Air Quality Atmosphere and Health最新文献

{"title":"Factors associated with metal constituents in indoor particulate matter in different communities in South Africa","authors":"Minenhle S. Buthelezi,&nbsp;Rajen N. Naidoo,&nbsp;Ajay Bissessur,&nbsp;Busisiwe Shezi,&nbsp;Nkosana Jafta","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01686-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01686-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal constituents in indoor particulate matter (PM) emitted by household materials and indoor activities present an environmental challenge globally. This study investigated the variation of metal constituent concentrations in indoor PM collected from different communities and the association of metals with household characteristics and indoor occupant activities. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ samples collected on Teflon filters during the field studies in the south and north Durban and Highveld region of South Africa were analysed for metal constituents by digesting in nitric acid and hydrochloric acid solution (aqua regia). These samples were analysed for metals using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Standardised interviews and structured household walkthrough assessments that were conducted provided additional covariates. Multivariate linear regression models were developed using factors from the factor analysis, and variables identified in the bivariate analysis. The decreasing order of metal content in PM_2.5 was as follows: Fe &gt; Cr &gt; Cu &gt; Mn &gt; Al &gt; Hg &gt; Zn &gt; As &gt; Cd &gt; Pb, whereas in PM₁₀ the metal content had the following decreasing order: Fe &gt; Al &gt; As &gt; Cu &gt; Cr &gt; Hg &gt; Zn &gt; Cd &gt; Mn &gt; Pb. Metal concentrations (Cd, Fe, Mn, and Pb) in PM_2.5 varied significantly in different geographical locations. Household characteristics including higher household age, presence of a ceiling, and cemented floor type were significantly associated with increased Cr, Fe, and Hg in indoor PM_2.5, respectively (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The association of metallic components in indoor PM with household characteristics provides an opportunity to raise issues of deteriorated old households to local authorities and policymakers who need to implement strategies to replace old building materials releasing metal-rich particles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"1035 - 1052"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-024-01686-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality associated with long-term PM2.5 exposure among overburdened communities in Washington State","authors":"Rongting Xu,&nbsp;Randy M. Stalter,&nbsp;Annie Doubleday,&nbsp;Kelly Naismith,&nbsp;Jill Schulte,&nbsp;Matthew Kadlec,&nbsp;Rylie Ellison","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01664-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01664-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) increases all-cause mortality risk. Few studies have examined PM_2.5-associated mortality in Washington State communities experiencing health, social, and environmental inequities and highly impacted by criteria air pollution (overburdened communities). We used the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program, Community Edition, to estimate PM_2.5-associated mortality in 16 overburdened communities in Washington. The model included baseline and natural background PM_2.5 concentrations, census tract population data, baseline mortality rates from state death records, and published PM_2.5 and all-cause mortality effect estimates. We calculated age-adjusted mortality rates by standardizing crude rates to the statewide age distribution. The annual mean PM_2.5 concentration in overburdened communities was 7.2 µg/m³ during 2014–2017 compared to the state average, 6.4 µg/m³. We estimated 46 annual PM_2.5-associated deaths (95% confidence interval: 33–59) per 100,000 people in overburdened communities after age adjustment compared with 25 (12–37) deaths per 100,000 people statewide. Age-adjusted annual PM_2.5-associated mortality rates were highest among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black people (78 [44–110] and 56 [17–92] deaths per 100,000 people, respectively). Similar disparities were observed when using 2020 air quality data that included more extensive wildfire-related PM_2.5. Despite meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, we identified racial and ethnic disparities in PM_2.5-associated mortality in Washington overburdened communities. In addition to enhanced air quality monitoring, engagement with local governments, Tribal nations, air agencies, and community-based organizations will be crucial for understanding and addressing disproportionate PM_2.5 impacts in these communities. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"1021 - 1033"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-024-01664-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of PM2.5 and its association with elevation by using remote sensing: the scenario of Quetta, Pakistan","authors":"Laraib Ehtasham,&nbsp;Malik Muhammad Akhtar,&nbsp;Salman Tariq,&nbsp;Ishaq Ahmad Mian","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01688-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01688-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Particulate matter (PM) includes the liquid or solid particles of various sizes that are suspended in the atmosphere, and are adversely affects air quality, ecosystems and human beings. This study involved the spatio-temporal analysis of PM_2.5 of the period from 2001 to 2021 in Quetta District. The specific objectives of this study were to analyze the concentration of PM_2.5 