IEEE Computer Architecture Letters最新文献_第8页

X-ray: Discovering DRAM Internal Structure and Error Characteristics by Issuing Memory Commands X射线：通过发出内存命令发现DRAM内部结构和错误特征

IF 2.3 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3296153

Hwayong Nam;Seungmin Baek;Minbok Wi;Michael Jaemin Kim;Jaehyun Park;Chihun Song;Nam Sung Kim;Jung Ho Ahn

{"title":"X-ray: Discovering DRAM Internal Structure and Error Characteristics by Issuing Memory Commands","authors":"Hwayong Nam;Seungmin Baek;Minbok Wi;Michael Jaemin Kim;Jaehyun Park;Chihun Song;Nam Sung Kim;Jung Ho Ahn","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3296153","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3296153","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for accurate information about the internal structure and characteristics of DRAM has been on the rise. Recent studies have explored the structure and characteristics of DRAM to improve processing in memory, enhance reliability, and mitigate a vulnerability known as rowhammer. However, DRAM manufacturers only disclose limited information through official documents, making it difficult to find specific information about actual DRAM devices. This paper presents reliable findings on the internal structure and characteristics of DRAM using activate-induced bitflips (AIBs), retention time test, and row-copy operation. While previous studies have attempted to understand the internal behaviors of DRAM devices, they have only shown results without identifying the causes or have analyzed DRAM modules rather than individual chips. We first uncover the size, structure, and operation of DRAM subarrays and verify our findings on the characteristics of DRAM. Then, we correct misunderstood information related to AIBs and demonstrate experimental results supporting the cause of rowhammer.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49364167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

LADIO: Leakage-Aware Direct I/O for I/O-Intensive Workloads 针对I/O密集型工作负载的泄漏感知直接I/O

IF 2.3 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3290427

Ipoom Jeong;Jiaqi Lou;Yongseok Son;Yongjoo Park;Yifan Yuan;Nam Sung Kim

{"title":"LADIO: Leakage-Aware Direct I/O for I/O-Intensive Workloads","authors":"Ipoom Jeong;Jiaqi Lou;Yongseok Son;Yongjoo Park;Yifan Yuan;Nam Sung Kim","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3290427","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3290427","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement in I/O technology has posed an unprecedented demand for high-performance processing on I/O data, leading to the development of Data Direct I/O (DDIO) technology. DDIO improves I/O processing efficiency by directly injecting all inbound I/O data into the last-level cache (LLC) in cooperation with any type of I/O device. Nonetheless, in certain scenarios with more than one I/O applications, DDIO may have sub-optimal performance caused by interference inside the LLC, resulting in the degradation of system performance. Especially, in this paper, we demonstrate that storage I/O on modern high-performance NVMe SSDs hardly benefits from DDIO, sometimes causing inefficient use of the shared LLC due to the “leaky DMA problem”. To address this problem, we propose \u0000<monospace>LADIO</monospace>\u0000, an adaptive approach that mitigates inter-application interference by dynamically controlling the DDIO functionality and reallocating LLC ways based on the leakage and locality of storage I/O data, respectively. In scenarios with heavy I/O interference, \u0000<monospace>LADIO</monospace>\u0000 improves the throughput of network-intensive applications by 20% while maintaining that of storage-intensive applications.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48507765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

T-CAT: Dynamic Cache Allocation for Tiered Memory Systems With Memory Interleaving T-CAT：具有内存交错的分层内存系统的动态缓存分配

