The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research最新文献

{"title":"Endoscopic Treatment of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.","authors":"Yu Jin Kim, Heung Up Kim","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2026.0010","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2026.0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Upper gastrointestinal bleeding remains an important gastrointestinal condition despite a decline in its incidence, the introduction of acid-suppressive therapy, and advances in endoscopic techniques. Based on etiology, it is classified as variceal or nonvariceal bleeding, with peptic ulcers constituting the majority of nonvariceal bleeding. Before endoscopy, it is essential to stabilize the patient by administering appropriate fluids, blood transfusions, proton pump inhibitors, vasoconstrictors, and antibiotics, followed by an early endoscopic examination and treatment whenever possible. Endoscopic management can be facilitated by accessories such as transparent caps, water-jet pumps, overtubes, and multi-bending endoscopes. Studies have reported emerging tools, including machine learning models for risk prediction, swallowable bleeding sensors, and hemostasis guided by endoscopic ultrasound or Doppler. Endoscopic hemostasis includes injections, mechanical therapy, electrocautery, and topical therapies. Once the bleeding source is identified, an appropriate endoscopic modality can be selected according to the lesion. For nonvariceal bleeding, injections, coagulation, and mechanical methods are used when endoscopic hemostasis is indicated. Band ligation is commonly used to treat esophageal variceal bleeding, whereas gastric variceal bleeding is typically treated with cyanoacrylate injections. If endoscopic therapy fails or rebleeding occurs, angiography with embolization or surgery may be required, and in acute variceal bleeding, a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration can be considered. Second-look endoscopy may be performed selectively in patients at high risk of rebleeding or when repeat evaluation is needed. In peptic ulcer disease, early biopsy should be performed when malignancy is suspected, and Helicobacter pylori testing and eradication should be ensured.</p>","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":"26 2","pages":"131-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13284575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148280709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-Specific Differences in Helicobacter pylori Eradication Outcomes: Treatment Success and Adverse Events in a Single Tertiary Center in South Korea.","authors":"Yonghoon Choi, Nayoung Kim, Moon Chul Lee, Seung Teak Lee, June Young Lim, Jung Hyun Noh, Wootaek Seo, Hee-Eon Lim, So Young Jo, Jongchan Lee, Cheol Min Shin, Seulgi Kim","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0094","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori is essential for improving patient outcomes and preventing gastric cancer; however, evidence regarding sex-specific differences in treatment success and adverse event profiles remain limited. This study investigated sex-based differences in eradication efficacy and treatment tolerability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent diagnostic testing, received eradication therapy, and completed post-treatment confirmation testing between 2003 and 2024 at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. First-line therapy consisted of 10-day sequential therapy, while second-line treatment included 14-day bismuth-based quadruple therapy or 14-day moxifloxacin-based triple therapy. Treatment success and adverse events were evaluated by sex and treatment regimen.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Females had lower eradication rates in the overall cohort. The intention-to-treat analysis showed significantly higher success rates in males compared to females in the total population (71.1% vs. 65.1%, p<0.001) and in sequential therapy (70.5% vs. 62.1%, p<0.001), although this pattern was not replicated in the per-protocol results. Adverse events were reported nearly twice as often in females, regardless of the regimen, which may partly explain the reduced rates of successful eradication and increased discontinuation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sex-based differences influence H. pylori eradication outcomes, with females showing lower treatment success rates and substantially more adverse events. Higher therapy intolerance and dropout rates in females may partially account for reduced effectiveness of eradication therapy, highlighting the need for sex-specific strategies and improved supportive care.</p>","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":" ","pages":"196-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13284573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147583602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metformin Is Associated With a Reduced Risk of Gastric Cancer, but Not Dysplasia, in Patients With Diabetes.","authors":"Hyun Seok Lee, Sun Hyung Kang, Hyuk Soo Eun, Eaum Seok Lee, Hee Seok Moon, Seok Hyun Kim, Jae Kyu Sung, Byung Seok Lee","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0090","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Metformin has been suggested to exert chemopreventive effects against gastric cancer. However, epidemiologic evidence remains inconsistent, and its impact on histologically confirmed precursor lesions, such as gastric dysplasia, remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent endoscopic biopsy at a tertiary hospital in South Korea between 2009 and 2018. The patients were categorized into four groups based on the use of metformin and insulin. Histologic outcomes, including gastric dysplasia and adenocarcinoma, were evaluated using endoscopic biopsy specimens. Logistic regression and survival analyses were performed to assess the association between the use of antidiabetic medications and outcomes of gastric neoplasia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 5269 patients with diabetes who underwent endoscopic biopsy, metformin use without insulin was associated with a lower incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma than non-metformin use. By contrast, insulin use was associated with a higher incidence of gastric malignancies. The occurrence of premalignant lesions, including gastric dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia, did not differ significantly between medication groups. These findings were consistent across logistic regression and survival analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Metformin use was associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer in patients with diabetes who were not receiving insulin, but did not reduce the occurrence of gastric dysplasia. These results suggest that metformin exerts a stage-specific effect on gastric carcinogenesis, primarily by inhibiting the progression from dysplasia to invasive carcinoma, rather than preventing the initial development of precursor lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":"26 2","pages":"217-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13284576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148280785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal-Predominant ALK-Negative Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin: Case Report.","authors":"Chang Hyun Kim, Sang Hyub Lee","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2026.0001","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2026.0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a CD30-positive mature T-cell lymphoma. ALK-negative systemic ALCL typically affects older adults, with aggressive clinical behavior. Predominant gastrointestinal involvement is rare and may present with nonspecific systemic symptoms, posing diagnostic challenges, particularly when manifesting as fever of unknown origin. We report a case of a patient with ALK-negative systemic ALCL and predominant gastrointestinal involvement. The patient had a history of indolent cutaneous extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. The patient presented with a prolonged, intermittent fever and constitutional symptoms. The initial evaluations, including computed tomography, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and bone marrow examination, were not diagnostic. The persistent fever, which was accompanied by newly developed gastrointestinal symptoms and progressive hypoalbuminemia, prompted an endoscopic evaluation that revealed multiple ulcerofungating gastric lesions. Histopathological examination demonstrated the diffuse proliferation of large atypical lymphoid cells with high CD30 expression, no ALK expression, a high Ki-67 proliferation index, and clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangement. These findings were consistent with ALK-negative systemic ALCL. Staging then revealed multifocal gastrointestinal involvement. The patient was treated with brentuximab vedotin plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone, following which the febrile episodes improved. This case illustrates an uncommon gastrointestinal-predominant presentation of ALK-negative systemic ALCL presenting as fever of unknown origin. This case underscores the importance of continued diagnostic reassessment and symptom-guided tissue acquisition when conventional staging studies are not initially diagnostic, particularly in patients with a history of indolent lymphoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":"26 2","pages":"230-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13284564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148280730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Subepithelial Tumor With Surface Changes Removed by Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection.","authors":"Dae Gon Ryu, Cheol Woong Choi","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0071","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":"26 1","pages":"106-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147477756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nationwide Survey on Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer in Korea: Results From the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research (KCHUGR) 2023 Survey.","authors":"Jae Yong Park, Jeong Hoon Lee, Tae-Se Kim, Da Hyun Jung, Bong Eun Lee, Yonghoon Choi, Wan-Sik Lee, Young-Il Kim, Sun Hyung Kang, Hyunsoo Chung, Su Jin Kim, Joon Sung Kim, Donghoon Kang, Su Youn Nam, Seung Han Kim, Hyo-Joon Yang, Hyun Lim, Jin Lee, Seon-Young Park, Seung-Woo Lee, Sun Moon Kim, Sam Ryong Jee, Dae Young Cheung, Chung Hyun Tae, Seokin Kang, Sung Chul Park, Seung In Seo, Cheol Min Shin, Kee Don Choi, Jong Yeul Lee","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0093","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has become a standard minimally invasive treatment for selected patients with early gastric cancer (EGC). This study presents the first nationwide survey of patients with EGC treated with ESD in 2023, conducted by the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were retrospectively collected from participating referral centers across Korea using a standardized case report form covering patient characteristics, tumor features, procedural details, histopathological findings, and clinical outcomes. Descriptive and comparative analyses were conducted to summarize nationwide ESD practice patterns and outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 5460 ESD cases from 5250 patients across 27 institutions were analyzed. The mean age was 67.4 years, with 74.1% males. Multiple synchronous lesions were identified in 3.7%. Most lesions were located in the lower third of the stomach (64.0%), and differentiated-type adenocarcinomas accounted for 87.8%. The en bloc and complete resection rates were 99.2% and 91.4%, respectively. Curative resection was achieved in 80.5%, whereas local non-curative resection (L-NCR) and surgical non-curative resection (S-NCR) were identified in 2.8% and 16.7%, respectively. Additional surgery was performed more frequently in patients with S-NCR than in those with L-NCR (59.3% vs. 24.7%). The bleeding and perforation rates were 3.6% and 0.9%, respectively, and were mostly managed conservatively or endoscopically. The median length of hospitalization was 4.0 days.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This first nationwide survey provides a comprehensive overview of the current practice of EGC treatment using ESD in Korea, demonstrating high technical success and safety, and establishing a baseline dataset for future longitudinal research.