Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"Mycorrhiza-induced cadmium tolerance in squash: roles of antioxidant defense, secondary metabolites, and restricted metal uptake and translocation","authors":"Reda E. Abdelhameed,&nbsp;Rania S. Shehata,&nbsp;Rabab A. Metwally","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01093-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01093-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Climate change-associated environmental pollution has intensified heavy metal contamination, particularly cadmium (Cd), posing a serious threat to agricultural productivity and food safety. The present study investigated the potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in mitigating Cd-induced toxicity in squash plants cultivated under Cd-stressed soil conditions (100 µM Cd). For this purpose, four treatments were performed, i.e., Group <b>I-</b> Control; Group <b>II-</b> Cd (100 µM); Group <b>III-</b> AMF; Group <b>IV-</b> AMF + Cd (100 µM).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Exposure to Cd markedly suppressed squash growth and physiological performance, as evidenced by reductions in root biomass (fresh: 18.18% and dry: 20.92%), shoot height (11.32%), root length (12.32%), chlorophyll contents (19.05%) and Carotenoids (19.32%) accompanied by excessive Cd accumulation in both roots and shoots. Cd stress also induced severe oxidative damage through increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production. In contrast, AMF inoculation substantially alleviated Cd toxicity by significantly improving morphological and physiological traits relative to Cd-stressed plants. AMF treatment enhanced chlorophyll content (11.40%) and Carotenoids (16.76%), reduced H₂O₂ accumulation, and stimulated osmoprotective and antioxidative defense systems. Specifically, AMF significantly increased proline and protein contents, along with the activities of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase. Furthermore, AMF restricted Cd uptake and reduced its translocation from roots to shoots, indicating improved metal sequestration and limited Cd mobility within plant tissues. Enhanced accumulation of secondary metabolites, particularly total phenolics and flavonoids, was also observed in AMF-inoculated plants under Cd stress.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Overall, AMF effectively mitigated Cd-induced phytotoxicity in squash plants through modulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms, osmolyte accumulation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and limitation of Cd translocation. These findings highlight the promising potential of AMF as an eco-friendly and sustainable strategy for improving plant tolerance and productivity under heavy metal-contaminated conditions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01093-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering growth performance and metabolic adaptation in salt-stressed Vigna unguiculata L. plants through mycorrhiza and titanium dioxide nanoparticles","authors":"Rabab A. Metwally,&nbsp;Reda E. Abdelhameed","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01088-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01088-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint limiting crop productivity worldwide. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) have emerged as promising tools for enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stress. However, their combined effects on salt-stressed cowpea have not been previously investigated. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with five replicates to evaluate the individual and combined effects of AMF consortium (<i>Gigaspora nigra</i>, <i>Glomus monosporum</i>, <i>G. clarum</i>, and <i>Acaulospora laevis</i>) and TiO₂ NPs (100 ppm) on cowpea plants grown under 0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Salinity significantly reduced plant growth and chlorophyll content while increasing lipid peroxidation. At 200 mM NaCl, shoot biomass and chlorophyll content index decreased by 61.13 and 39.57%, respectively, whereas lipid peroxidation increased by 153.03% compared with the control, after 45 days from sowing. However, AMF consortium or TiO₂ NPs application alleviated these adverse effects by enhancing biomass production, photosynthetic performance, and the accumulation of proteins and carbohydrates. Further, their combined (AMF + TiO₂ NPs) treatment was the most effective that markedly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, acid and alkaline phosphatases and improved root colonization parameters, indicating enhanced physiological and biochemical adaptation to salinity stress.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The combined application of AMF consortium and TiO₂ NPs effectively mitigated salinity-induced damage in cowpea and produced greater benefits than either treatment alone. Thus the interaction between biological and nanotechnological approaches enhanced growth, antioxidant defense, and metabolic adaptation, highlighting a sustainable strategy for improving crop productivity under saline conditions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01088-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Effects of sodium nitroprusside applications on antioxidant defense system and oxidative stress in leaf and berry tissues of the ‘Horoz Karası’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)","authors":"İbrahim Samet Gökçen","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01108-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01108-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01108-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations in rhizosphere microbial community structure and function among diploid, triploid, and tetraploid watermelon cultivars","authors":"Qingshan Li,&nbsp;Yu Zhu,&nbsp;Zhiyu Liao,&nbsp;Yan Yin,&nbsp;Liyuan Liao,&nbsp;Xinni Li,&nbsp;Jinyan Huang,&nbsp;Guifen Li,&nbsp;Yi He,&nbsp;Zhiyang Wei,&nbsp;Shangdong Yang","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01026-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01026-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The rhizosphere microbiome, as the “second genome” of plants, plays a crucial role in nutrient acquisition, stress resistance, and soil health maintenance. Polyploidization is a key breeding strategy for watermelon: triploids are valued for seedlessness and high stress resistance, while tetraploids serve as important parental materials for triploid hybridization. However, how ploidy level (diploid, triploid, tetraploid) shapes the micro-ecological environment and microbial community assembly remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the associations between ploidy level and rhizosphere microbiota composition in watermelon.