Air Quality Atmosphere and Health最新文献

{"title":"Air pollution and sectoral anthropogenic emissions in Pakistan: a comprehensive review","authors":"Muhammad Hafeez Rasheed,&nbsp;Shuya Guo,&nbsp;Siwen Wang,&nbsp;Zhiliang Yao","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02132-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02132-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution poses a severe public health challenge in Pakistan, primarily driven by rapid industrial expansion and fossil fuel-based energy production from coal-, oil-, and natural gas-fired power plants. This review synthesizes emission data from the power sector, with other major contributing sectors, including industry, transportation, residential and commercial activities, agriculture, and waste management, to characterize pollutant profiles and regulatory measures within Pakistan. Following a PRISMA-style literature review, we screened relevant studies from major scientific databases. The dominant pollutants identified include PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO_X, SO₂, O₃, CO, VOC_S, CO₂, and black carbon (BC). We integrated operational data from coal-, oil-, and gas-fired power plants with global emission inventories (EDGAR) and satellite observations (TROPOMI). Unlike previous sector-specific studies, this review provides a comprehensive multi-sector analysis by combining plant-level data, inventory estimates, and satellite data to pinpoint key emission hotspots across Pakistan. Coal-fired power plants located in coastal and industrial zones have been identified as major emission hotspots. Notable deficiencies persist, including the widespread absence of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS), insufficient ambient air quality monitoring near major sources, limited availability of Pakistan-specific emission factors, and inadequate understanding of secondary pollutant formation mechanisms. This study frames Pakistan’s air pollution challenge through a cross-sector view. By comparing sectoral contributions, we highlight priority areas for research and monitoring while supporting evidence-based mitigation planning by integrating emission sources with monitoring deficiencies and policy shortcomings. To effectively combat air pollution, this study recommends the urgent adoption of advanced control technologies, improvement in fuel quality, expanded real-time monitoring networks, and stricter enforcement of environmental regulations. These measures are essential for reducing exposure, protecting public health, and supporting sustainable development in Pakistan.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valuing clean air: economic assessment of mortality risks from PM2.5 in South Korea","authors":"Hyunji Lee,&nbsp;Daeyoung Kwon,&nbsp;Sangwon Choi,&nbsp;Brian H.S Kim","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02062-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02062-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Effective air quality management requires a robust understanding of the societal value placed on reducing pollution-related health risks. This study quantifies the economic benefits of reducing mortality from PM_2.5 exposure in Korea, providing critical data for evidence-based environmental policy. Using a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM), we estimated the public’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a policy that reduces mortality risk by 1 in 10,000. The analysis revealed an average annual household WTP of 41,643 KRW (US$29.75), which was significantly influenced by household income and, most notably, by public awareness of existing policies and access to information. From this, we derived a Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) of 416.4 million KRW (US$297,428). Extrapolated nationally, these findings correspond to an aggregate annual social benefit of approximately 681.9 billion KRW (US$487 million), providing a powerful economic justification for investments in cleaner production technologies and air pollution mitigation strategies. The results highlight that public engagement and information campaigns are critical co-factors for the successful implementation of environmental policies, offering a clear pathway for aligning public health objectives with sustainable development goals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting cyclist exposure to carbon monoxide and black carbon on bicycle lanes in Mexico City during the COVID-19 lockdown and post-pandemic recovery (2020–2025)","authors":"Oscar Peralta,&nbsp;Salvador Reynoso-Cruces,&nbsp;Andrea Ávila,&nbsp;Aura Salinas,&nbsp;Telma Castro,&nbsp;Isabel Saavedra,&nbsp;Harry Alvarez-Ospina,&nbsp;Abraham Ortínez-Alvarez,&nbsp;Luis G. Ruiz-Suárez","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02128-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02128-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban cycling is promoted as a sustainable and healthy transport mode; however, cyclists may experience elevated exposure to traffic-related pollutants when bicycle lanes are located close to motorized traffic. This study evaluated cyclist exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and black carbon (BC) along three bicycle-lane configurations in Mexico City during three monitoring periods: July 2020, September-October 2021, and January 2025. The selected route included an exclusive bicycle lane located close to motorized traffic, a physically separated bicycle lane farther from public transport vehicles, and a shared lane where cyclists and buses traveled in direct proximity. CO and BC concentrations were measured using portable instruments positioned near the cyclist’s breathing zone and matched with GPS data. