Air Quality Atmosphere and Health最新文献

{"title":"Long-term exposure to PM2.5-bound metals and female breast cancer incidence in New Mexico, USA","authors":"Yanhong Huang,&nbsp;Charles L. Wiggins,&nbsp;Angela L. W. Meisner,&nbsp;Yan Lin,&nbsp;Li Luo,&nbsp;Xi Gong","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02079-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02079-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Female breast cancer (FBC) is the most commonly diagnosed malignant cancer and the second leading cancer cause of death among women in the United States. Environmental exposures, particularly PM_2.5-bound metals, have been increasingly associated with breast cancer incidence. We evaluated associations between long-term residential exposure to PM_2.5-bound metals and age-adjusted FBC incidence rate at the census tract level in New Mexico from 1997 to 2019. FBC records were obtained from the New Mexico Tumor Registry. Annual metal exposure intensities for chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, and mercury were estimated using a calibrated Emission Weighted Proximity Model (EWPM) over a 10-year pre-diagnosis window. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) with Gaussian estimation was used to estimate rate ratio (RR) for the association between PM_2.5-bound metal exposure and FBC incidence in New Mexico. Exposure to PM_2.5-bound chromium (adjusted RR 1.07, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.08), cobalt (adjusted RR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.11), copper (adjusted RR 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.07), manganese (adjusted RR 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.08), and mercury (adjusted RR 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.07) show significant associations with increased FBC incidence rate. When exposure was categorized as unexposed, low, medium, and high groups, a significant increasing trend was observed across all five metals. Long-term exposure to multiple PM_2.5-bound metals is associated with elevated FBC incidence rate in New Mexico. These findings highlight the need for further research and to biologically validate the observed associations and clarify potential mechanisms linking PM_2.5-bound metal exposure to FBC incidence risk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13506564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the determinants of resource depletion and air quality in BRICS countries","authors":"Piyali Kumar,&nbsp;Dibyendu Ghosh","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02084-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02084-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the era of sustainable development and the global effort to combat climate change, the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) continue to face rapid environmental degradation despite their fast-paced economic growth. A proactive stance toward ecological sustainability is imperative to improve environmental quality and mitigate emissions. Consequently, this study is motivated by the urgent need to examine the reduction of resource depletion and harmful air emissions (GHG and non-GHG) through the lenses of sustainable energy, ecological capacity, and economic activity. It addresses the persistent determinants in emerging BRICS economies of balancing ecological degradation and air quality during 2000–2025. Primarily, we applied Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag for short-run and long-run estimations, then confirmed by Augmented Mean Group and Common Correlated Effects Mean Group robustness tests. Results support the Environmental Kuznets proposition for non-methane volatile organic compounds and particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), and confirm that BRICS economies have crossed the EKC ‘turning point’ for these pollutants, except PM₁₀, which requires further progress toward achieving green growth. Afterwards, this research extends prior studies by employing Method of Moments Quantile Regression to capture distributional heterogeneity across three quantiles: low (0.25), moderate (0.50), and high (0.75). Biocapacity amplifies ecological footprint but contributes to greenhouse gas mitigation at low and moderate quantiles. Economic integration through trade and transportation reinforces environmental degradation, while greater consumption of and investment in clean energy dampen it. The observations underscore the importance of prioritising the production and export of green manufactured goods, enhancing natural resource stocks, and transitioning toward renewable energy and electric vehicle adoption to optimise sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay of air pollutants and meteorological factors with particulate matter: insights from data analysis of 42 Indian cities","authors":"Lakshmi Manalipadam,&nbsp;Charu Sharma,&nbsp;Samit Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02081-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02081-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution, particularly particulate matter (PM), poses a severe environmental and public health challenge in India, with concentrations often exceeding WHO guidelines. