Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the structure and mechanics of the sheep calcaneal enthesis: a relevant animal model to design scaffolds for tissue engineering applications","authors":"Alberto Sensini ,&nbsp;Luca Raimondi ,&nbsp;Albano Malerba ,&nbsp;Carlos Peniche Silva ,&nbsp;Andrea Zucchelli ,&nbsp;Alexandra Tits ,&nbsp;Davide Ruffoni ,&nbsp;Stéphane Blouin ,&nbsp;Markus A. Hartmann ,&nbsp;Martijn van Griensven ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Moroni","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tendon or enthesis injuries are a worldwide clinical problem. Along the enthesis, collagen fibrils show a progressive loss of anisotropy and an increase in mineralization reaching the bone. This causes gradients of mechanical properties. The design of scaffolds to regenerate these load-bearing tissues requires validation <em>in vivo</em> in relevant large animal models. The sheep tendon of triceps surae muscle is an optimal animal model for this scope with limited knowledge about its structure and mechanics. We decided to investigate in-depth its structure and full-field mechanics. Collagen fibrils morphology was investigated via scanning electron microscopy revealing a marked change in orientation/dimensions passing from the tendon to the enthesis. Backscatter electron images and nanoindentation at the enthesis/bone marked small gradients of mineralization at the mineralized fibrocartilage reaching 27%wt and indentation modulus around 17–30 GPa. The trabecular bone instead had indentation modulus around 15–22 GPa. Mechanical tensile tests with digital image correlation confirmed the typical non-linear behavior of tendons (failure strain = 8.2 ± 1.0 %; failure force = 1369 ± 187 N) with maximum principal strains reaching mean values of ε_p1 ∼ 7 %. The typical auxetic behavior of tendon was highlighted by the minimum principal strains (ε_p2 ∼ 5 %), progressively dampened at the enthesis. Histology revealed that this behavior was caused by a local thickening of the epitenon. Cyclic tests showed a force loss of 21 ± 7 % at the last cycle. These findings will be fundamental for biofabrication and clinicians interested in designing the new generation of scaffolds for enthesis regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 214320"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ piezoelectricity induces M2 polarization of macrophages to regulate Schwann cells for alleviating neuropathic pain of CCI rats","authors":"Guihua Wei ,&nbsp;Chunlan Chen ,&nbsp;Xi Li ,&nbsp;Haoyan Wang ,&nbsp;Zaiqi Li ,&nbsp;Xue Gou ,&nbsp;Pu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peripheral nerve injuries often lead to neuropathic pain (NP), which is influenced by macrophage polarization, impacting Schwann cell function. Bioelectric signals, particularly from piezoelectric materials like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), play a pivotal role in modulating macrophage polarization. In this study, we demonstrate that PVDF's piezoelectric properties enhance M2 polarization during hypoxia macrophage model, as indicated by increased CD206 (M2 marker) expression and decreased CD8 (M1 marker). This shift in polarization is linked to enhanced secretion of Arg-1 and IL-10 from M2 macrophages, and reduced levels of ROS, iNOS, and TNF-α from M1 macrophages. The underlying mechanism driving this polarization shift involves the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. In vitro, M2-conditioned medium significantly promoted Schwann cell proliferation and migration. In a chronic sciatic nerve constriction (CCI) rat model, PVDF treatment improved pain sensitivity, as shown by increased mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL). Additionally, PVDF treatment reduced the CD80/CD206 (M1/M2) ratio, promoting an anti-inflammatory environment, and increased the NF200/S100 ratio, indicating enhanced axonal regeneration. RNA sequencing revealed that Schwann cells co-cultured with M2-conditioned medium upregulated Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM), Ca⁺ signaling pathway, and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK), critical signal pathway for Schwann cell regeneration and nerve repair. Our findings suggest that PVDF's piezoelectric properties offer a novel strategy for modulating macrophage polarization and enhancing Schwann cell activity, providing a potential therapeutic approach for NP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 214319"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thin-film NiTi intrasaccular implant with flaps for aneurysm treatments","authors":"D. Dengiz ,&nbsp;P. Velvaluri ,&nbsp;P. Grotemeyer ,&nbsp;M.S. Pravdivtseva ,&nbsp;F. Wodarg ,&nbsp;J. Watkinson ,&nbsp;E. Mackensen ,&nbsp;O. Jansen ,&nbsp;E. Quandt","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intracranial aneurysms are abnormal, balloon-like formations in the brain blood vessels. They carry a high risk of rupture, which can cause severe complications. Effective aneurysm treatments include reducing blood flow into the aneurysm sac. Coiling is an effective method of occluding the aneurysm sac. However, wide-neck aneurysms are associated with complications because large necks make it difficult to retain the coils securely in the aneurysm sac. This challenge can be overcome by using coil-assisting implants. This additional support avoids the risk of coils migrating into the parent artery avoiding such complications such as ischemic stroke.