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate temporal differences among years and spatial differences among bicycle lanes. CO concentrations were significantly higher in 2021 than in 2020 and decreased partially in 2025, although they remained above the 2020 levels. In contrast, BC increased after 2020 and remained elevated in 2025, with stronger spatial differences among bicycle lanes, especially in sections closer to buses and trucks. Hourly inhaled exposure and average daily dose estimates showed the same contrasting behavior: CO exposure peaked in 2021, whereas BC exposure nearly doubled after 2020 and persisted in 2025. These results indicate that bicycle-lane design, particularly physical separation from motorized traffic and near-source combustion emissions, is a key factor controlling cyclist exposure to combustion-related pollutants in highly urbanized environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02128-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preferential accumulation of PM₁-associated metals in Sprague-Dawley rats’ tissues/organs as a consequence of intravenous administration of Delhi’s airborne PM₁","authors":"Dudun Mehta,&nbsp;Mukesh Kumar,&nbsp;Naresh Kumar,&nbsp;Arun Srivastava","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02125-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02125-y","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Airborne particulate matter (PM) encompasses particles of different sizes with numerous chemical species. Toxicological and epidemiological studies have indicated that the toxicity of PM is primarily due to adsorbed toxic metals. Upon entering the systemic circulation, these PM-bound metals accumulate in multiple organs and induce adverse health effects. Using a murine model, this study examines the organ-specific fate of real-world submicron aerosol (PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1 μm). PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; samples were collected continuously for 24 h between November 22, 2018 and June 30, 2019, from an industrial cum residential location, i.e., Okhla Industrial Area-I, New Delhi (28.52°N,77.27°E). Samples were extracted and prepared for metal analysis and intravenous (IV) injection. Sprague-Dawley male rats (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 18) were sourced and stratified into three equal groups: control (saline), low-dose (80.5 µg/kg) and high-dose (244.6 µg/kg). The rats of two groups (low and high) were exposed to PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; intravenously, not via inhalation, on a weekly basis for 70 days. Whereas, the control group was exposed to saline via the same route. Upon completion of the PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; exposure, rats were euthanised, and their lungs, hearts, kidneys, spleen, liver, cerebrum, cerebellum, and blood were harvested. The tissue samples from these organs were analysed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to quantify metal concentrations in the organs and blood. For multiple-group comparisons, one-way ANOVA was performed (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05), followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The metals are ranked based on their preferential accumulation in the different tissues/organs of the rats from the highest to the lowest concentration, as Al, Fe, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Mo, Zn, Co, Cd, and V. Al was highly accumulated in the kidneys, spleen, and cerebellum, while significant Fe accumulation was observed in the liver, spleen, heart, and cerebellum. Furthermore, substantial accumulation of Pb was witnessed in the bloodstream and vital organs, specifically the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, and brain, indicating its high mobility and widespread systemic dissemination. Cr was significantly accumulated in the blood, kidneys, heart, cerebrum, and cerebellum, while Cu was in the blood, lungs and heart. Distinct organ-specific targeting was also observed, with Co, Ni and Zn localised primarily in the spleen, heart, and kidneys, respectively. V was found high in the lungs, kidneys, and heart. Conversely, Cd and other toxic trace metals showed no significant organ-level accumulation, suggesting constrained bioavailability, limited cellular uptake, or distinct metabolic clearance pathways under given PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; exposure conditions. However, a key limitation of this study is that the IV model does not fully replicate the physiological mechanism of real-world inhalation exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Graphical abstract&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;figure&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High altitude alerts: temporal and spatial variations in air quality over the Indian Himalaya Region","authors":"Diksha,&nbsp;Soora Naresh Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02122-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02122-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution has emerged as a critical public health and environmental crisis, compounding regional climate vulnerabilities by increasing greenhouse gas emissions and instigating ecological disruptions. This study evaluates the spatiotemporal variability of several air contaminants in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) from the designated lockdown benchmark 2020 COVID-19 period to the 2024 post-COVID-19 period, employing a bias-correction and satellite model fusion approach. This study leveraged Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Level-3 products (O₃, CO, SO₂, NO₂) synergised with Goddard Earth Observing System-Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) reanalysis data to estimate near-surface concentrations. Achieved by the approach