</p>","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":"26 1","pages":"50-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147477874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastritis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Clinical Implications.","authors":"Seung Han Kim","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2026.0003","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2026.0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastritis encompasses a heterogeneous spectrum of inflammatory and structural alterations of the gastric mucosa arising from diverse etiologies, including Helicobacter pylori infection, autoimmune processes, and drug-induced mucosal injury. Recent advances in endoscopy technique, histological classification, and mechanistic insights have substantially refined the clinical approach to gastritis, enabling more accurate diagnosis, improved risk stratification for gastric neoplasia, and individualized management strategies. This review integrates current evidence on gastritis, with a focus on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, standardized diagnostic frameworks, H. pylori-related outcomes, and autoimmune gastritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":"26 1","pages":"8-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147477854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Antimicrobial Peptide Variants From Lactobacillus spp. Against H. pylori-Mediated Gastric Cancer: An In-Silico Approach.","authors":"Tammanna R Sahrawat, Sushant","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0049","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Increased antimicrobial resistance has necessitated innovative therapeutic strategies to combat Helicobacter pylori, a key contributor to gastric cancer (GC). Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from probiotic Lactobacillus spp. offer a promising alternative to antibiotics, with several strains demonstrating inhibitory activity against H. pylori. This study aimed to identify and characterize Lactobacillus spp.-derived AMP variants with antimicrobial properties against H. pylori to reduce the incidence of H. pylori-mediated GC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>AMPs were retrieved from various databases, followed by multistep in silico screening to identify potential candidates. The shortlisted peptides were analyzed for physicochemical and ADMET properties, and their 3D structures were predicted using PEP-FOLD4. Docking of AMPs was performed with major H. pylori virulence factors and their interacting GC host proteins using HADDOCK 2.4, and binding free energies were calculated using HawkDock.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 109 AMPs retrieved, only nine were found to have favorable biological, physicochemical, and ADMET properties. Notably, peptide seq30 exhibited potent binding to cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA; -75.28 kcal/mol), seq55 to c-Met (-99.15 kcal/mol), seq28 to E-cadherin (-75.58 kcal/mol), and seq78 to both β-catenin (-85.52 kcal/mol) and proteinase-activated receptor 1 (-84.74 kcal/mol), indicating the ability of these AMPs to interact with major pathways involved in gastric carcinogenesis. These AMPs could serve as promising candidates for designing preventive therapeutic strategies to suppress H. pylori-induced cell invasion, which could further lead to the development of GC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that AMPs seq28, seq30, seq55, and seq78 have preventive therapeutic potential against H. pylori and can be further explored for the development of therapeutic candidates to address H. pylori infection and its associated complications, such as GC.</p>","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":"26 1","pages":"60-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147477903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Korea: An Evidence-Based Analysis of the Upcoming 2025 Guideline.","authors":"Chang Seok Bang, Seung Joo Kang, Su Youn Nam, Sung Eun Kim, Seung Young Kim, Hyunchul Lim, Chung Hyun Tae, Moon Won Lee, Seung Han Kim, Hye-Kyung Jung, Byung-Wook Kim","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0085","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficacy of clarithromycin-containing triple therapy (TT) against Helicobacter pylori has declined in Korea, with recent first-line eradication rates falling below 70%. Clarithromycin resistance exceeded 30%, undermining the standard regimen for H. pylori. These trends necessitate a change in the treatment strategy. This review analyzed the shift proposed in the draft of the 2025 Korean H. pylori guidelines. We examined the rationale for abandoning TT as a first-line empirical therapy and the establishment of a new dual-pillar strategy: 1) the declining role of clarithromycin-containing TT as a first-line treatment and 2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tailored therapy as the recommended precision approach. We explored the 1) emergence of new empirical regimen options, 2) application of tailored therapy, and 3) adoption of potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs). Empirical regimens have shifted toward four-drug combinations to achieve higher cure rates. Concomitant therapy (proton-pump inhibitor [PPI] or P-CAB+amoxicillin+clarithromycin+metronidazole) offers high efficacy but raises concerns about antibiotic overuse. As a compromise, bismuth-augmented triple regimens (adding bismuth to TT) are now recommended; these modified quadruple therapies (e.g., PACB: PPI+amoxicillin+clarithromycin+bismuth, or PAMB: PPI+amoxicillin+metronidazole+bismuth) significantly improve eradication rates without requiring a third antibiotic class. Regarding tailored therapy, PCR-based domestic clinical research data consistently achieves ≥90% cure rates in first-line treatment-markedly higher than empirical TT in Korea. Economic analyses supported the cost-effectiveness of this approach. The guideline algorithm for salvage therapy was clarified. Bismuth quadruple therapy has been confirmed as the standard second-line treatment. For third-line therapy, we analyzed the efficacy of levofloxacin-based regimens, rifabutin-based therapy, and bismuth add-on therapy with two previously unused antibiotics. The 2025 Korean guidelines establish quadruple therapies as the new standard through a dual strategy: pragmatic empirical treatment and PCR-guided tailored therapy, with P-CABs and bismuth-based regimens as key components.</p>","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":"26 1","pages":"23-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147477897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reassessing Acid Suppression in Patients Receiving Antiplatelet Therapy: Real-World Clinical Outcomes of P-CABs Versus PPIs.","authors":"Hyun Lim","doi":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0081","DOIUrl":"10.7704/kjhugr.2025.0081","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520887,"journal":{"name":"The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research","volume":"26 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147477884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}