in Quetta District from 2001 to 2021, and to examine its association with elevation. The remotely sensed PM_2.5 data was retrieved from the satellite-derived global dataset (latest version V5.GL.03) having high resolution of 0.01◦×0.01◦. The assessments of dataset involve the integration of the retrievals of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)from various sources (including MISR, NASA MODIS and SeaWiFS) while the elevation data retrieved from DEM based on the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (STRM-DEM) and ArcGIS 10.8 used for mapping. The results revealed that the highest midrange value (60.3 µg/m³) of PM_2.5 in 2003 and lowest midrange value (39.8 µg/m³) in 2006. Plus, the highest, lowest and midrange values of the concerned years were 57.1 µg/m³, 36.9 µg/m³ and 47 µg/m^3, respectively; which exceeded the permissible limits of WHO and Pakistan’s NEQS. Additionally, the highest elevation areas (2940–3300 m) contained low PM_2.5 concentration; and the areas of lowest elevation (1500 to 1860 m) had moderate to high PM_2.5 concentration. The elevation and PM_2.5 concentration showed strong correlation relation and risk for community. Consequently, by elaborating the phenomenon of the relation between the PM_2.5 concentration and elevation, this study can provide a baseline and can be potentially helpful for policymakers, planners and future researchers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"1009 - 1019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and data acquisition from low-cost air quality sensors: a comprehensive review","authors":"Mubashir Ali Siddiqui,&nbsp;Mirza Hammad Baig,&nbsp;Muhammad Uzair Yousuf","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01683-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01683-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapid increase in urban populations has led to escalating traffic and higher levels of air pollutants, posing significant threats to urban health. In response, there is growing demand for accessible, real-time, and widespread air quality monitoring systems. This review focuses on the potential of low-cost air quality sensors to meet this demand, with emphasis on their ability to provide high-density spatiotemporal data at a lower cost. The paper critically examines current low-cost air quality sensors, including Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT)-based solutions, through both field experiments and laboratory studies. A key contribution of this review is the comprehensive evaluation of calibration methods, showing how factors such as temperature and humidity influence sensor performance. The review highlights common challenges like sensor accuracy, cross-sensitivity, and data quality, offering insights into effective strategies such as calibration against reference instruments and advanced data validation techniques. Ultimately, this review underscores the potential of low-cost sensors in revolutionizing air pollution monitoring, while also addressing the practical challenges that must be resolved to fully realize their capabilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"1183 - 1203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of “coal to electricity” policy on air quality during heating period over Beijing − Tianjin − Hebei region in China by WRF-Chem model","authors":"Ruting Zhang,&nbsp;Chuanmin Chen,&nbsp;Songtao Liu,&nbsp;Huacheng Wu,&nbsp;Weiqing Zhou,&nbsp;Peng Li","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01685-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01685-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the pursuit of enhancing the atmospheric environment quality, the Chinese government has promulgated directives advocating for alternative energy sources and has implemented a suite of regulatory measures, including the “coal to electricity” policy. However, the precise quantification of the policy's impact on air quality remains a challenge. This study employs simulation experiments, comparing a basic scenario with an emissions reduction scenario, to assess the policy's efficacy. The findings indicate that the policy has led to a reduction in the daily average concentration of PM_2.5 in Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding, and Shijiazhuang during the heating period, with decreases ranging from 0.2 − 5.6 μg/m³, corresponding to a reduction of 1 − 6%. Notably, during the severe pollution episode on December 15, 2018, the hourly average concentration of PM_2.5 in the majority of the Beijing − Tianjin − Hebei (BTH) region experienced a decrease between 1.02 − 7.53 μg/m³. Furthermore, the study observed a reduction in the average concentrations of other pollutants across the BTH region in December 2018. Specifically, the reductions in PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations were within the ranges of 0.42 − 11.47 μg/m³, 0.01 − 0.77 μg/m³, 0.39 − 24.18 μg/m³, and 0.76 − 2.91 μg/m³, respectively. Although the “coal to electricity” policy has only partially replaced residential emission sources, it has demonstrated a significant role in improving air quality within the BTH region. It is recommended that future policy development and refinement be tailored to the specific conditions, with a focus on further advancing energy transformation, such as the substitution of coal, to achieve more comprehensive environmental benefits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"995 - 1008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of seasonal and spatial patterns of AOD, urban heat island and urban aerosol pollution island during change in agriculture cycles over a city region along Indo-Gangetic Plain","authors":"Rohit Kumar