Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"Green-synthesized silver and metal oxide nanoparticles for in vitro antifungal activity against Alternaria solani in tomato","authors":"Nasir Mehmood,&nbsp;Salman Ghuffar,&nbsp;Darima Habib,&nbsp;Gulshan Irshad,&nbsp;Sadaf Anwaar,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahid,&nbsp;Muhammad Ahmad Zeshan,&nbsp;Vishnu D. Rajput,&nbsp;Tauseef Anwar,&nbsp;Huma Qureshi,&nbsp;Hossam S. El-Beltagi,&nbsp;Salohiddinjon Yunusov,&nbsp;Orkhan Khudiyev,&nbsp;Nazih Y. Rebouh,&nbsp;Mohammed S. Alotaibi,&nbsp;Árpád Székely","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01034-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01034-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Early blight, caused by <i>Alternaria solani</i>, is a destructive tomato disease, and repeated use of synthetic fungicides raises concerns regarding resistance development, residues, environmental contamination, and human-health risks. This in vitro study evaluated <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> Dehnh.-mediated silver nanoparticles (g-AgNPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (g-CuO NPs), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (g-ZnO NPs) against <i>A. solani</i> isolate ASIB-15. Nanoparticles were synthesized using leaf extract and characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM. Antifungal activity was assessed at 10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL using inhibition-zone diameter and colony-diameter-based mycelial-growth inhibition as complementary endpoints.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Mean particle sizes were 14.0 ± 9.5 nm for g-AgNPs, 6.93 ± 1.92 nm for g-CuO NPs, and 28.5 ± 6.5 nm for g-ZnO NPs, supporting their nanoscale range within this assay system. The synthesized nanoparticles showed nanoscale morphology and concentration-dependent antifungal activity. At 100 µg/mL, g-AgNPs produced the strongest response, with a 16 mm inhibition zone and about 72% mycelial-growth inhibition. At the same concentration, g-CuO NPs produced an approximately 13 mm inhibition zone and about 60% inhibition, whereas g-ZnO NPs produced an approximately 15 mm inhibition zone and about 50% inhibition. The different rankings obtained from inhibition-zone diameter and percentage mycelial-growth inhibition reflect that these endpoints measure different aspects of fungal suppression.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Overall, the results identify <i>E. camaldulensis</i>-mediated g-AgNPs, g-CuO NPs, and g-ZnO NPs as preliminary in vitro antifungal candidates against <i>A. solani</i>. However, phytotoxicity testing, greenhouse and field validation, formulation-stability assessment, mechanism studies, and commercial fungicide comparisons are required before practical tomato early blight management recommendations can be made.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01034-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive components and in vitro antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Ulmus pumila","authors":"Dongwei Wei,&nbsp;Bingge Su,&nbsp;Xin Liu,&nbsp;Wuyong Sun,&nbsp;Wenfeng Wang,&nbsp;Fude Shang","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-00993-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-00993-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><i>Ulmus pumila</i> (<i>U. pumila</i>) is a widely distributed plant resource with important ecological value and a history of medicinal and edible use. However, the distribution of its bioactive components and associated biological activities across different plant parts and developmental stages remains insufficiently understood.In this study, aqueous extracts from the bark, leaves (at different developmental stages), and fruits of <i>U. pumila</i> were systematically investigated. UV–Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy, combined with standard colorimetric assays, were used to characterize major bioactive components, while antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were evaluated. In addition, a validated LC–MS/MS method based on 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate containing 0.1% formic acid–methanol was established for the simultaneous baseline separation and quantification of six representative phenolic compounds within 8 min.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The bark exhibited the highest levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, as well as the strongest antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Leaf extracts showed stage-dependent variation, with June leaves displaying higher antioxidant activity and October leaves showing stronger α-glucosidase inhibition. Total phenolics ranged from 15.336 to 29.854 mg GAE/g DW across samples. The LC–MS/MS method showed good linearity, precision, repeatability, and recovery. Six phenolic compounds were quantified, with chlorogenic acid as the predominant component (1.44–13.76 mg/g DW), followed by epicatechin and catechin. Correlation analysis indicated that phenolics and polysaccharides were significantly associated with antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings provide a comparative understanding of bioactive component distribution across plant parts and developmental stages of <i>U. pumila</i>. They also support its potential