</div><div>This study introduces a novel, coil-assisted implant design with flaps fabricated using micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) technology, which provides a higher degree of freedom in designing and prototyping. The designs contain a stable mechanical backbone with mobile thin flaps that allow secondary delivery of coils into the aneurysm sac. Mechanical tests are conducted to measure radial forces for secure anchoring in the aneurysm sac and compression forces to assess the hammering effect from pulsatile blood flow. Furthermore, the novel implants were tested and compared with a commercial braided implant in in-vitro environment using 3D-printed aneurysm models to understand their flow dynamics and coiling performance by using digital subtraction angiography. The findings showed that backbone/flap designs have greater mechanical stability, which enhances effectiveness compared to braided coil-assisting implants. Moreover, coiling was possible through mobile flaps, highlighting the potential for advancing the treatment of brain aneurysms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 214311"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of biodegradable materials for bone repair and osteosarcoma treatment: From bulk to scaffolds","authors":"Shebeer A. Rahim ,&nbsp;Hamid R. Bakhsheshi-Rad ,&nbsp;Joseph Licavoli ,&nbsp;Brandon W. Jonard ,&nbsp;Jaroslaw W. Drelich","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteosarcoma, the most common type of malignant bone tumor that affects growing bones in teenagers and children, has become a significant challenge for medical science. The combination of chemotherapy and surgery has been the standard treatment strategy for decades. However, concerns about tumor recurrence and the toxic effects of the drugs continue to drive materials scientists to develop multifunctional scaffolds that can simultaneously support bone regeneration and prevent tumor recurrence. Emergent multifunctional scaffolds have the potential to foster essential and dynamic cellular communication, which can directly target, signal, stimulate, and enhance the body's natural bone repair response. This review emphasizes the mechanisms involved and highlights various technologies and manufacturing processes that align with the capability of these scaffolds to effectively promote bone repair, especially in the presence of osteosarcoma. Additionally, the review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding scaffolds based on magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), as well as the antitumor properties of their corrosion products. The review also discusses the therapeutic potential of Mg-, Zn-, and Fe-based materials in inhibiting osteosarcoma cell proliferation. The article elaborates on the main research challenges and prospects of biodegradable materials for bone repair and osteosarcoma treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 214317"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-switchable piezoelectric BiVO4/fullerene heterostructure for on-demand ROS modulation in MRSA-infected diabetic wound healing","authors":"Zini Huang ,&nbsp;Yihan Ma ,&nbsp;Xinyi Yang,&nbsp;Xiaoping Yang,&nbsp;Yinjia Cheng,&nbsp;Aiqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Persistent microbial infections and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation severely impede diabetic wound healing. Herein, we developed an ultrasound-switchable BiVO₄/fullerene piezoelectric heterostructure <em>via</em> a one-pot solvothermal method, enabling on-demand transition between bactericidal action and ROS scavenging for treating infected diabetic wounds. Under 8-min ultrasound (US) irradiation, the heterojunction sonosensitizer leveraged piezoelectric polarization to generate substantial ROS in real-time through a narrowed energy band gap and enhanced charge carrier separation and migration efficiency, resulting in the disruption of bacterial membrane integrity and 99.9 % eradication of methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA). Upon US withdrawal, the sonosensitizer spontaneously transitioned to an antioxidative state through fullerene-mediated ROS scavenging, effectively neutralizing excess ROS and restoring cellular redox balance. In an MRSA-infected diabetic wound model, this ultrasound-responsive duality effectively suppressed bacterial proliferation, reduced inflammation, enhanced angiogenesis, and ultimately accelerated wound healing within 14 days. This ultrasound-switchable therapeutic strategy offers promising insights for managing drug-resistant infections and other ROS-mediated biomedical challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 214307"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering a long-lasting microvasculature in vitro model for traumatic injury research","authors":"Carla Verónica Fuenteslópez ,&nbsp;Mariella Papapavlou ,&nbsp;Mark S. Thompson ,&nbsp;Hua Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microvascular injuries can have systemic physiological effects that exacerbate other injuries and pose a danger to life. Reliable <em>in vitro</em> microvascular models are required to enhance understanding of traumatic injuries. This research aims to develop and optimise a three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel construct for the formation and long-term stability of an <em>in vitro</em> microvascular model for trauma research.