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of PM trends across 42 cities in India throughout 2023, offering a large-scale perspective on seasonal variations and their interactions with meteorological factors (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and wind direction) and co-pollutants (<i>SO</i>₂,<i>NO</i>₂,CO and <i>O</i>₃). Using data from 94 monitoring stations, we employ correlation and path analysis to assess both direct and indirect effects on PM levels. Our findings reveal a notable correlation between PM and pollutants, particularly <i>NO</i>₂ and CO, with over 47 monitoring stations showing a significant positive correlation. In addition, seasonal trends are identified in relation to temperature and humidity. Path analysis indicates that meteorological factors mainly affect PM concentrations indirectly, while co-pollutants exert a more direct influence. The model effectively accounts for PM variability with high <i>R</i>² values for more than 80% of the stations. Furthermore, the variance inflation factor (VIF) is below 5 for 90% of the stations, ensuring robust statistical reliability. These results highlight the necessity for targeted pollution control measures that consider both emission reductions and meteorological factors to ensure effective air quality management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of snowcover-based air pollution deposition research and model validation in Estonia since 1985","authors":"Terje Tammekivi,&nbsp;Marko Kaasik,&nbsp;Marek Maasikmets,&nbsp;Arkadi Ebber,&nbsp;Outi Meinander","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02073-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02073-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents the results of snow-based monitoring of atmospheric deposition of air pollution in Estonia, focusing on two contrasting regions: the industrialised North-East and the rural South-East. Over a 40-year period, snow samples were collected to assess spatial and temporal trends in pollutant deposition, particularly sulphate and calcium associated with the combustion and handling of <i>kukersite</i> oil shale. The findings show that while emissions of sulphur dioxide and fly ash have declined significantly by factors of 20–30 and over 100 respectively the corresponding decreases in sulphate and calcium deposition have not been proportional. In recent years, oil shale based industries have gradually declined. Calcium deposition, however, remains elevated in areas near active oil shale mining, suggesting persistent emissions from non‑combustible sources such as blasting and transport operations. Comparative modelling using the high-resolution Gaussian dispersion model AEROPOL shows good agreement with measured fluxes when all relevant emission sources are included, while models with coarser resolution, although physically and computationally more advanced, underestimate deposition, especially in areas close to pollution sources. Additional sampling from South Estonia revealed patterns related to residential wood burning and traffic. This study confirms the value of snow-based deposition measurements for validating air quality models and tracking pollution trends. It also highlights the importance of including both combustion and mechanical emission sources in future environmental assessments and modelling efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoremediation of trace-level formaldehyde within complex mixtures by Dieffenbachia seguine: a diurnal physiological study","authors":"Ginting Dwi Setiawan,&nbsp;Chairat Treesubsuntorn,&nbsp;Aminatun Munawarti,&nbsp;Fitri Yola Amandita,&nbsp;Dian Siswanto","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02078-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02078-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Formaldehyde, a Group 1 carcinogen, is a ubiquitous indoor air pollutant frequently encountered in residential and occupational settings. While most phytoremediation research utilizes acute toxicological doses, indoor formaldehyde typically exists at trace levels within complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter. This study evaluated the phytoremediation potential of the C3 ornamental plant <i>Dieffenbachia seguine</i> (dumb cane) for trace-level formaldehyde (0.4–0.6 ppm) derived from cigarette smoke, simulating a realistic, multi-component pollution scenario. Plants were exposed to smoke-derived formaldehyde in a closed system over a 24-h diurnal cycle to assess performance under light versus dark conditions, using <i>Dracaena trifasciata</i> as a reference benchmark species. Notably, <i>D. seguine</i> exhibited &gt; 50% removal of formaldehyde within 2 h and achieved near-total removal (98.8%) after 24 h under light conditions. While removal under dark conditions was slightly lower (92.7%), the performance remained statistically comparable to the reference species, <i>D. trifasciata</i>. Despite a significant reduction in stomatal aperture (from 64 to 36%) as an adaptive response to smoke exposure, <i>D. seguine</i> maintained biochemical homeostasis. Statistical analysis revealed that while unexposed plants plants exhibited a typical light-induced increase in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels, no significant diurnal differences in IAA were observed under smoke exposure, indicating a stabilized hormonal profile. Furthermore, no significant degradation was observed in chlorophyll levels or catalase (CAT) activity, confirming a high