Emerging sensor technologies and physics-guided methods for monitoring automotive lithium-based batteries.

As the automotive industry undergoes a major shift to electric propulsion, reliable assessment of battery health and potential safety issues is critical. This review covers advances in sensor technology, from mechanical and gas sensors to ultrasonic imaging techniques that provide insight into the complex structures and dynamics of lithium-ion batteries. In addition, we explore the integration of physics-guided machine learning methods with multi-sensor systems to improve the accuracy of battery modeling and monitoring. Challenges and opportunities in prototyping and scaling these multi-sensor systems are discussed, highlighting both current limitations and future potential. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status, challenges, and future directions of combining sensors with physically guided methods for future vehicle battery management systems.