Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications最新文献

{"title":"Theranostic platforms for skin tissue engineering: Bridging healing and real-time monitoring","authors":"Lidia Maeso ,&nbsp;Mohammadsadegh Nadimifar ,&nbsp;Saptarshi Biswas ,&nbsp;Shounak Roy ,&nbsp;Akhilesh K. Gaharwar ,&nbsp;Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz ,&nbsp;Gorka Orive","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic wounds are a major healthcare challenge, contributing to significant morbidity and reduced quality of life while imposing a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems. Traditional wound care approaches often fail to provide real-time feedback on treatment efficacy, limiting the ability to adapt therapeutic strategies dynamically. Theranostic platforms, which can integrate both diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities, have emerged as a promising solution to bridge this gap. These advanced systems enable continuous monitoring of key wound parameters, such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, glucose, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while simultaneously delivering targeted therapies, including drug release, gene and cell therapies, immunomodulation, and photothermal or photodynamic treatments. By incorporating both healing and monitoring capabilities into acellular scaffolds, hydrogel-based matrices, self-healing hydrogels, and 3D-bioprinted skin substitutes, researchers aim to optimize therapeutic efficacy and improve clinical outcomes. This review explores the different platforms available for skin tissue engineering that serve as the foundation for theranostic systems, alongside the most relevant diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for enhanced wound healing, and discusses future directions and challenges in this evolving field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 214724"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freeze-dried and imprinted collagen scaffolds in tendon engineering","authors":"Ignacio Sallent ,&nbsp;Lefki Chaniotaki ,&nbsp;Dimitrios I. Zeugolis","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Collagen type I, as the main component of tendons, is an attractive biomaterial for the development of scaffolds for tendon repair and regeneration. Herein, we review advancements in freeze-drying and soft lithography scaffold fabrication procedures that permit the manufacturing of collagen scaffolds with precise architectural features. We also provide an overview of collagen crosslinking strategies that allow for the development of scaffolds with appropriate stiffness and cytocompatibility. In addition, we appraise the contribution of freeze-dried and imprinted collagen scaffolds in tendon engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 214681"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145865935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ROS-amplifying HKUST-1 nanozyme for enhanced colon cancer therapy","authors":"Jing Yang ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Tao ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Tang ,&nbsp;Liuxuan Yang ,&nbsp;Ke Wang ,&nbsp;Weiyi Chen ,&nbsp;Zhirong Zhong ,&nbsp;Siqiong Wu ,&nbsp;Meiling Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of effective strategies to amplify reactive oxygen species (ROS) within tumors has great potential to improve colon cancer therapy. In this study, we developed a multifunctional nanozyme platform (HHOC) based on the copper metal-organic framework HKUST-1, co-loading the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin (OXA), with surface modification by hyaluronic acid (HA). Benefiting from HA-mediated CD44 targeting, HHOC preferentially accumulated in colon cancer cells, resulting in enhanced cellular uptake. Upon laser irradiation, Ce6 generated abundant singlet oxygen to induce photodynamic therapy. Meanwhile, the HKUST-1 nanozyme exhibited peroxidase-like activity, with its Cu²⁺ sites readily reduced by the elevated intracellular glutathione to Cu⁺, which depleted this key antioxidant and impaired cellular redox homeostasis. The generated Cu⁺ further catalyzed endogenous hydrogen peroxide through Fenton-like reactions to produce highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals, thereby amplifying ROS-mediated oxidative stress. Moreover, HKUST-1 converted light energy into heat, producing a photothermal effect that promoted tumor cell damage and accelerated drug release. Released OXA exerted chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity, synergizing with ROS-mediated therapies. <em>In vivo</em> studies using CT26 tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that HHOC achieved a tumor growth inhibition rate of 94.51 %, confirming the efficacy of this ROS-amplifying nanozyme platform. This work presents