innate tolerance to trace-level oxidative stress. These findings suggest that <i>D. seguine</i> is a resilient biological sink for atmospheric formaldehyde and a superior candidate for sustainable indoor air quality management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Could foods from the Mediterranean diet act as a DNA-protective tool against the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of urban fine air particulate matter (PM0.5)? An exploratory investigation on bacteria and human cell lines","authors":"Carlotta Alias,&nbsp;Claudia Zani,&nbsp;Ilaria Zerbini,&nbsp;Donatella Feretti","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02077-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02077-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fine particulate matter (PM_0.5) is an emerging public health concern due to its ability to penetrate deeply into tissues and induce oxidative stress–mediated damage, contributing to the development of chronic diseases. Despite increasing exposure in urban environments, its biological effects and potential mitigation strategies remain insufficiently explored. This study investigated whether selected foods typical of the Mediterranean diet (yoghurt, apples, lemons, peaches, kiwis, broccoli, onions, and tomatoes) can reduce PM_0.5-induced DNA damage. The protective effects of these foods were evaluated using the Ames test on <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> TA98 and the comet assay on human cell lines derived from lung (A549), liver (HepG2), and colorectal (HT-29) tissues. Exposure to PM_0.5 organic extracts induced significant mutagenic and genotoxic effects. However, several foods demonstrated notable protective capacity. In bacterial assays, yoghurt, apple, onion, and tomato reduced mutagenicity by over 50%. In human cells, yoghurt and tomato (including tomato purée) showed the strongest protective effects, reducing DNA damage by up to 90% in A549 cells. Additional reductions were observed with peach, apple, and onion across different cell lines. These findings highlight the relevance of investigating PM_0.5 toxicity given its implications for public health, and suggest that components of the Mediterranean diet, particularly fermented foods and vegetables, may play a role in mitigating DNA damage induced by fine particulate matter. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and confirm the potential protective effects in vivo.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02077-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When seasons matter more than trends: Urban air quality anomalies and pollution extremes across major urban centres of Northeast India (2022–2024)","authors":"Arghadeep Bose,&nbsp;Tushar Sarkar","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02080-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02080-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban air quality dynamics in secondary and emerging cities are as yet underexplored despite the growing exposure risks. This research focuses on seasonal anomalies, persistence behaviour and spatial inequality in air quality of eight major urban centres of the North-east India using daily average Air Quality Index (AQI) over a period from 2022 to 2024. In this study, the analysis incorporates descriptive statistics, autocorrelation diagnostics, modified Mann- Kendall trend detection, Seasonal Anomaly Index (SAI), inter-urban inequality assessment, and hierarchical clustering in order to identify temporal and spatial pollution regimes. Results show a strong heterogeneity of AQI burden across NE India, where Agartala, Guwahati and Imphal show significantly higher levels of pollution when compared to hill cities such as Aizawl, Gangtok, and Shillong. Exposure analysis shows that more than 40–50% of days have AQI around 100 or more in major valley cities, and more than 20% of days have AQI around 200 or more in Agartala and Guwahati. Autocorrelation diagnostics indicate strong atmospheric memory effects in all cities, while trend detection does not allow to find statistically significant monotonic change on the short period of observations. SAI of a systematic winter amplification and monsoon suppression of the pollution that reflects the control of boundary layer stability and rain wet scavenging. Multi-year ranking and heatmaps reveal Agartala, Guwahati and Imphal as persistent high risk pollution centres, which reflect structural interactions between emission intensity and valley confined topography. Seasonal clustering also indicates a compression of spatial inequality by monsoon conditions while the stability of the winter atmosphere increases the spatial inequality, creating a unique high-AQI regime in valley cities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of emission factors for pollutants from dominant fuelwood species in Northern South Africa","authors":"Khuthadzo Manyatsha,&nbsp;Burgert B Hattingh,&nbsp;Stuart Piketh,&nbsp;Frederik H Conradie,&nbsp;Joshua Edokpayi","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02069-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02069-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Residential biomass combustion in rural communities is recognised as a major contributor to air pollution, representing the second-largest source of gaseous emissions and the primary source of atmospheric