IF 2.3 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3290197

Hwanjun Lee;Seunghak Lee;Yeji Jung;Daehoon Kim

{"title":"T-CAT: Dynamic Cache Allocation for Tiered Memory Systems With Memory Interleaving","authors":"Hwanjun Lee;Seunghak Lee;Yeji Jung;Daehoon Kim","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3290197","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3290197","url":null,"abstract":"New memory interconnect technology, such as Intel's Compute Express Link (CXL), helps to expand memory bandwidth and capacity by adding CPU-less NUMA nodes to the main memory system, addressing the growing memory wall challenge. Consequently, modern computing systems embrace the heterogeneity in memory systems, composing the memory systems with a tiered memory system with near and far memory (e.g., local DRAM and CXL-DRAM). However, adopting NUMA interleaving, which can improve performance by exploiting node-level parallelism and utilizing aggregate bandwidth, to the tiered memory systems can face challenges due to differences in the access latency between the two types of memory, leading to potential performance degradation for memory-intensive workloads. By tackling the challenges, we first investigate the effects of the NUMA interleaving on the performance of the tiered memory systems. We observe that while NUMA interleaving is essential for applications demanding high memory bandwidth, it can negatively impact the performance of applications demanding low memory bandwidth. Next, we propose a dynamic cache management, called \u0000<monospace>T-CAT</monospace>\u0000, which partitions the last-level cache between near and far memory, aiming to mitigate performance degradation by accessing far memory. \u0000<monospace>T-CAT</monospace>\u0000 attempts to reduce the difference in the average access latency between near and far memory by re-sizing the cache partitions. Through dynamic cache management, \u0000<monospace>T-CAT</monospace>\u0000 can preserve the performance benefits of NUMA interleaving while mitigating performance degradation by the far memory accesses. Our experimental results show that \u0000<monospace>T-CAT</monospace>\u0000 improves performance by up to 17% compared to cases with NUMA interleaving without the cache management.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48978905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hardware Accelerated Reusable Merkle Tree Generation for Bitcoin Blockchain Headers 用于比特币区块链头的硬件加速可重用Merkle树生成

IF 2.3 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3289515

Kiseok Jeon;Junghee Lee;Bumsoo Kim;James J. Kim

{"title":"Hardware Accelerated Reusable Merkle Tree Generation for Bitcoin Blockchain Headers","authors":"Kiseok Jeon;Junghee Lee;Bumsoo Kim;James J. Kim","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3289515","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3289515","url":null,"abstract":"As the value of Bitcoin increases, the difficulty level of mining keeps increasing. This is generally addressed with application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), but block candidates are still created by the software. The overhead of block candidate generation is relatively growing because the hash computation is boosted by ASIC. Additionally, it is getting harder to find the target nonce; If it is not found for a block candidate, a new block candidate must be generated. A new candidate can be generated to reduce the overhead of block candidate generation by modifying the coinbase without selecting and verifying transactions again. To this end, we propose a hardware accelerator for generating Merkle trees efficiently. The hash computation for Merkle tree generation is conducted with ASIC to reduce the overhead of block candidate generation, and the tree with only the modified coinbase is rapidly regenerated by reusing the intermediate results of the previously generated tree. Our simulation results demonstrate that the execution time can be reduced by up to 98.92% and power consumption by up to 99.73% when the number of transactions in a tree is 2048.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41591979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Containerized In-Storage Processing Model and Hardware Acceleration for Fully-Flexible Computational SSDs 用于全灵活计算固态硬盘的容器化存储内处理模型和硬件加速

IF 2.3 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1109/lca.2023.3289828

Donghyun Gouk, Miryeong Kwon, Hanyeoreum Bae, Myoungsoo Jung

引用次数: 0

Guard Cache: Creating Noisy Side-Channels 保护缓存：创建有噪声的侧通道

IF 2.3 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3289710

Fernando Mosquera;Krishna Kavi;Gayatri Mehta;Lizy John

引用次数: 0

TURBULENCE: Complexity-Effective Out-of-Order Execution on GPU With Distance-Based ISA TURBULENCE：利用基于距离的 ISA 在 GPU 上进行具有完备性的无序执行

IF 1.4 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3289317

Reoma Matsuo;Toru Koizumi;Hidetsugu Irie;Shuichi Sakai;Ryota Shioya

引用次数: 0

Toward Practical 128-Bit General Purpose Microarchitectures 面向实用的128位通用微体系结构

IF 2.3 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3287762

Chandana S. Deshpande;Arthur Perais;Frédéric Pétrot

引用次数: 0

DVFaaS: Leveraging DVFS for FaaS Workflows DVFaaS:为FaaS工作流利用DVFS

IF 2.3 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3288089

Achilleas Tzenetopoulos;Dimosthenis Masouros;Dimitrios Soudris;Sotirios Xydis

引用次数: 0

Design of a High-Performance, High-Endurance Key-Value SSD for Large-Key Workloads 面向大密钥工作负载的高性能、高持久键值SSD设计

IF 2.3 3区计算机科学

IEEE Computer Architecture Letters Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3282276

Chanyoung Park;Chun-Yi Liu;Kyungtae Kang;Mahmut Kandemir;Wonil Choi

引用次数: 0