utilization as a natural source of bioactive compounds for agricultural and health-related applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-00993-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating preceding crop sequences with foliar-applied boron to enhance soil fertility, yield formation, and sugar beet quality in a semi-arid ecosystem","authors":"Moamen M. Abou El-Enin,&nbsp;Ibrahim S.H. Elgamal,&nbsp;Asem M.K. Abd-Rabboh,&nbsp;Mostafa G. Shahin,&nbsp;Ahmed Shaaban","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01043-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01043-6","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Optimizing sugar beet productivity and sustainability requires integrating nutrient management with preceding crop sequence (PCS) strategies. However, foliar boron (B) efficacy relies heavily on the biological legacy and fertility status created by the PCS, which alters soil fertility and plant physiological responses. This study evaluated the interactive effects of PCS and foliar B on soil properties, sugar beet yield, and system sustainability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A two-season strip-plot field experiment (2023/24 and 2024/25) in a complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted in Egypt using sugar beet cv. “BTS 195”. The vertical strips were assigned to four PCS treatments: rice-fallow (PCS-I), rice-clover (PCS-II), soybean-fallow (PCS-III), and soybean-clover (PCS-IV), whereas the horizontal strips were allocated to four foliar-applied B at 0 (B&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;), 100 (B&lt;sub&gt;100&lt;/sub&gt;), 200 (B&lt;sub&gt;200&lt;/sub&gt;), and 300 (B&lt;sub&gt;300&lt;/sub&gt;) mg L⁻¹, applied 60- and 80-days post-sowing. Soil chemistry, plant physio-biochemical traits, sugar yield, and economic sustainability indices were assessed. Multivariate analyses (correlation heatmap and PCA) were performed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;PCS fundamentally shaped the agronomic baseline, while B acted as a physiological regulator. Compared to PCS-I, PCS-IV enhanced soil organic carbon by 7.0%, soil fertility index by 10.0%, and available N and P (by 17.0% and by 34.0%, respectively). However, this soil enrichment under PCS-IV did not translate to optimal yield; instead, it increased root K⁺ and Na⁺ accumulation, which raised sugar loss to molasses by 31.4%. Conversely, PCS-III maximized crop performance relative to PCS-IV, significantly increasing leaf area index (LAI; by 65.4%), shoot biomass by 49.0%, and root yield by 12.7%, which drove a 14.7% increase in gross sugar yield due to superior assimilate partitioning. Boron applications were trait-specific: 200 mg L⁻¹ optimized canopy growth (LAI by 27.8%) and biomass, whereas 300 mg L⁻¹ maximized root and sugar yields (by 7.5% and 9.3% over 100 mg L⁻¹, respectively). Significant PCS × B interactions revealed a productivity-driven pathway (PCS-III combined with 200–300 mg L⁻¹ B) generating the highest physiological efficiency, and a soil-fertility-driven pathway (PCS-IV with 300 mg L⁻¹ B). Economically, the PCS-II × 300 mg L⁻¹ B interaction balanced rotation performance, achieving the highest net profit and sustainability index (by 18.6% over control), while PCS-II and PCS-IV improved land-use efficiency. Multivariate analyses identified a productivity-driven pathway (PCS-III × 200 mg L⁻¹ B) and a soil-fertility-driven pathway (PCS-IV × 300 mg L⁻¹ B).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The interplay between crop sequence and boron nutrition strongly dictates sugar beet outcomes. PCS-III, combined with moderate-to-high B (200–300 mg L⁻¹), optimally maximizes physiological activity, biomass, and sugar yield. Alternative","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01043-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultivar-driven variation in chemical composition, bioactivity, and aroma of jujube vinegar","authors":"Leijuan Yu,&nbsp;Juan Wang,&nbsp;Bangguo Ge,&nbsp;Nageena Qayyum,&nbsp;Wantong Yu,&nbsp;Xueyao Lu,&nbsp;Jinghan Jia,&nbsp;Yinghui Lv,&nbsp;Xiaojie Chang,&nbsp;Le Chu,&nbsp;Zhizhong Zhao,&nbsp;Yuanlin Sun,&nbsp;Fatao He,&nbsp;Guangpeng Liu","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01045-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01045-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Jujube vinegar is a value-added fermented product with recognized health benefits. However, how jujube cultivar selection influences the final vinegar’s chemical composition, bioactivity, and aroma profile remains unclear. This study investigated the quality variation among vinegars produced from seven Chinese jujube cultivars (Xinjiang Ruoqiang Hui, Xinjiang Hetian Jun, Ningxia Tongxin xiaoyuan, Henan Lingbao, Shandong Laoling Jinsi xiao, Shaanxi Qingjian Tan, and Hebei Fuping) to guide raw material selection for functional and consumer-oriented products.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Significant cultivar-dependent differences were observed across all parameters. Xinjiang Hetian Jun jujube vinegar exhibited the highest phenolic content (1815.63 mg GAE/L), strongest antioxidant capacity (DPPH: 768.21 mg VCE/L; FRAP: 892.67 mg Trolox/L), and notable hypolipidemic activity (32.5% pancreatic lipase inhibition, 35% cholate binding). Xinjiang Ruoqiang Hui jujube vinegar showed superior total acidity (54.87 g/L), high flavonoid content (1168.84 mg RE/L), and the greatest diversity of volatile compounds (37 of 41 total identified). Amino acid profiling revealed proline as the predominant free amino acid across all samples, with Xinjiang Ruoqiang Hui and Xinjiang Hetian Jun vinegars showing favorable profiles of essential and total amino acids.