particulate matter. In many African countries, including South Africa, residential emission inventories and air quality assessments rely largely on international emission factors (EFs), introducing considerable uncertainty due to regional differences in fuel characteristics, combustion technologies, and household energy-use practices. Generating locally derived EFs is therefore essential for improving the accuracy of emission inventories and supporting effective air quality management and climate policy development. This study quantified the EFs of CO₂, CO, NO, SO₂, and PM₁₀ from the combustion of the 12 predominantly preferred fuelwood species used for household energy in rural Limpopo Province, South Africa. Controlled combustion experiments were conducted using a traditional three-legged cookstove in a simulated village kitchen under laboratory conditions. The mean EFs determined for CO₂, CO, NO, SO₂, and PM₁₀ were 1389 ± 149, 131.38 ± 91.4, 1.22 ± 0.63, 5.16 ± 4.9, and 64.7 ± 76.3 g kg⁻¹, respectively. Modified combustion efficiency (MCE) exhibited a statistically significant negative association with the EFs of CO and SO₂, indicating that lower combustion efficiency was associated with higher emissions of these pollutants. In contrast, fuel moisture content was not significantly associated with the EFs of CO₂, NO, or PM₁₀, while no statistically significant relationship was observed between fuel nitrogen (N) content and NO EFs. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were detected among the investigated fuelwood species in the individual EFs of CO₂, CO, NO, SO₂, and PM₁₀. This study provides the first laboratory-derived, species-specific EF dataset for the predominantly preferred fuelwood species used in rural Limpopo Province. The findings reduce uncertainties associated with the application of international default EFs and provide a robust basis for improving residential biomass emission inventories, air quality modelling, and the development of evidence-based air pollution mitigation and climate management strategies in South Africa and other regions with similar household energy-use patterns.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02069-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric deposition of microparticles on the seasonally-touristed island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, US","authors":"Nicholas Warner,&nbsp;Juanita Urban-Rich","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02064-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02064-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Major sources of atmospheric microplastic originate from human activities (e.g. construction, driving, laundry, and agriculture dust), along with sea-spray. Due to their small size (&lt; 5 mm), they are easily transported long distances, being found in both urban and remote environments. This research examines the atmospheric deposition of microparticles on a seasonally-touristed island. Nantucket Island, USA, is a unique study site due to its proximity to ocean-atmospheric exchanges and its high influx of seasonal visitors. Atmospheric microparticles were collected at two contrasting sites and analyzed for amount and type from October 2021 to September 2022. Samples were collected each month and processed, counted, and measured. Microparticle flux ranged from 4.6 to 62.2 mp/m²/d and were composed mostly of fibers, &gt; 75 μm. The Hatchery site had an average and s.d. of 28.2 ± 13.3 mp/m²/d and the Station site had an average and s.d. of 15.7 ± 8.2 mp/m²/d. Concentrations during the tourist months were 1.5 times greater than the non-tourist months.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world measurement of vehicular PM2.5, BC, and BrC in a tunnel with high proportion of diesel vehicle","authors":"Tong-Hyok Choe,&nbsp;Chung Song Ho,&nbsp;Chol-Ryok Im,&nbsp;Jong-Jun Jo,&nbsp;Song-Chol Pak,&nbsp;Nam-Chol O","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02070-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02070-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vehicular emission is an important source of particulate matter (PM_2.5), black Carbon (BC) and brown Carbon (BrC) in urban areas, but the annual trends of vehicular emissions of PM_2.5, BC and BrC pollutants have not been clearly identified in some urban areas. This study evaluates emission factors of vehicles-related PM_2.5, BC and BrC via measurements of a road tunnel in Pyongyang, DPR Korea, in 2019 and 2024, respectively. The proportion of diesel vehicles in the tunnel is much higher than that in other urban road tunnels, with 10.2% in 2019 and 22.4% in 2024. In 2024, the emission factors of PM_2.5, BC and BrC were 7.51 ± 3.38 mg km^− 1 veh^− 1, 0.778 ± 0.302 mg km^− 1 veh^− 1 and 0.168 ± 0.066 mg km^− 1 veh^− 1 for the mixed fleet, 2.86 ± 0.66 mg km^− 1 veh^− 1, 0.444 ± 0.066 mg km^− 1 veh^− 1 and 0.105 ± 0.015 mg km^− 1 veh^− 1 for the gasoline vehicles, 27.3 ± 2.10 mg km^− 1 veh^− 1, 2.27 ± 0.208 mg km^− 1 veh^− 1 and 0.481 ± 0.047 mg km^− 1 veh^− 1 for the diesel vehicles, respectively. The emission factors of PM_2.5, BC and BC-equivalent BrC were significantly reduced in 2024, with regard to both the pollutants and vehicle types compared to those in 2019, accounting for a reduction range of 59.7–81.9%, 78.3–86.0%, and 71.6–82.6%, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}