</div><div>First, we develop a 3D hydrogel scaffold using a physiologically relevant cell type to enable the formation of a durable microvascular endothelial network and validate it against the gold standard: HUVECs. Then, we explore the impact of modifying the hydrogel composition, specifically fibrinogen source and concentration, medium, and crosslinking ratio, on scaffold material properties and, consequently, the formation of endothelial networks, their architecture, and long-term integrity.</div><div>Our results demonstrate that 3D hydrogel scaffolds are crucial for maintaining network stability beyond the initial 24 h. For trauma research applications, the material properties and mechanical behaviour of the hydrogels are critical. Microrheometry revealed that fibrinogen concentration significantly influences gelation times, absorbance rate, storage modulus (G’), loss modulus (G”), and complex viscosity, while also reducing creep compliance.</div><div>Our multi-pronged approach to engineering microvasculature constructs revealed that variations in hydrogel composition, including fibrinogen concentration and source, crosslinking ratio and choice of medium, strongly affect the hydrogel material characteristics and, in turn, the resulting microvascular networks. Hydrogels made with high concentrations of human fibrinogen, a 200:10:1 crosslinking ratio, and endothelial basal medium (EBM) or EBM supplemented with VEGF performed best, demonstrating superior long-term network stability.</div><div>The microvasculature construct developed here could be used as a potential platform for studying traumatic injuries, as well as testing interventions aimed at improving recovery and mitigating damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 214310"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of bigels for neurotrauma therapeutics: Structural insights for tissue microenvironment alignment","authors":"Botle Moswatsi,&nbsp;Gillian Dumsile Mahumane,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar,&nbsp;Yahya Essop Choonara","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neural injuries pose a significant clinical challenge due to the brain's limited regenerative capacity and the complexity of developing biomaterials that can provide mechanical support and localized therapeutic delivery. Conventional biomaterials such as hydrogels and electrospun scaffolds exhibit limitations, including suboptimal mechanical integrity and uncontrolled drug diffusion. Bigels, biphasic systems composed of interpenetrating hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases, offer tunable viscoelasticity, enhanced drug loading capacity, and structural adaptability, making them promising candidates for addressing the multifaceted requirements of neurotherapeutics applications. Despite their established applications in the transdermal application, the potential of bigels in neurotherapeutics remains underexplored. This review critically examines bigel formulation strategies, physicochemical characteristics, and neuroregenerative potential. Key analytical techniques, including oscillatory rheology, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, are explored to assess pore morphology, viscoelastic behavior, and molecular interactions. The role of bigels in neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and neuroinflammation modulation is highlighted, alongside considerations for scalability, batch-to-batch reproducibility, and regulatory compliance under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Future research should focus on optimizing biodegradation kinetics, neurotrophic factor release profiles, and preclinical validation in traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury models. Advancing bigel technology could facilitate their clinical translation as neuroprotective scaffolds in regenerative medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 214315"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-density electrospun fibrous network promotes mechanotransduction and matrix remodeling in fibroblasts","authors":"Han Tang ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Wang ,&nbsp;Sha Qiu ,&nbsp;Yuying Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangnan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanzhong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical interactions between cells and fiber-dominated extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial in regulating matrix-remodeling and cellular physiological processes. Electrospun fibers, as a type of biomimicking fibers, provide an ideal platform for engineering a variety of tissues <em>in vitro</em>. However, the