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>High-throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq PE300 for bacteria, PE250 for fungi) targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS region was used to analyze rhizosphere microbial communities of diploid (HLL40-3), triploid (Guixi No.5), and tetraploid (MT410n-1) watermelons. α diversity, β diversity, taxonomic composition and functional prediction were performed to compare differences among groups.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The Shannon index and richness indices (Ace and Chao1) of bacteria in the triploid were significantly higher than those in the diploid and tetraploid. Regarding fungi, only the richness in the triploid was significantly higher than that in the diploid and tetraploid. There was no significant difference in the fungal Shannon index between the triploid and diploid, and both were significantly higher than that of the tetraploid. β diversity analysis confirmed distinct separation of microbial communities across ploidy levels (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Taxonomically, diploid rhizospheres were enriched in <i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Melanconiella</i>, and <i>Hypomyces</i>; triploids were enriched in <i>Bacteroidota</i>, <i>Microvirga</i>, <i>Mortierellomycota</i>, <i>Cercophora</i>, and <i>Neocosmospora</i>; tetraploids were specifically enriched in <i>Patescibacteria</i>, <i>Gaiella</i>, <i>Trichoderma</i>, and <i>Papiliotrema</i>. Functional prediction showed diploids were dominated by plant/wood saprotrophs; triploids harbored diverse functional guilds (animal pathogens, endophytes, soil saprotrophs, etc.); tetraploids had the highest relative abundance of undefined saprotrophs.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Triploid watermelons establish a more diverse microbial community via selective recruitment, which might contribute to their superior agronomic characteristics.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01026-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Disentangling fermentation quality and greenhouse gas fluxes in Morus alba L. silage: explainable machine learning uncovers the key microbial hubs","authors":"Ziyi Tie,&nbsp;Xianduo Meng,&nbsp;Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Xiyue Niu,&nbsp;Sasa Zuo,&nbsp;Chuncheng Xu","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01048-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01048-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01048-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of physiological and transcriptomic analyses unveils the drought resistance mechanism in Solanum tuberosum L.","authors":"Yahui Zhang,&nbsp;Yaying Qu,&nbsp;Xinyu Yang,&nbsp;Yongwei Zheng,&nbsp;Yongjie Bai,&nbsp;Rong Zhang,&nbsp;Shulin Wang,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Lirong Ma,&nbsp;Jianwu Li","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01087-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01087-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Drought constitutes a significant limiting factor globally, impacting plant growth and development while constraining productivity, with its influence intensifying under global climate change. China’s primary potato-producing regions predominantly lie within arid and semi-arid zones, where frequent drought presents a core constraint on the potato industry. To clarify the differential mechanisms underlying drought responses, this study compared the physiological traits and transcriptomic profiles of drought-tolerant (‘LS10’) and a water-sensitive (‘Atlantic’) potato cultivars under drought stress.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Physiological analysis identified marked cultivar-specific differences in malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and relative leaf chlorophyll content (RLCC) under water deficit. Under drought, ‘LS10’ exhibited compensatory SOD and POD activation at 30 days, delayed membrane damage progression, sustained Pro accumulation, and maintained stable RLCC, whereas ‘Atlantic’ showed earlier MDA elevation, persistently weak antioxidant responses, and continuously declining RLCC. Transcriptome sequencing of ‘LS10’ leaves identified 3,077, 781, and 1158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 15, 30, and 45 days of drought stress, respectively, which were primarily enriched in photosynthesis-related and metabolic pathways. RT-qPCR of DEGs in both cultivars further showed that six light-harvesting chlorophyll <i>a/b</i>-binding proteins (LHCP) genes were strongly induced in ‘LS10’ but remained near baseline in ‘Atlantic’, revealing their potential as key candidate genes for drought tolerance.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The two cultivars displayed essential differences in drought protection efficiency. ‘LS10’ mitigated oxidative damage via enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoprotectant accumulation while preserving photosynthetic stability, whereas ‘Atlantic’ failed to mount effective antioxidant defenses and suffered progressive photosynthetic decline. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding cultivar-specific drought tolerance mechanisms and offer candidate genetic targets for improving potato drought resistance.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01087-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petroselinic acid: a rare fatty acid with emerging roles in nutrition, green chemistry and bio-industry","authors":"Rokaia R. Abdelsalam,&nbsp;Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01046-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01046-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Petroselinic acid (PeA), a rare monounsaturated fatty acid (C18:1Δ⁶), has garnered scientific interest due to its unique <i>cis</i>-Δ⁶ double bond configuration and limited botanical distribution. Predominantly found in the Apiaceae family (e.g., parsley, coriander, dill), PeA exhibits distinct physicochemical traits such as enhanced oxidative stability, polymorphic control favoring β′ crystals, and amphiphilic interfacial behavior. These properties render it valuable in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and oleochemical industries. This review comprehensively explores PeA’s biosynthesis, emphasizing acyl-ACP pathways and metabolic engineering strategies to enhance accumulation in plants and microbes. Various extraction methods, including green alternatives such as ultrasound-assisted and supercritical CO₂ extraction, are evaluated for efficiency and sustainability. PeA undergoes selective chemical transformations (e.g., epoxidation, ozonolysis) and enzymatic modifications, facilitating its application in surfactants, polymers, and bio-based lubricants. Functionally, PeA supports structured emulsions, improves product stability, and promotes health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and metabolic regulatory effects. Challenges in biosynthetic yield, industrial scalability, and bioavailability are also discussed. Ultimately, PeA emerges as a promising bioactive lipid, with future potential dependent on integrated efforts in green chemistry, biotechnology, and health research.