Tommaso Bendinelli, Luca Biggio, Daniel Nyfeler, Abhigyan Ghosh, Peter Tollan, Moritz Alexander Kirschmann, Olga Fink
{"title":"GEMTELLIGENCE: Accelerating gemstone classification with deep learning","authors":"Tommaso Bendinelli, Luca Biggio, Daniel Nyfeler, Abhigyan Ghosh, Peter Tollan, Moritz Alexander Kirschmann, Olga Fink","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00252-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00252-x","url":null,"abstract":"The value of luxury goods, particularly investment-grade gemstones, is influenced by their origin and authenticity, often resulting in differences worth millions of dollars. Traditional methods for determining gemstone origin and detecting treatments involve subjective visual inspections and a range of advanced analytical techniques. However, these approaches can be time-consuming, prone to inconsistencies, and lack automation. Here, we propose GEMTELLIGENCE, a novel deep learning approach enabling streamlined and consistent origin determination of gemstone origin and detection of treatments. GEMTELLIGENCE leverages convolutional and attention-based neural networks that combine the multi-modal heterogeneous data collected from multiple instruments. The algorithm attains predictive performance comparable to expensive laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry analysis and expert visual examination, while using input data from relatively inexpensive analytical methods. Our methodology represents an advancement in gemstone analysis, greatly enhancing automation and robustness throughout the analytical process pipeline. Tommaso Bendinelli and colleagues developed a deep learning method that leverages data from different scanning and spectroscopy modalities to improve gemstone origin determination and treatment detection.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00252-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The evolving experience of academic women in engineering","authors":"Srabanti Chowdhury, Kelly Woo, Nish Sinha","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00256-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00256-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00256-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decentralized dynamic system for optimal power dispatch in wind farms based on node-dependence nature","authors":"Sheng Huang, Hanzhi Peng, Xiaohui Huang, Juan Wei, Chao Wei, Qiuwei Wu, Wei Zhang, Yinpeng Qu","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00258-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00258-5","url":null,"abstract":"Meeting the power demand from the transmission system operator is an important objective for power dispatch, which introduces a power supply-demand equality constraint coupling all the wind turbines among the wind farm into the optimization problem. For a large-scale wind farm, processing the global equality constraint in a centralized or distributed framework is time-consuming and computationally complex. Here we considered the fast and localized execution issue of the power optimal dispatch problems. A completely decentralized dynamic system was designed to optimize power flow while satisfying the electricity supply constraints. A voltage optimization problem with the global power constraints was decoupled into local wind turbine controllers based on the node-dependence nature, which is an inherent characteristic of wind farms and was fitted to the power sensitivity matrix in this paper. The local optimization problem was solved iteratively using the gradient projection method, and the system converged linearly to the equilibrium point. The simulations for the case studies performed in Simulink demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a near-global optimal performance using only local measurements. Sheng Huang, Xiaohui Huang and colleagues propose a methodology for the optimal power dispatch from the wind farms. Their method relies on local data only and allows iterative convergence.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00258-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141998689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Han Yunan, Cuilian Jiang, Shuangqing Xiong, Zhaohan Liu
{"title":"Filter cable design with defected conductor transmission structures","authors":"Han Yunan, Cuilian Jiang, Shuangqing Xiong, Zhaohan Liu","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00262-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00262-9","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical cables, as the industry’s blood vessels and nervous system, require evolving distributed filtering for complex electromagnetic environment adaptability. This article introduces a filter cable design featuring an insulated cylinder coated with a defected conductor transmission structure (DCTS). The DCTS, with a well-designed etched pattern, functions as a boundary condition for transmitting specific frequency electromagnetic waves, similar to a lumped filter circuit. To validate this method, a low-pass filter cable is proposed with six-slot-ring defected structures, utilizing polytetrafluoroethylene as the inner dielectric, encased within a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB)-manufactured DCTS. The proposed cable, with precise dimensions (2.4 mm diameter, 340 mm length), demonstrates minimal insertion loss ( < 0.38 dB below 6 GHz) in the passband and rejection exceeding 23 dB at 7.7-25 GHz in the stopband. Further enhancements achieve attenuation exceeding 50 dB in the stopband (7.1 GHz to 20 GHz). Compared to traditional cables, this filter cable addresses electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) by cutting off the interference coupling path. Yunan Han et al. present a filter cable design which can apply filtering throughout the cable’s length. The defected conductor transmission structures serve as a boundary condition for transmitted waves to achieve similar performance to a lumped filter circuit.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00262-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141991745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuecheng Zhang, Guanghao Guo, Zixin Li, Wenchao Meng, Yuefei Zhang, Qing Ye, Jin Wang, Shibo He, Xinbao Zhao, Jiming Chen, Ze Zhang