mechanisms by which electrospun fibers promote cellular matrix-remodeling, particularly concerning the characteristic mechanical compliance in the fibers, remain inadequately understood due to the crossing and entanglement of electrospun ultrafine fibers in those densely packed fibrous mats. This study devised low-density fibrous network and mechanically sensitive fibroblasts to investigate how cells sense, respond to, and remodel the residing microenvironment at both cellular and molecular levels. The results showed that the fibroblasts cultured on the low-density fibrous network exhibited a contractile phenotype, as evidenced by the upregulated transcription and synthesis of ECM-related proteins as well as fiber recruitment capability, thereby displaying a greater capacity in matrix-remodeling. Analysis of mechanotransduction-related markers revealed that the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway was activated in the low-density fibrous network-substrated fibroblasts. Additionally, enhanced cytoskeletal assembly, cell contractility, YAP nuclear translocation, and activation of Piezo1 were observed. Inhibition of ROCK disrupted mechanotransduction, consequently impairing the cell's matrix-remodeling capacity. These findings demonstrate that the low-density electrospun fibrous network promotes the cell-mediated matrix-remodeling by facilitating mechanotransduction signaling. This study establishes a theoretical framework for understanding how electrospun fibers regulate cellular function at the micro-mechanical level and may shed insights on the design of biomimetic fibrous scaffolds for promoting tissue regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 214316"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and evaluation of an auxetic biaxial substrate straining device for tissue engineering applications","authors":"Gengyao Wei,&nbsp;Fraser Birks ,&nbsp;Daniel Bax,&nbsp;David Roper,&nbsp;Matt Meek,&nbsp;Ruth Cameron,&nbsp;Serena Best","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical forces play a critical role in cellular behaviour, yet devising systems capable of applying multiaxial strain to three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering substrates remains challenging. This study introduces an innovative approach using 3D-printed auxetic re-entrant honeycomb meshes to convert uniaxial tension into biaxial straining of cell-laden collagen hydrogel substrates by utilising the unconventional negative Poisson's ratio. Key findings demonstrate that polypropylene (PP) meshes exhibited enhanced compliance and ductility compared to conventional poly-<em><span>l</span></em>-lactide (PLA) alternatives, making them particularly suitable for this application. Across all auxetic designs, the tensile moduli of the PP meshes were approximately 6 times lower, and their ultimate tensile strains remained at 0.66—approximately 17 times higher than that of PLA meshes. Critically, when human dermal fibroblasts were cultured on the strained collagen gels, their aspect ratio increased by 59 % while maintaining random alignment, providing proof of concept for true biaxial mechanical stimulation. This approach offers a versatile and accessible tool for advancing research in mechanobiology and tissue engineering by enabling the exploration of cellular responses to physiologically relevant mechanical environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 214313"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimum reporting requirements for platelet-rich plasma in biomaterial research","authors":"S. Amitha Banu ,&nbsp;Khan Sharun","doi":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is gaining significant attention in regenerative medicine, offering an abundance of growth factors and bioactive molecules that promote tissue repair and healing. In biomaterial research, PRP is often incorporated into scaffolds to enhance their bioactivity, facilitating cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation for improved tissue regeneration. However, inconsistencies in outcomes and variability across studies hinder its clinical translation. These challenges are primarily attributed to the lack of standardized reporting criteria for PRP characterization, which limits reproducibility and cross-study comparisons. Accurate characterization of PRP is essential for understanding its biological activity and therapeutic potential. Key parameters include platelet, white blood cell, and red blood cell concentrations. Recent classification systems, such as those proposed by the ISTH Subcommittee on Platelet Physiology, emphasize the importance of these parameters in categorizing PRP types. Establishing minimal reporting requirements helps address variability in PRP studies, ensuring consistency and transparency in the methodology and results. By adopting these standards as mandatory reporting requirements, researchers can reduce variability, enhance the credibility of their findings, and facilitate the development of standardized protocols for PRP-based therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51111,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 214314"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}