Mode Resonances","authors":"Kaitian Yang;Xiaolong Liu","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3386706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3386706","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a complementary voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) featuring dual common-mode (CM) resonances. A triple-coupled transformer is leveraged to attain both the second and fourth harmonic resonances at the head and tail common sources of the complementary VCO, significantly suppressing the noise upconversion to the tank. Implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process, the prototyped VCO achieves a frequency tuning range from 6.3 to 7.6 GHz, a phase noise of −116.1 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset, and a figure-of-merit (FoM) of 192.7 dBc/Hz with a power consumption of 1.2 mW.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Broadband PA With Complementary Matching to Get High Impedance Transformation Ratio of 125 With 60% Bandwidth on Two-Layer HBT Process","authors":"Wenhuan Han;Weiwei Dong;Zhongming Xue;Li Geng","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3386874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3386874","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a two-stage broadband power amplifier (BPA) employing a complementary matching technique with a vertically coupling transformer (VCT) and a capacitor–capacitor transformer (CCT). The design achieves an ultrahigh impedance transformation ratio (ITR) of 125 at inter-stage, enabling effective matching over a relative bandwidth (RBW) exceeding 60%. Measured results show the fabricated PA delivers a saturated output power of 31.9–33.5 dBm and a gain of 26–30 dB with PAE of 41.6%–50% across 1.5–2.8 GHz.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical Demonstration of THz Traveling Wave Amplifications in 2-D Electron Gas (2DEG) Under Scattering-Free and Low-Charge Density Regime","authors":"Shubhendu Bhardwaj;Md Faiyaz Bin Hassan","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3383769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3383769","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we investigate the terahertz field fluctuations and dynamic interactions with electrons in a 2-D electron gas (2DEG) under the influence of slow wave structure in a substrate-based device. Low-charge density and the scattering-free regime are considered to maintain practical simulation times. The dynamics of this interaction are simulated using a co-planar waveguide (CPW)-connected interdigitated metal grating structure to provide electromagnetic (EM) excitation and phase velocity comparable to electron drift in the 2DEG channel. This letter demonstrates that interdigitated slow wave structure provides a media for synchronous interaction between electron gas and EM waves leading to amplification of charge density and velocity oscillations in a 2DEG. The method used for this numerical work is a full-wave-global numerical model that uses finite-difference time domain (FDTD)-based particle in cell solver of electron transport in 2DEG, with self-consistent EM field solution. Under the considered regime and device, the current oscillations show an increase in amplitude which illustrates the effect of synchronous interaction between the 2DEG.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Gottinger;Nicola Notari;Samuel Kranz;Samuel Dutler;Robin Vetsch;Tindaro Pittorino;Christoph Würsch;Guido Piai
{"title":"Microwave Reflection Model for Human Respiration Based on a Circular Membrane","authors":"Michael Gottinger;Nicola Notari;Samuel Kranz;Samuel Dutler;Robin Vetsch;Tindaro Pittorino;Christoph Würsch;Guido Piai","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3385482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3385482","url":null,"abstract":"Despite their inability to provide distance or angular information, single-channel continuous-wave radar systems are widely used to measure vital parameters. Their popularity arises from the simplicity of the required components, the low demands on the sampling rate and processing effort, and their low costs. To obtain health data such as respiration rates, heart rates, or heart rate variability, the change of the signal phase due to the displacement of the body surface is measured. Typical signal models in the literature only consider the phase as relevant information and assume that the body surface behaves as a point-like target. This work introduces a more accurate signal model for human respiration based on a circular membrane and demonstrates that the amplitude can also be employed for reliable vital parameter detection.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140902598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 194-GHz Three-Stage Differential Driver Amplifier Utilizing a Three-Element Embedded Core at Near-fmax Frequencies in 65-Nm CMOS","authors":"Fei He;Qian Xie;Zheng Wang","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3384700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3384700","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we introduce a 194-GHz three-stage differential driver amplifier operating at near-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$f_{mathrm {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 frequencies. To address practical considerations associated with implementing ON-chip embedding elements within the sub-THz frequency range, we employ a three-element embedded core consisting of three types of embedding networks. This design approach offers greater flexibility in selecting the required embedding elements. Based on the proposed embedded core, a three-stage drive amplifier is implemented in the 65-nm CMOS process. The measurement results indicate that the proposed amplifier exhibits a small signal gain of 20.4 dB, a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{mathrm {sat}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of −2.1 dBm, and a peak PAE of 2.2% at 194 GHz.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}