HKUST-1-based nanozyme as an effective approach for multimodal colon cancer therapy through enhanced ROS generation and combinational treatment modalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 214671"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145865886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerium-based nanoplatforms inhibiting goblet cell–associated antigen passages to stabilize barrier function in ulcerative colitis","authors":"Mao Tang ,&nbsp;Laixian Zhou ,&nbsp;Haitao Ran","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon characterized by recurrent mucosal inflammation and ulceration. Since managing UC remains challenging due to frequent therapeutic resistance and relapse, there is a pressing need for new strategies that target the underlying disease mechanisms to achieve long-term remission. Recent studies have highlighted the functional heterogeneity of intestinal goblet cells (GCs) beyond their classical role in mucus secretion. The goblet cell–associated passages (GAPs) have been identified as a luminal antigen delivery to lamina propria immune cells. Excessive GAP opening contributes to barrier dysfunction and mucosal inflammation, suggesting that GAPs are a promising therapeutic target. In this study, we designed a chondroitin sulfate–coated cerium nanoplatform (CS/CeO₂) loaded with the BAPTA-AM (BA) to stabilize the barrier function in colon. Briefly, BA was used to suppress excessive GAPs opening during the early stage of colitis, thereby alleviating abnormal immune activation. At the same time, CeO₂ served as a carrier to restrict the free diffusion of BA. Meanwhile, CS enabled efficient targeting of ulcerative lesions, allowing CeO₂ to fully exert its reactive oxygen species (ROS)–scavenging and CT imaging capabilities. Upon oral administration, BA-CS/CeO₂ successfully inhibited aberrant GAPs opening in DSS-induced colitis mice and enhanced intestinal barrier integrity, with restoration of mucus layer thickness and epithelial tight junctions, alongside reduced immune cell infiltration. Overall, this work leverages GC heterogeneity to re-establish intestinal barrier homeostasis, offering a promising nanotherapeutic strategy for UC through GAPs regulation, ROS scavenging, and CT monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 214706"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An antagomiR-loaded β-peptide hydrogel promotes functional recovery in mice post-ischaemic stroke","authors":"Yi-Kai Chen ,&nbsp;Ketav Kulkarni ,&nbsp;Marie-Isabel Aguilar ,&nbsp;Brad R.S. Broughton ,&nbsp;Mark P. Del Borgo","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability, arising from interrupted cerebral blood flow and subsequent neuronal death. MicroRNAs, particularly miR-181a, have emerged as promising therapeutic targets due to their roles in regulating apoptosis and oxidative stress. While miR-181a inhibition using antagomirs can improve neuronal survival, translation to clinical practice is hampered by inefficient delivery across the blood–brain barrier and poor pharmacokinetics. Here, we developed a series of novel β-peptide hydrogels as injectable delivery systems to encapsulate and release a miR-181a antagomir in a controlled manner within the infarct region. β-peptides were synthesised with varied incorporation of β-homolysine residues to modulate electrostatic interactions with nucleic acids. The resulting hydrogels demonstrated shear-thinning and self-healing properties, stiffness values within the physiological range of brain tissue and tunable nucleic acid release profiles extending over 3 weeks. Following photothrombotic stroke in mice, intracerebral injection of antagomir-loaded hydrogel achieved precise infarct delivery and sustained presence for at least 7 days. Although infarct size reduction was modest, functional recovery, measured by improved motor coordination in the hanging wire test, was significantly enhanced in the hydrogel-antagomir group compared with controls. These findings highlight β-peptide hydrogels as promising platforms for localised, sustained delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics. This work establishes proof-of-concept for hydrogel-mediated miRNA delivery in stroke and provides a foundation for further optimisation in clinically relevant models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 214712"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145967639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of a papain-loaded mucoadhesive buccal patch with potential antifibrotic and anticancer activity","authors":"Nandita Parida ,&nbsp;Rekha Rani Kokkanti ,&nbsp;Soumyajit Biswas ,&nbsp;Abikshyeet Panda ,&nbsp;Srinivas Patnaik ,&nbsp;Atul Anand Bajoria","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix remodeling, chronic inflammation, and limited responsiveness to current local treatment