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Jujube cultivar selection critically shapes vinegar quality. Xinjiang Hetian Jun jujube is best suited for functional products due to its superior bioactivity, while Xinjiang Ruoqiang Hui jujube is optimal for consumer products owing to its balanced acidity, aroma complexity, and favorable sensory profile. These findings provide a scientific basis for raw material selection and targeted product formulation in jujube vinegar production.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01045-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acaricidal activity of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from unripe fruits of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. against Tetranychus urticae Koch","authors":"Salwa M. El-Sayed,&nbsp;Amany M. Ahmed,&nbsp;Heba M. Emam","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01031-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01031-w","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tetranychus urticae&lt;/i&gt; Koch, is a globally significant agricultural pest. Its rapid development of resistance to conventional acaricides poses a major challenge to effective control. Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in agriculture, particularly through the synthesis of eco-friendly nanoparticles using natural plant extracts. This study evaluates the acaricidal efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from &lt;i&gt;Solanum elaeagnifolium&lt;/i&gt; unripe fruit extract against adult females of &lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;urticae&lt;/i&gt;. Characterization via UV-Vis, FT-IR, DLS, TEM, &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; zeta potential analysis confirmed the formation of stable, well-dispersed AgNPs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The reaction color of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from pale-brown to dark brown indicated that the nanoparticles were successfully formed. TEM image of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited spherical shapes with a zeta potential of − 11.8 mV. The results indicated an increasing trend of mortality percentage along with the increasing concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from unripe &lt;i&gt;S. elaeagnifolium&lt;/i&gt; fruit extract. Silver nanoparticles of synthesized from unripe &lt;i&gt;S. elaeagnifolium&lt;/i&gt; were significantly effective against &lt;i&gt;T. urticae&lt;/i&gt;. The highest mortality 85 ± 0.20% was observed for 20 µg/mL concentration after 72 h. Whereas, lowest mortality percentage were recorded 5 ± 0.78 and 10 ± 0.35% respectively after 24 h at concentrations 5 and 10 (µg/mL). Also, the average number of immature stages produced by the surviving &lt;i&gt;T. urticae&lt;/i&gt; females were sharply decreased after treatment with varying concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from unripe &lt;i&gt;S. elaeagnifolium&lt;/i&gt; fruits. The LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value dropped significantly from 25.559 µg/mL after 24 h while, reaching its lowest value of 8.937 µg/mL after 72 h of exposure. A similar decreasing trend was observed for LC&lt;sub&gt;90&lt;/sub&gt; values, which declined from 80.788 µg/mL (24 h) to 44.669 µg/mL (72 h) against &lt;i&gt;T. urticae&lt;/i&gt;. The toxicity index was recorded 100% and The Resistance Ratio (RR) = (1.00) after 72 h of treatment. &lt;i&gt;T. urticae&lt;/i&gt; exhibited an RR value of 2.86 at 24 h. Biochemically, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at 20 µg/mL significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, while glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels increased significantly after 72 h. Docking findings demonstrated that &lt;i&gt;S. elaeagnifolium&lt;/i&gt;-mediated AgNPs support a possible role of enzymatic disruption (AChE and GST) of &lt;i&gt;T. urticae&lt;/i&gt;. The components of unripe &lt;i&gt;S. elaeagnifolium&lt;/i&gt; fruits were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major constituents are oleic acid, 13-octadecenoic acid, Z-2-tridecen-1-ol and Z, Z-2,5-pentadecadien-1-ol and α-tocopherol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prolonged exposure ensures continuous absorption and accumulation of the active ingredients of plant ex","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01031-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining the vegetation indices and bionic optimization random forest for predicting SPAD values in maize leaves","authors":"Fu Zhang,&nbsp;Baoping Yan,&nbsp;Le Yang,&nbsp;Fangyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Yakun Zhang,&nbsp;Yafei Wang,&nbsp;Sanling Fu","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01033-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01033-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Leaf Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) is an important physiological index reflecting the healthy growth and development of maize. Accurate estimation of leaf SPAD by vegetation indices is of great significance for regulating maize growth, optimizing nutrient management and improving yield formation. However, there is a lack of automated and transferable parameter adjustment processes for machine learning based on hyperspectral data characteristics at the field scale.