Singh,&nbsp;A. N. V. Satyanarayana","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01690-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01690-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Land use changes and rapid urbanization have considerably altered the Kanpur region (26°10’55.18” N – 26°38’22.71” N, 80°7’22.43” E – 80°33’30.08” E), located amidst the agriculturally intensive Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Motivated by the need to understand these changes, this study hypothesizes that seasonal agricultural cycles and urban effects impact the spatial distribution of land surface temperature (LST) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) across the city and surrounding outskirt regions. Using Landsat 8 data, we examined LST, AOD, urban heat island (UHI) intensity, and urban aerosol pollution intensity (UAPI) over cultivated and harvested periods. Results show that during cultivation, the city exhibited higher LST and AOD values than the outskirts, while during harvesting, LST and AOD increased significantly in the outskirts, bringing AOD to levels similar to the city. This seasonal shift corresponded with higher UHI and UAPI intensities over the city during cultivation and over the outskirts during harvest. The results further reveal notable seasonal variations throughout the agricultural cycle, alongside spatial differences in these parameters. The observed increase in LST and AOD during the harvesting period over the outskirts is primarily attributed to land cover changes in the study region driven by agricultural practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"971 - 993"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent fire occurrence and associated emissions in Southern Brazil","authors":"Nathan Campos Teixeira,&nbsp;Pedro Luiz Borges Chaffe,&nbsp;Vinicius Bogo Portal Chagas,&nbsp;Camilo Bastos Ribeiro,&nbsp;Regina Rodrigues Rodrigues,&nbsp;Leonardo Hoinaski","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01681-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01681-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biomass burning affects air quality at the local and global scales. While some studies analyze biomass burning at the continental and global scales, effective mitigation of fire emissions requires detailed assessments at the regional and local scales. Due to the contrasting presence of pristine forests, intensive agriculture, and highly populated areas, Santa Catarina (SC) State in Southern Brazil offers a unique opportunity to analyze the relation between land use, climate, and fire occurrences. We combine temporal and spatial analysis of fire spot and biomass burning data from Fire Inventory from NCAR (FINN version 1.5) to evaluate the causes of recent trends in fire occurrence and associated emissions at the regional scale. Mapbiomas collection 3.1 was used for land use characterization. Our results show that fire events occurred predominantly in natural forests (37%), regions with cropland and pastures (29%), and grasslands (19%). A strong spatial correlation between agricultural productivity and fire emissions suggests that the main cause of biomass burning is anthropogenic activities. There was a substantial decrease in the number of fire spots from 2006 to 2015 that coincided with public policies and funding for fire surveillance. The fact that we could not attribute to observed climate anomalies alone the recent (2015–2017) abrupt increase in fire emissions, lead us to hypothesize that it was partly due to recent lax oversight over agricultural activities. These detailed results can provide information about environmental and land use policy, fire events, and emissions associations, while tackling climate and health issues related to air quality.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"953 - 970"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traffic-induced nanoparticle emissions and associated respiratory risk analysis using measurements conducted in a roadside environment","authors":"Kanagaraj Rajagopal,&nbsp;S. Ramachandran,&nbsp;Rajeev Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01689-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01689-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air quality is a major concern for healthy living as particles present in air are directly associated with human health, especially in urban regions that are more vulnerable to different types of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, for the first time, the concentration of atmospheric nanoparticles in an urban roadside environment are analysed, and the deposition of these nanoparticles in human respiratory tract are quantified using Multiple-path particle dosimetry model for different age groups over Delhi. The measured seasonal mean nanoparticle concentration ranges from 24,000 to 41,000 particles cm^− 3. The seasonal sequence of deposition of nanoparticles is winter &gt; monsoon &gt; summer &gt; autumn &gt; spring. The deposition of nanoparticle in adults is 30 to 40% higher than in children and infants, and further, the deposition is higher in the alveolar region than in the bronchiole and trachea regions. About 90% of the particles get deposited in the alveolar regions, 6 to 8% in the bronchiole region, and 2% in the trachea region. The estimated deposition of nanoparticles for an individual working 8 h a day in the near road conditions is 338 µg/year in Delhi. The deposition increases almost linearly as a function of time, and is 3 times higher (1016 µg/year) for a person residing near the road throughout the day (24 h). The deposition fraction of particles ranges between 0.05 and 0.10 µg/day in the alveolar region, &lt; 0.05 µg/day in the bronchiole region, and lies between 0.02 and 0.04 