{"title":"Superalloys fracture process inference based on overlap analysis of 3D models","authors":"Xuecheng Zhang, Guanghao Guo, Zixin Li, Wenchao Meng, Yuefei Zhang, Qing Ye, Jin Wang, Shibo He, Xinbao Zhao, Jiming Chen, Ze Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00257-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00257-6","url":null,"abstract":"Superalloy materials exhibit susceptibility to fracture failures stemming from the influence of thermomechanical factors. To comprehensively understand the fracture mechanisms, material properties, root causes of failure, and the subsequent optimization of alloys, a detailed analysis of the internal fracture process and the morphological traits of the fracture surface is imperative. Traditional analysis of fracture surfaces solely relies on 2D images, thus lacking crucial 3D information. Although in situ experiments can capture the fracture process, their effectiveness is confined to the specimen’s surface, precluding insight into internal changes. Here we introduce an integrated framework encompassing the process of 3D reconstruction of fracture surfaces, aiming to enhance the visual information obtained with micron-level accuracy, visual intuitiveness and sense of depth. Additionally, this framework also facilitates the scrutiny and inference of internal fracture processes. These results demonstrate that under specific service conditions, material deformation fracture probably stems from a combination of surface cracking and internal cracking rather than exclusively one or the other. Overall, our description and analysis of internally initiated cracking due to defects within the specimens can be beneficial in guiding future alloy design and optimization efforts. Xuecheng Zhang, Guanghao Guo and colleagues present a characterization method for analyzing metallurgical fracture processes that addresses the limitations of conventional 2D imaging acquisition by providing a comprehensive visual depiction of fracture surfaces in 3D space. The method involves in situ tensile testing of IN718 alloy specimens at different temperatures, capturing real-time changes in morphology using high-resolution electron microscopy imaging, and reconstructing 3D models of the fracture surfaces.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11300801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141895004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuchen Song, Min Zhang, Xiaotian Jiang, Fan Zhang, Cheng Ju, Shanguo Huang, Alan Pak Tao Lau, Danshi Wang
{"title":"SRS-Net: a universal framework for solving stimulated Raman scattering in nonlinear fiber-optic systems by physics-informed deep learning","authors":"Yuchen Song, Min Zhang, Xiaotian Jiang, Fan Zhang, Cheng Ju, Shanguo Huang, Alan Pak Tao Lau, Danshi Wang","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00253-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00253-w","url":null,"abstract":"As a crucial nonlinear phenomenon, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) plays multifaceted roles involved in forward and inverse problems. In fibre-optic systems, these roles range from detrimental interference that impairs optical performance to beneficial effects that enables various devices such as Raman amplifier. To obtain solutions of SRS, various numerical methods customized for different scenarios have been proposed. However, these methods are time-consuming, low-efficiency, and experience-orientated, particularly in combined scenarios consisting of both forward and inverse problems. Inspired by physics-informed neural networks, we propose SRS-Net, which combines the efficient automatic differentiation and powerful representation ability of neural networks with the regularization of SRS physical laws, to obtain universal solutions for SRS of forward, inverse, and combined problems. We showcase the intuitive solving procedure and high-speed performance of SRS-Net through extensive simulations covering different scenarios. Additionally, we validate its capabilities in experiments involving the high-fidelity modelling of a wavelength division multiplexing system spanning the C + L-band with approximately 10 THz. The versatility of the SRS-Net framework extends beyond SRS, indicating its potential as a promising universal solution in other engineering problems with nonlinear dynamics governed by partial differential equations. Yuchen Song and colleagues develop a neural network-based framework for solving both forward and inverse problems of stimulated Raman scattering. This physics-informed framework called SRS-Net helps wideband power prediction, Raman pump optimization, and physical parameter identification in fibre optics.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11303545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Wang, Haoyang Cui, Qinghao Zhang, Paul Calle, Yuyang Yan, Feng Yan, Kar-Ming Fung, Sanjay G. Patel, Zhongxin Yu, Sean Duguay, William Vanlandingham, Ajay Jain, Chongle Pan, Qinggong Tang
{"title":"Automatic renal carcinoma biopsy guidance using forward-viewing endoscopic optical coherence tomography and deep learning","authors":"Chen Wang, Haoyang Cui, Qinghao Zhang, Paul Calle, Yuyang Yan, Feng Yan, Kar-Ming Fung, Sanjay G. Patel, Zhongxin Yu, Sean Duguay, William Vanlandingham, Ajay Jain, Chongle Pan, Qinggong Tang","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00254-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00254-9","url":null,"abstract":"Percutaneous renal biopsy is commonly used for kidney cancer diagnosis. However, the biopsy procedure remains challenging in sampling accuracy. Here we introduce a forward-viewing optical coherence tomography probe for differentiating tumor and normal tissues, aiming at precise biopsy guidance. Totally, ten human kidney samples, nine of which had malignant renal carcinoma and one had benign oncocytoma, were used for system evaluation. Based on their distinct imaging features, carcinoma could be efficiently distinguished from normal renal tissues. Additionally, oncocytoma could be differentiated from carcinoma. We developed convolutional neural networks for tissue recognition. Compared to the conventional attenuation coefficient method, convolutional neural network models provided more accurate carcinoma predictions. These models reached a tissue recognition accuracy of 99.1% on a hold-out set of four kidney samples. Furthermore, they could efficiently distinguish oncocytoma from carcinoma. In conclusion, our convolutional neural network-aided endoscopic imaging platform could enhance carcinoma diagnosis during percutaneous renal biopsy procedures. Chen Wang and colleagues develop a forward-viewing optical coherence tomography endoscope for differentiating tumor tissues in renal biopsy. In conjunction with a convolutional neural network developed by the team, tissue recognition rates of over 99% were achieved.