modalities. In this study, we report the design and <em>in vitro</em>/<em>ex vivo</em> evaluation of a papain-loaded bilayer mucoadhesive buccal patch as a proof-of-concept platform for localized enzyme delivery. Papain, a plant-derived cysteine protease with collagenolytic activity, was incorporated into a biocompatible polymeric matrix to enable controlled, site-specific release within the buccal environment. The optimized formulation exhibited acceptable physicochemical properties, including uniform thickness, flexibility, near-neutral surface pH, sustained hydration, and controlled papain release within a clinically relevant residence window. <em>In vitro</em> biological evaluation demonstrated differential responses in HGF and CAL-27 cells, with reduced cytotoxicity toward normal fibroblasts and decreased viability, clonogenicity, migration, invasion, and three-dimensional spheroid outgrowth in carcinoma cells under experimental conditions. <em>Ex vivo</em> collagen degradation studies using rat tail tissue further supported the ability of the formulation to interact with collagen-rich matrices. Hemocompatibility testing indicated minimal hemolysis, suggesting preliminary blood compatibility. Collectively, these findings establish the formulation feasibility and biological plausibility of a papain-loaded mucoadhesive buccal patch (P-MABP) as a localized enzyme delivery system. While the results support its potential relevance for fibrotic and neoplastic oral conditions, further <em>in vivo</em> studies and mechanistic investigations are required to define therapeutic efficacy, safety, and translational applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 214731"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of surface chemistry and structure on bacterial adhesion on titanium dioxide materials with extreme wetting","authors":"Ke Wu ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Shen ,&nbsp;Jie Wu ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Chen ,&nbsp;Yun Yang ,&nbsp;Qiaoling Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although it is widely believed that the antibacterial adhesion resistance of superhydrophobic surfaces stems from trapped air layers, the specific contributions of surface microstructure and trapped air layers in preventing bacterial adhesion remain unclear. In this study, four hydrophobic titanium dioxide (TiO₂) materials with different nanostructures were prepared, and ultrasonication was used to effectively remove trapped air, enabling a direct comparison of the hydrophobic materials with variations in surface morphology and trapped air. The results demonstrated that for the superhydrophilic samples, a large number of bacteria adhered to the surfaces, and no significant differences were observed among the various nanostructures. In sharp contrast, all four hydrophobic materials significantly reduced bacterial adhesion, with no significant differences observed among surfaces with different topographies. Millimeter scale, macroscopically visible air bubbles at the solid-liquid interphase greatly suppressed the bacterial adhesion, and the bubbles disappeared or decreased with the elapsed time. In contrast, invisible small bubbles (micrometer- or nanometer-scale) cannot decrease bacterial adhesion compared with the ultrasonicated sample (without trapped air). Therefore, the main reason for the significant reduction in bacterial adhesion on various hydrophobic surfaces is the fluorosilane surface modification. Air at the solid–liquid interface can only suppress the bacterial adhesion when it forms millimeter scale, visible bubbles. This work gives new ideas to the antibacterial application of superhydrophobic materials and is of great significance for the design of biomaterial surfaces with anti-adhesive properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 214673"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145879405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Evaluating antimicrobial efficacy in medical devices: The critical role of simulating in use test conditions” [Biomater. Adv. 172 (2025), 214241]","authors":"Sofia Wareham-Mathiassen ,&nbsp;Mohammed Nateqi ,&nbsp;Sai Achyuth Badrinarayanan ,&nbsp;Vera Pinto Glenting ,&nbsp;Mette Bjergaard Dragheim ,&nbsp;Arendse Ross Agner ,&nbsp;Tina Secher Rasmussen ,&nbsp;Rahul Singh ,&nbsp;Winnie Edith Svendsen ,&nbsp;Lene Bay ,&nbsp;Lars Jelsbak ,&nbsp;Henrik Bengtsson ,&nbsp;Thomas Bjarnsholt","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214729","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 214729"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146041932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A β-Si3N4/HA composite materials with biomimetic mineralized CaCO3 coating promote angiogenesis and bone regeneration through immunomodulation","authors":"Andi Guo ,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Yixuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Lin ,&nbsp;Shuanjiang Guo ,&nbsp;Hongyu Xing ,&nbsp;Qinghua Chen ,&nbsp;Qingguo Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The local immune microenvironment within bone defects dynamically orchestrates bone regeneration through intricate interactions between immune cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Hydroxyapatite (HA), a commonly used bioceramic to mend bone defects, lacks the capacity to effectively control the crucial change in macrophage phenotype from pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2). Its inherent biological inertness may consequently affect early inflammatory responses and subsequent tissue repair processes. To overcome this limitation and enhance the immunomodulatory capability of HA, we devised a dual modification strategy that combines bulk modification with surface functionalization. First, β-Si₃N₄ was incorporated as an active silicon ion source to construct a β-Si₃N₄/HA composite ceramic substrate. Subsequently, this substrate underwent surface modification via Si₃N₄ hydrolysis to drive biomimetic mineralization, forming a calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) coating and yielding a β-Si₃N₄/HA@CaCO₃ composite material. This composite exhibited excellent biocompatibility. Crucially, under simulated inflammatory conditions, it effectively induced macrophages the pro-inflammatory M1 state to the anti-inflammatory M2 state. This immunomodulatory shift generated a pro-osteogenic immune microenvironment, which significantly enhanced rat BMSCs' (rBMSCs') osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, through indirect immunomodulation, the altered immunological environment stimulated angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Collectively, these in vitro findings indicate that the β-Si₃N₄/HA@CaCO₃ composite material holds great promise for overcoming the biological inertness of traditional bioceramics. It represents a comprehensive, potential strategy for bone defect repair that synergistically combines mechanical compatibility, immunomodulation, and facilitation of multi-tissue regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 214629"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light-directed reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages via STING agonist delivery","authors":"Olga I. Gusliakova ,&nbsp;Lidia V. Mikhailova ,&nbsp;Olga A. Inozemtseva ,&nbsp;Pavel Pidenko ,&nbsp;Kirill Presnyakov ,&nbsp;Natalia A. Shushunova ,&nbsp;Van Gulinyan ,&nbsp;Oksana A. Mayorova ,&nbsp;Olga A. Sindeeva ,&nbsp;Boris N. Khlebtsov ,&nbsp;Mikhail O. Durymanov ,&nbsp;Mikhail V. Zyuzin ,&nbsp;Gleb B. Sukhorukov","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Macrophages play a pivotal role in immune regulation and disease progression through their ability to polarize into pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. In solid tumors, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are predominantly M2-like and support tumor growth, metastasis, and immune suppression. Reprogramming these macrophages toward the M1 phenotype is a promising therapeutic strategy. STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) agonists have emerged as potent agents for inducing M1 polarization and enhancing anti-tumor immunity. However, their clinical use is limited, since it is hard to achieve therapeutic concentration of the agonist within the tumor without causing undesired systemic side effects. In this study, we present internalizable light-responsive carriers of varied sizes — 4.1 μm (Mic) and 0.7 μm (Sub) — for <em>in situ</em> controlled macrophage reprogramming using a light-triggered shift from the M2 to M1 phenotype in melanoma tissues through localized release of a STING agonist (AgST). Near-infrared (NIR) laser pulses enabled effective local heating of Mic and Sub up to 43 and 40 °C at 1035 mW/cm² with a consequent release about 60 % of the compounds loaded in carriers within 24 h. Both carrier types were efficiently internalized by RAW264.7 macrophages, with an increase of CD86 expression confirming 85–88 % M1-polarized phenotype after irradiation with light. <em>In vivo</em> studies on a murine melanoma model demonstrated significant M1 polarization of TAMs following intratumoral injection of AgST-loaded Mic carriers and subsequent NIR laser irradiation, as evidenced by CD86 expression increased up to 28.3 %. These findings underscore the potential of light-activated carriers for spatiotemporally controlled delivery of immunotherapeutic agents, providing a non-invasive and tunable method for macrophage reprogramming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 214632"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145744411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}