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01046-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of phenyl-oxime derivatives as selective algicides for harmful algae","authors":"Yeo Jin Kim,&nbsp;Jun Young Lee,&nbsp;Bong Gyu Choi,&nbsp;Jin-Seog Kim,&nbsp;Hasoo Seong,&nbsp;Chul Min Park,&nbsp;Seok Ki Min,&nbsp;Hyun-Suk Yeom,&nbsp;Joon-Ho Lee","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01049-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01049-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01049-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psyllium–kojic acid coatings modulate antioxidant metabolism and delay quality deterioration in ready-to-eat pomegranate arils during cold storage","authors":"Maryam M. Alomran,&nbsp;Emad H. Khedr","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01054-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01054-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The rapid deterioration of ready-to-eat pomegranate arils during cold storage remains a major challenge limiting their commercial distribution and consumer acceptance. This study evaluated the effectiveness of psyllium (PSY) and kojic acid (KA), applied individually or in combination (PSY + KA), as natural coating agents for preserving quality, extending storage life, and suppressing microbial growth in minimally processed pomegranate arils during cold storage.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Pomegranate arils coated with PSY + KA and stored at 4 ± 1 °C and 90–95% relative humidity for 12 days exhibited superior preservation compared with untreated and individually treated samples. The combined coating showed favorable barrier properties, creating a modified internal atmosphere that supported quality retention. PSY + KA-treated arils maintained significantly higher antioxidant capacity, reflected by enhanced DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, together with increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) and key phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, and caffeic acid <i>O</i>-methyltransferase). These biochemical responses were associated with enhanced phenolic metabolism, reduced oxidative stress, delayed senescence, and improved preservation of color, nutritional quality, and sensory attributes. Moreover, PSY + KA reduced microbial proliferation by more than 30% compared with the control, demonstrating an antimicrobial effect.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The combined PSY + KA coating effectively enhanced the postharvest quality and storage stability of minimally processed pomegranate arils by improving barrier properties, stimulating antioxidant and phenylpropanoid metabolism, mitigating oxidative stress, delaying senescence, and suppressing microbial growth. These findings highlight PSY + KA as a promising natural coating strategy for extending the shelf life and maintaining the marketability of ready-to-eat pomegranate arils.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01054-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel green formulation of Trichoderma asperellum as an effective field antiviral candidate for sustainable eco-friendly management of potato virus Y","authors":"Mohamed N. Rizk,&nbsp;Hammad A. Ketta,&nbsp;Yasser M. Shabana","doi":"10.1186/s40538-026-01053-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40538-026-01053-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most destructive virus affecting potato plants and ranks the fifth most economically significant plant virus worldwide. It continues to pose a serious threat to global potato production. This study aimed to develop a <i>Trichoderma</i>-based bioformulation for combating PVY under field conditions.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Formulating biocontrol agents offers multiple advantages, including enhanced sustainability, improved efficacy, and ease of application. Screening experiments identified formula No. 6 (79 ml TCF + 18 ml garlic oil) as exhibiting the highest anti-PVY activity; thus, it was selected for further evaluation of its protective and post-inoculation suppressive effects under both growth chamber and open field conditions. In the growth chamber experiment, qPCR analysis revealed that treatment C3 (20 ml L⁻¹) outperformed C1 (5 ml L⁻¹) and C2 (10 ml L⁻¹) in both protective and post-inoculation applications, reducing PVY content by 100% and 78.33% (protective) and 89.92% and 75.66% (post-inoculation) relative to the PVY-infected control at 21 and 42 dpi, respectively. Additionally, C3 treatment markedly upregulated PR1-b gene expression and increased total phenol and flavonoid contents. In open field trials, the C3 treatment effectively protected and reduced the PVY content in the treated PVY-infected potato plants by 92% (post-inoculation double spray), 86% (protective), and 72% (post-inoculation single spray) compared with the PVY-infected control. The post-inoculation (double spray) treatment significantly reduced disease incidence and severity by 60.26% and 70.10%, respectively. In addition, this treatment significantly improved plant growth parameters compared with the PVY-infected control, resulting in increases of 19.45% in chlorophyll content, 30.23% in fresh weight, and 90.50% in dry weight.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings suggest that the formulation is a promising candidate for sustainable PVY management, although further validation is needed before commercial application. The developed product has been submitted to the Egyptian Patent Office.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40538-026-01053-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}