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11297278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structural integrity of aging steel bridges by 3D laser scanning and convolutional neural networks","authors":"Georgios Tzortzinis, Angelos Filippatos, Jan Wittig, Maik Gude, Aidan Provost, Chengbo Ai, Simos Gerasimidis","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00255-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00255-8","url":null,"abstract":"For steel bridges, corrosion has historically led to bridge failures, resulting in fatalities and injuries. To enhance public safety and prevent such incidents, authorities mandate in-situ evaluation and reporting of corroded members. The current inspection and evaluation protocol is characterized by intense labor, traffic delays, and poor capacity predictions. Here we combine full-scale experimental testing of a decommissioned girder, 3D laser scanning, and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to introduce a continuous inspection and evaluation framework. Classification and regression CNNs are trained on a databank of 1,421 naturally inspired corrosion scenarios, generated computationally based on point clouds of three corroded girders collected in lab conditions. Results indicate low errors of up to 2.0% and 3.3%, respectively. The methodology is validated on eight real corroded ends and implemented for the evaluation of an in-service bridge. This framework promises significant advancements in assessing aging bridge infrastructure with higher accuracy and efficiency compared to analytical or semi-analytical approaches. Dr Georgios Tzortzinis and colleagues use a combination of experimental testing and 3D laser scanning to describe the corrosion profile of bridge girders. Their results demonstrate how laser scanners and convolutional neural networks can provide accurate predictions on the structural capacity of ageing steel bridges.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11294330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141876863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro Rolo, João V. Vidal, Andrei L. Kholkin, Marco P. Soares dos Santos
{"title":"Self-adaptive rotational electromagnetic energy generation as an alternative to triboelectric and piezoelectric transductions","authors":"Pedro Rolo, João V. Vidal, Andrei L. Kholkin, Marco P. Soares dos Santos","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00249-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00249-6","url":null,"abstract":"Triboelectric and piezoelectric energy harvesters can hardly power most microelectronic systems. Rotational electromagnetic harvesters are very promising alternatives, but their performance is highly dependent on the varying mechanical sources. This study presents an innovative approach to significantly increase the performance of rotational harvesters, based on dynamic coil switching strategies for optimization of the coil connection architecture during energy generation. Both analytical and experimental validations of the concept of self-adaptive rotational harvester were carried out. The adaptive harvester was able to provide an average power increase of 63.3% and 79.5% when compared to a non-adaptive 16-coil harvester for harmonic translation and harmonic swaying excitations, respectively, and 83.5% and 87.2% when compared to a non-adaptive 8-coil harvester. The estimated energy conversion efficiency was also enhanced from ~80% to 90%. This study unravels an emerging technological approach to power a wide range of applications that cannot be powered by other vibrationally driven harvesters. Pedro Rolo and colleagues designed a rotational electromagnetic harvester using an adaptive coil-switching architecture. This adaptability significantly enhances the energy efficiency and power density, as demonstrated analytically and experimentally.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11291956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141861841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rashindrie Perera, Peter Savas, Damith Senanayake, Roberto Salgado, Heikki Joensuu, Sandra O’Toole, Jason Li, Sherene Loi, Saman Halgamuge
{"title":"Annotation-efficient deep learning for breast cancer whole-slide image classification using tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and slide-level labels","authors":"Rashindrie Perera, Peter Savas, Damith Senanayake, Roberto Salgado, Heikki Joensuu, Sandra O’Toole, Jason Li, Sherene Loi, Saman Halgamuge","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00246-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00246-9","url":null,"abstract":"Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) are pivotal in the immune response against cancer cells. Existing deep learning methods for TIL analysis in whole-slide images (WSIs) demand extensive patch-level annotations, often requiring labour-intensive specialist input. To address this, we propose a framework named annotation-efficient segmentation and attention-based classifier (ANSAC). ANSAC requires only slide-level labels to classify WSIs as having high vs. low TIL scores, with the binary classes divided by an expert-defined threshold. ANSAC automatically segments tumour and stroma regions relevant to TIL assessment, eliminating extensive manual annotations. Furthermore, it uses an attention model to generate a map that highlights the most pertinent regions for classification. Evaluating ANSAC on four breast cancer datasets, we demonstrate substantial improvements over three baseline methods in identifying TIL-relevant regions, with up to 8% classification improvement on a held-out test dataset. Additionally, we propose a pre-processing modification to a well-known method, enhancing its performance up to 6%. Perera et al. developed a machine-learning approach for classifying whole-slide images into binary categories of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. They have benchmarked it against two established models and made the entire processing pipeline available as open source.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00246-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}