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>A bionic optimization random forest (BO-RF) based on the spectral vegetation indices was proposed to predict the SPAD value of maize leaves. The SPAD and spectral reflectance of maize leaves at key growth stages were obtained by field experiments, and the pretreatment methods and predictors with the strongest correlation with SPAD were selected. Parrot optimization (PO), catch fishing optimization algorithm (CFOA), goose optimization (GOOSE) and RF predictor were combined to compare the SPAD inversion models of maize leaves. The results showed that the V12 and R1 stages were the characteristic growth stages of SPAD values of maize leaves. The GOOSE-RF under the driving of vegetation indices after SG-SNV pretreatment performed best, the test set <i>R</i>² and RMSE of which were 0.73 and 2.68 respectively. Compared with RF, PO-RF and CFOA-RF, the prediction accuracy of GOOSE-RF model were improved by 15.87%, 12.31% and 7.35% respectively.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The PO, CFOA and GOOSE algorithms improved the RF model in the generalization ability of the model, suppressing overfitting and optimizing parameter configuration. In summary, the BO-RF method with sensitive vegetation indices as input could provide a theoretical basis for spectral monitoring of crop leaf nutrition information.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01033-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effects of Astragalus polysaccharides against paraquat-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","authors":"Hongkun Xue,&nbsp;Chunhong Chen,&nbsp;Haochun Qiao,&nbsp;Xu Cai,&nbsp;Meng Luo,&nbsp;Yu Wang,&nbsp;Jiaqi Tan","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01020-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01020-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal interstitial lung disease associated with an extremely poor prognosis. The protective effect of <i>Astragalus</i> polysaccharides (APs) on paraquat (PQ)-induced IPF in rats is not yet clear.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>APs significantly improved the physiological status of IPF rats, alleviated body weight loss, and increased survival rate. APs reduced the lung index and pulmonary hydroxyproline (HYP) content, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), restored cytokine levels, and attenuated alveolar inflammation and extracellular collagen deposition. Moreover, 16 S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that APs improved the abundance of <i>Firmicutes</i> and <i>Actinobacteria</i>, inhibited the abnormal proliferation of <i>Bacteroidetes</i>, and reshaped gut homeostasis. Furthermore, non-targeted metabolomics found that APs down-regulated metabolites, including proline and 5,6‑dihydrouracil, while up-regulating uracil, beta‑alanine, carnosine, and beta‑aminoisobutyrate. The results of western blotting showed that APs could up-regulate the expression levels of key proteins in the β‑alanine metabolic pathway, including UPB1, ABAT, CNDP1, and CARNS1.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study provides important references for the development of APs as natural anti-inflammatory ingredients or intestinal microbiota regulators in the pharmaceutical field.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01020-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of Sophora japonica L. leaf extract and its application for corrosion inhibition of X52 steel in hydrochloric acid","authors":"Yuxuan Guo,&nbsp;Hualiang Huang,&nbsp;Gangliang Huang","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01017-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01017-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>X52 steel exhibits a high susceptibility to corrosion within hydrochloric acid environments. In order to formulate an effective and eco-friendly corrosion inhibition strategy, a phytochemical-rich <i>Sophora japonica</i> L. leaf extract (SJLE) was acquired by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Electrochemical tests, surface analysis, and theoretical calculations were employed to evaluate its performance.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results showed that 500 ppm SJLE alone achieved 72.83% corrosion inhibition efficiency, while a combination with 10 mM (1660 ppm) KI significantly enhanced this to 92.48%, with a synergism parameter confirming strong positive synergy. Surface characterizations confirmed the formation of a dense, uniform protective film, and quantum chemical calculations revealed that the main active components, quercetin and rutin, adsorbed onto the Fe(110) surface primarily through electron donation from O- and C-centered functional groups.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This work demonstrates the promising potential of the SJLE-KI system as an eco-friendly and high-performance corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in acidic media.