of modelled vertical scaling ratios (S/Ω) and other significant atmospheric variable-based conversions. ArcGIS Pro enhanced annual mosaics to a resolution of 1 km, whereas Google Earth Engine (GEE) facilitated the generation of monthly composites. To enhance spatial precision, Gradient Boosting (GB), Random Forest (RF), and Linear Regression (LR) Machine Learning (ML) methods were employed to rectify satellite estimations for bias correction utilising Ground Station (GS) data. The ML models employed for bias reduction demonstrated a strong correlation with observed data (<i>R</i> = 0.85–0.95). In the Himalayan foothills, levels of CO, PM_2.5, O₃, SO₂ and NO₂ increased in the post-pandemic period, while NO_X levels remained comparatively stable in high-altitude regions. Rate-of-change analyses indicate that emissions rose post-2021, particularly in the valleys of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K), as well as the foothills of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, where the post-pandemic recovery of economic activity and industrial presence drove elevated pollutant concentrations over the period. The results indicate that the air quality in the IHR is getting worse over time. This study demonstrated air pollution in complex hilly regions, which are also known as the regions of the youngest mountains of the world.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size-resolved bioaerosols associated with fine particulate matter and inhalation health risks in school classrooms of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India","authors":"Rini John,&nbsp;Stuti Dubey,&nbsp;Seema Bhadoria,&nbsp;Nitin Agarwal,&nbsp;Ajay Taneja","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02120-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02120-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Classroom IAQ is one of the key determinants of well-being of children especially in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) region which is exposed to high levels of particulate pollution. This longitudinal study investigated seasonal variation in PM concentrations and recoverable estimates of culturable bacterial and fungal aerosols associated with fine particulate matter (PM_1.0 and PM_2.5) in four naturally ventilated classroom microenvironments in Agra, situated in the IGP of northern India. The primary analysis characterized the temporal variation in PM concentrations, while culture-based measurements provided complementary information on the fraction of bacterial and fungal aerosols recoverable under the selected cultivation conditions. The mean yearly PM_2.5 concentration was 52.86 ± 15.40 µg m^− 3 which indicated a significant indoor particle load. Bacterial aerosols were usually more prevalent than fungal aerosols, with maximum concentrations of bacteria during post-monsoon and fungi during monsoon. The main bacterial genera were <i>Bacillus</i>,<i> Staphylococcus</i> and <i>Streptococcus</i>, while the main fungal genera were <i>Aspergillus</i>,<i> Penicillium</i>,<i> Alternaria</i> and <i>Cladosporium</i>. Shannon diversity analysis revealed moderate-to-high culturable microbial diversity with somewhat higher diversity in bacterial aerosols. The seasonal changes in both bacterial and fungal aerosols were statistically significant verified by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The health-risk evaluation showed hazard index values exceeding unity, with kindergarten children being the most vulnerable population. Overall, the results highlight the need of regular microbiological monitoring, increased ventilation and indoor air quality management in school classrooms.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term joint exposure to temperature and PM2.5 and its effects on cardiorespiratory mortality and disease burden: a multicounty study in the Sichuan Basin, China","authors":"Xiuqiao Wang,&nbsp;Sheng Li,&nbsp;Jing Zeng,&nbsp;Jian Qian,&nbsp;Jiansong Ai,&nbsp;Yulu Miao,&nbsp;Chenglin Tao,&nbsp;Menglu Jiang,&nbsp;Nan Wang,&nbsp;Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Fei Yin,&nbsp;Yue Ma","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02121-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02121-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ambient temperature and temperature–PM_2.5 joint exposure on cardiorespiratory mortality and disease burden in the Sichuan Basin. Daily meteorological data, PM_2.5 concentrations, and cardiorespiratory mortality data were collected from 130 counties in the Sichuan Basin during 2014–2019. A distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to evaluate temperature–mortality associations. Joint exposure events were constructed to estimate mortality risks, attributable burden, and additive interactions. A total of 1,744,063 cardiorespiratory deaths were recorded. The association between temperature and mortality risk exhibited an approximately U-shaped curve. Low-temperature exposure showed a persistent lagged association, with elevated risks lasting until lag 13–14 days, whereas high-temperature exposure mainly showed an immediate effect, with the highest risk observed at lag 0. Joint exposure analyses revealed that high temperature–high PM_2.5 exposure had the highest mortality risk and attributable fraction, with a relative risk and an attributable fraction of 1.259 (95% CI: 1.191–1.330) and 20.56% (95% CI: 19.51–21.34%), respectively. A positive additive interaction was observed between high temperature and PM_2.5 (RERI = 0.195, 95% CI: 0.109–0.282), whereas no significant additive interaction was detected between low temperature and PM_2.5. Joint exposure events involving high or low temperatures and PM_2.5 were associated with increased cardiorespiratory mortality risk and attributable mortality burden in the Sichuan