µg/day in the trachea. The nanoparticles deposited in the respiratory system can lead to the development of various diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and can lead to carcinogenicity. The new insights from the study gained on the deposition of nanoparticles in humans residing near roadside conditions are crucial to estimate the human health risk potential, and to formulate mitigation measures for exposure reduction which can result in a better and sustainable future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"941 - 952"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution vehicle emission inventory and emission reduction effect evaluation in Pingdingshan City","authors":"Wenjuan Zhang,&nbsp;Changsong Zhou,&nbsp;Dong Chen,&nbsp;Zhaohui Du,&nbsp;Yujia Song,&nbsp;Biao Liu,&nbsp;Hao Wu,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Hongmin Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01684-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01684-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The COPERT model and ArcGIS were utilized to construct a high-resolution vehicle emission inventory of 1 km × 1 km in Pingdingshan City in 2021, evaluating the emission reduction effects under various measures. According to the findings, Pingdingshan City's vehicle emissions in 2021 were 1.668, 10.267, 0.023, 0.455, and 3735.940 Gg of VOCs, NO_x, SO₂, PM_2.5, and CO₂. Among them, the biggest contributors of VOCs, SO₂, and CO₂ were LDPVs (69.2%, 49.63%, and 50.78%, respectively); the greatest sources of NO_x and PM_2.5, on the other hand, were HDTs (71.23% and 43.83%, respectively). China III vehicles were the primary sources of VOCs, NO_x, and PM_2.5 emissions, and the emissions of China II and below vehicles were also significant. Gasoline and diesel vehicles exhibited similar emission characteristics as light and heavy vehicles, respectively. NEVs achieved almost zero emissions. Heavy emission intensity regions were primarily found in places with a dense road network, while the temporal distribution was mainly influenced by the frequency of residential trips. Between 2018 and 2021, SO₂ and CO₂ emissions continued to rise, but at a gradually slower pace. In addition, an assessment of several emission reduction measures revealed that the government needs to adopt diversified control strategies to maximize emission reductions because the effectiveness of single measures to reduce emissions is limited. The core of future pollution control lies in optimizing the structure of road traffic models, especially in increasing the market share of new energy and strict emission standard vehicles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 3","pages":"911 - 925"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of butanol addition in diesel and biodiesel fuels on OC, EC, particulate PAH, and alkyl-PAH emissions from a common-rail diesel engine","authors":"Xinling Li,&nbsp;Pengcheng Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01682-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01682-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Characteristics of carbonaceous particle substances, i.e., organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and their derivatives, emitted from modern common-rail diesel engine fueled with high-chain alcohol are ambiguous. In this study, OC, EC, PAH, and alkyl-PAH emissions from a common-rail diesel engine fueled with diesel (D100), biodiesel (B100), 15% and 30% butanol addition in diesel (D85Bu15 and D70Bu30), and biodiesel (B85Bu15 and B70Bu30) at four engine loads were analyzed comprehensively. Compared with D100 samples, the reduction in EC emission for B100, B85Bu15, and B70Bu30 samples is approximately 90% due to their oxygenated compounds with OH that populate even locally fuel-rich zones, while the variation of OC emissions with butanol addition is related with the engine operation condition and the proportion of butanol in the blends. For D100 samples, similar PAH emission profiles at different engine loads and several 2-ring to 4-ring PAHs are the most abundant compounds. The abundant of two predominant alkyl-PAH compounds (1-methylphenanthrene and 2-methylfluoranthene) accounts for 10–20% fractions of total PAHs for D100 samples, while they sharply decrease to less than 5% for D85Bu15 and D70Bu30 samples. Butanol addition into diesel slightly affects PAH profile distribution characteristics, and Pyr, Flt, and Nap are the three most abundant PAH species in D100, D85Bu15, and D70Bu30 samples. The abundant of heavier compounds (from cyclopenta[cd]pyrene to coronene) significantly increases with butanol addition into diesel and biodiesel, especially for D70Bu30 and B70Bu30 samples, indicating the contribution of pyrogenic origination instead of fuel origination PAH for these samples derived from fuels with high proportion of butanol in the blends. Compared with D100 samples, total PAH emissions approximately decrease up to 60% for B70Bu30, while a slight reduction in PAH emissions for 30% pentanol addition in biodiesel and even sharp increase for the high blend ratios of diesel/<i>n</i>-butanol was observed by Yang et al. (Fuel 209: 132–140, 2017) and Yilmaz and Davis (Process Saf. Environ. 166: 430–439, 2022b). The discrepancy is probably associated with the different fuel and engine properties. On average of the four engine loads, the particulate toxicity decreases 50–80% for B100 and butanol content samples compared with D100 samples, which is ascribed to the low PAH emissions, although the relative abundance of high cyclic PAH (4–6 rings) with high toxicity dominates in these samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 3","pages":"899 - 910"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}