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01017-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"6-year nitrogen addition alters fungal network structure and extracellular enzyme activities in alpine grasslands: divergent responses between rhizosphere and bulk soils","authors":"Zheng Wu,&nbsp;Yanying Han,&nbsp;Wenqiang Huang,&nbsp;Minghang Hu,&nbsp;Lingchen Tong,&nbsp;Shaobing Zhang,&nbsp;Shuang Liu,&nbsp;Yanhui Ye","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01025-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01025-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Nitrogen deposition significantly alters carbon and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, yet how microbial network restructuring drives extracellular enzyme activity changes under continuous nitrogen input remains elusive. Traditional studies frequently overlook rhizosphere microenvironments, treating soil as a homogeneous system. To bridge this gap, we leveraged a 6-year nitrogen addition gradient experiment (0, 10, 15, and 20 kg nitrogen ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in an alpine grassland of the Sejila Mountains. Integrating co-occurrence network, Mantel, and redundancy analyses, we systematically compared the divergent responses of fungal communities, enzyme activities, and soil carbon and nitrogen fractions between rhizosphere and bulk soils.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In the bulk, nitrogen inputs exceeding 10 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ induced significant acidification and substrate depletion, structurally simplifying Saprotroph-dominated fungal networks. Consequently, substrate scarcity downregulated enzyme synthesis, driving an overall decline in carbon- and nitrogen-cycling enzyme activities. Conversely, the rhizosphere—bolstered by continuously enriched microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen—maintained highly modular fungal networks and stable Symbiotrophs. Synergistic substrate–community–enzyme interactions sustained high activities of key metabolizing enzymes, including β-glucosidase and urease.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Overall, the structural and functional differentiation between rhizosphere and bulk compartments under 6-year nitrogen addition constitutes a crucial complementary mechanism underpinning ecosystem stability. Future research should prioritize microhabitat scales, coupling in situ isotope tracing with functional gene validation to enhance carbon and nitrogen pool stability and persistence assessments in alpine ecosystems.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01025-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of key flavor compounds in Litsea cubeba fruit essential oils from different origins in China","authors":"Tianxiao Li,&nbsp;Jiaxin Li,&nbsp;Kunbo Zhang,&nbsp;Wen Cai,&nbsp;Xueming Zhang,&nbsp;Mingqi Gao,&nbsp;Feiyang Xiong,&nbsp;Xuewei Jia,&nbsp;Jinwei Yu","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01022-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01022-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Essential oils (EOs) of <i>Litsea cubeba</i> fruits (LCEOs) are a high valuable food flavorings and industrial chemicals with significant economic importance globally, but the differences in flavor compounds of LCEO from various growth origins are not known clearly. This study aimed to characterize and compare the flavor compounds, sensory attributes, and bioactivities of LCEOs from three major Chinese production regions: Guizhou (LCEO-GZ), Fujian (LCEO-FJ), and Zhejiang (LCEO-ZJ).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The spicy, fruity, and flora aromas of LCEO-GZ were stronger, and LCEO-FJ possessed special herb odor. The contents of total flavor compounds (9258.27 μg/mL) in LCEO-GZ was higher, and its flavor compounds were distinguished from the other two as confirmed by principal components analysis (PCA). Linalool, 1,8-cineole, <i>α</i>-pinene, and D-limonene were revealed as the key mutual flavor compounds through ROAV analysis. Molecular docking indicated that OR6A2 was more sensitive to recognize LCEO flavor compounds, and the key and mutual binding sites were TRP-A-73, PHE-A-109, LEU-A-112, LEU-A-212, and TYR-A-264. The associations between key flavor compounds and sensory attributes were further disclosed from OPLS-DA and correlation heat-map. HS-GC-IMS analysis revealed four characteristic flavor compound groups to distinguish aroma profiles. Furthermore, LCEO-GZ exhibited superior antibacterial activity, particularly against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, and LCEO-FJ possessed the highest extraction yield and stronger antioxidant activity.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings suggest that the accumulation of volatile secondary metabolites and the biological efficacy of LCEOs are influenced by their geographical origins. The high flavor richness and potent bioactivity of LCEO-GZ highlight its potential as a promising natural candidate for sustainable applications in food flavoring, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Furthermore, this study provides a scientific basis for the quality control and targeted cultivation of <i>L. cubeba</i> resources.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01022-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}