Basin. Future efforts should strengthen integrated prevention and control strategies targeting joint exposure to high and low temperatures and PM_2.5 pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PAH-associated health risk from ultrafine particles: an urban field study","authors":"Wei-Chung Su,&nbsp;Jinho Lee,&nbsp;Masoud Afshar,&nbsp;Kai Zhang,&nbsp;Inkyu Han","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02118-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02118-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are airborne particulate matter with diameters less than 100 nm. UFPs present in urban atmospheres pose a significant public health issue because they usually carry harmful substances, including toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Prolonged exposure to urban UFPs may result in cumulative deposition of these harmful substances in the human respiratory system, elevating the likelihood of adverse respiratory outcomes. Thus, studying UFP respiratory deposition is essential for assessing associated health risks. In this research, a set of field studies was conducted at three selected sampling sites to examine urban UFP exposure in the Greater Houston Area, Texas, USA. At each sampling site, UFP respiratory deposition measurements were performed using the Mobile Aerosol Lung Deposition Apparatus (MALDA). In addition, size-segregated UFP samples were collected and analyzed to identify and quantify harmful constituents associated with UFPs. The resulting data were used to estimate the deposited mass of PAH in human airways and to evaluate the corresponding health risks linked to urban UFP exposure. Overall, both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with UFP-bound PAH in the Greater Houston Area were found to remain within acceptable levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of particulate matter and meteorological factors with respiratory hospitalizations in Rio de Janeiro: A distributed lag nonlinear model study","authors":"Marcos Felipe de Souza Pedreira,&nbsp;Camila Lorenz,&nbsp;Rita Yuri Ynoue,&nbsp;Thiago Nogueira,&nbsp;Adriana Gioda","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02124-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02124-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the combined effects of air pollution and meteorological conditions on respiratory health is essential for urban policy, particularly in tropical megacities. This study investigated the nonlinear and delayed effects of air pollution and weather variables on respiratory hospitalizations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2015 to 2024. Daily hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (ICD-10: J00–J99) were analyzed in relation to mean temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations. Distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNM) with a negative binomial distribution were applied over a 14-day lag period. Particulate matter showed significant acute cumulative effects, with relative risks (RR) of 1.264 (95% CI: 1.12–1.43) for PM_2.5 and 1.304 (95% CI: 1.16–1.47) for PM₁₀ at the 90th percentile compared with the median. Temperature exhibited a nonlinear U-shaped association, with increased cumulative risk at high levels (RR = 1.196; 95% CI: 1.08–1.33). In contrast, higher relative humidity (RR = 0.837; 95% CI: 0.79–0.89) and precipitation (RR = 0.716; 95% CI: 0.63–0.82) were associated with reduced hospitalization risk. These findings indicate that particulate matter is a major driver of respiratory morbidity in this tropical urban setting, supporting stricter air quality standards and integrated environmental health surveillance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02124-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting methane hotspots and anomalies from space over Pakistan: analysis using sentinel-5P TROPOMI and EMIT observations","authors":"Ayesha Mariam,&nbsp;Zia Ul Haq,&nbsp;Syeda Adila Batool","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02108-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02108-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current study leverages the satellite remote sensing observations of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) to analyze the spatiotemporal variations in column-volume mixing ratio dry-air CH₄ (XCH₄). The current study also identifies and quantifies the large emission hotspots of CH₄ over Pakistan. Using TROPOMI observations, the spatial and temporal variations in XCH4 over Pakistan are observed. The average XCH₄ increased from 1878 ± 13 ppb to 1933 ± 14 ppb during 2019 to 2024. The highest XCH₄ is frequently observed over eastern regions, including Rann of Kutch, Larkana, Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Hyderabad, Multan, Faisalabad, and Gujranwala, due to high natural and anthropogenic activities. The XCH₄ also exhibits seasonal variations with the peak (1937 ± 17 ppb) in autumn, followed by summer and winter. Using EMIT observations, the study also detected and quantified the CH₄ plumes from landfills, oil and gas (O&amp;G), and electricity generation sectors. The majority of the plumes are detected over the O&amp;G sites. The study finds 26 plumes (with emission rates above 0.5 tonnes CH₄ hour^− 1) attributed to the O&amp;G sector, which account for a total of approximately 78.3 ± 14.7 tonnes CH₄ hour^− 1 during January 2023 to December 2024. These emissions fluctuated across different regions, with Daharki exhibiting the largest number (12 plumes), with total emissions approaching 53.2 ± 9.2 tonnes CH₄ hour^− 1. Similarly, the study identified strongly emitting (1 to 5.3 tonnes CH₄ hour^− 1) landfill sites in Karachi (Jam Chakro), Rawalpindi (Losar), and Lahore (Lakhodair).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}