Air Quality Atmosphere and Health最新文献

{"title":"Indoor particulate matter exposure and correlation of PM2.5 with lung efficacy and SpO2 level of Dhaka City Dwellers","authors":"Samiha Nahian,&nbsp;Shatabdi Roy,&nbsp;Tasrina Rabia Choudhury,&nbsp;Bilkis Ara Begum,&nbsp;Abdus Salam","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01586-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01586-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated indoor exposure of particulate matter (PM) at six residential homes in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to assess the degradation of indoor air quality (IAQ) by PM_1.0, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, as well as correlate indoor PM_2.5 with occupants’ lung efficacy and blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂). Concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM were monitored individually at day and night using IGERESS Air Quality Monitoring Detector. Mean concentration of indoor PM_1.0, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 91.7 ± 47.2, 121 ± 62.4, and 140 ± 72.0 µgm^− 3, respectively. Indoor PM of all size ranges at night were found to be 1.69 times higher than their corresponding daytime concentration. Mean I/O ratio (I/O_day= 0.95 and I/O_night= 0.93) and strong positive correlation (R²_day= 0.90 and R²_night = 0.80) between indoor and outdoor PM confirmed infiltration of polluted outdoor air inside the households. Indoor sources had 11% and 14% contribution to indoor PM during day and night, respectively. For Cantonment site, PM measurement was conducted during haze and non- haze weather. Haze- time PM concentration was 1.55 to 1.86 times greater than the non- haze period, which indicated that despite the same indoor environment, infiltrated outdoor PM during haze deteriorated IAQ. The average peak flow rate and SpO₂ of 30 inhabitants in six sampling households were 353 L min^− 1 and 98.7%, respectively. Peak flow rate showed strong, negative correlation (R² = 0.82) with indoor PM_2.5 concentration, which implied that inhalation of excess PM_2.5 was probably responsible for the reduced lung function of the residents. However, no association could be established between SpO₂ and indoor PM_2.5 concentration. These outcomes indicated severely compromised IAQ in urban Dhaka households, so necessary measures are required to reduce the extent of indoor air pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 11","pages":"2515 - 2528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141110690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental pollution and human health risks associated with atmospheric dust in Zabol City, Iran","authors":"Alireza Vaezi,&nbsp;Reza Shahbazi,&nbsp;Morteza Sheikh,&nbsp;Razyeh Lak,&nbsp;Nahid Ahmadi,&nbsp;Dimitris G. Kaskaoutis,&nbsp;Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz,&nbsp;Rafaella-Eleni P. Sotiropoulou,&nbsp;Efthimios Tagaris","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01582-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01582-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Zabol City in eastern Iran has been recognized as one of the windiest, dustiest, and most unhealthy urban environments globally. This work examines the chemical speciation, environmental contamination, and human health risk associated with atmospheric dust in Zabol and surrounding areas, via analysis of 77 dust samples collected at 12 urban and rural sites from October 2018 to September 2020. On average, the concentrations of trace elements followed a decreasing order of Mn &gt; Ba &gt; Sr &gt; Zn &gt; Cr &gt; V &gt; Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Pb &gt; Co &gt; As &gt; Mo &gt; Cd, while abundant elements Al and Fe accounted for 5% and 2.9% of airborne dust, respectively. Significant enrichment factors were found for As and Cd and moderate for Mo. The ecological risk index indicated moderate pollution, with the highest contributions from Cd (68%) and As (25%). The intensive use of As-based fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural lands in the Sitan Basin is the most likely source for the high As levels, while Cd, Pb, and Mo in airborne dust can be partly attributed to traffic-related contamination. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that ingestion is the primary exposure source of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) for both children and adults, with deleterious health effects, followed by skin contact and inhalation. The Hazard index (HI) for selected PTEs decreased in the order of Cr &gt; As &gt; Pb &gt; Ni &gt; Cd &gt; Cu &gt; Zn for both children and adults, classified within safe limits (HI &lt; 1). However, Cr and As posed cancer risks above the safety threshold (&gt; 10^− 4) through ingestion exposure. Current results indicate that Zabol is still experiencing significant environmental and ecological contamination, as well as important health risks due to dust contaminated PTEs, necessitating appropriate mitigation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 11","pages":"2491 - 2513"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive assessment of IAQ role in ensuring environment quality and health in schools and plan for future school environment: a systematic review","authors":"Venu Shree,&nbsp;Harsimran Kaur,&nbsp;Kuber Singh Mehra,&nbsp;Varun Goel,&nbsp;Himanshu Goel","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01585-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01585-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The primary route of COVID-19 infection is airborne transmission, which occurs when an infected person's aerosol droplets are inhaled. To mitigate the spread of the airborne virus, maintaining proper indoor air quality (IAQ) levels is essential. Children are more vulnerable to poor IAQ because they breathe more air per unit of weight and are more susceptible to heat, cold and moisture. Cohesive information based on interventions to control IAQ is essential for making informed decisions on their deployment and greater uptake. We seek to fill this information gap by synthesizing the available scientific literature through this comprehensive study which examines the indoor air pollutants in school buildings and their respective health effects on children with the latest policy interventions and proposes a path for the future school environment. It is reported that high carbon dioxide (CO₂) level causes lethargy and sleepiness leading to poor school attendance, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) cause contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and lung cancer, particulate matter (PM) causes cardiovascular disease and asthma. Proper ventilation improved the test scores of students and chalkboards usage resulted in chalk dust, contributing to PM₁₀ concentration. The leading causes of poor IAQ are inappropriate building envelopes, inadequate ventilation and lack of appropriate legislative interventions. No one technique has been identified as the only effective way to limit exposure to contaminants, but their combined use can be efficient in the majority of situations. For the best effects, more research is required on evaluating integrated interventions and how to synchronize their operations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 11","pages":"2461 - 2490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140973895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial variability of dust concentration and deposition around an industrial port in South Africa emphasises the complexity of sources and transport","authors":"Heleen C. Vos,&nbsp;Kaukurauee I. Kangueehi,&nbsp;René Toesie,&nbsp;Frank D. Eckardt,&nbsp;Grant Ravenscroft,&nbsp;Susanne Fietz","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01581-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01581-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The port and industrial zone of Saldanha Bay in South Africa accommodates activities related to the transport, processing, and production of commodities such as iron ore, manganese ore, and steel. The visible emission of dust from this area raised concerns for public health and to address this, the municipality has monitored the fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentration and dust deposition since 2015. Here, this monitoring data served to assess spatial and temporal changes and to evaluate the potential contribution of industrial and meteorological processes to these changes. We observed high temporal variability in both PM_2.5 concentration and dust deposition, and high spatial variation in dust depositions. Dust originated from local sources such as industry and traffic, but industrial activities could not explain the observed spatial variability, and concentration and deposition fluxes did not significantly increase over the years despite the extension of industrial activities. Meteorological factors such as rain, wind speed, wind direction, as well as topography exerted an important influence, but could also only partially explain the observed variability in both dust concentration and deposition. Furthermore, the PM_2.5 concentration and dust deposition are not significantly correlated, which highlights the challenges in appropriate dust monitoring. It follows that such monitoring efforts, though meeting national standards, require improvement to assess risks accurately. Our study illustrates that in areas with such high complexity of industrial activities, the high variability of dust load and deposition must be considered to evaluate implications for public and environmental health, adherence to guidelines, and mitigation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 11","pages":"2445 - 2459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-024-01581-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subdaily PM2.5 exposure and cardiorespiratory risks: data and findings from Southern California, 2018–2020","authors":"Andrew Nguyen,&nbsp;Keita Ebisu,&nbsp;Rupa Basu,&nbsp;Nico Schulte,&nbsp;Scott A. Epstein,&nbsp;Xiangmei Wu","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01583-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01583-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As hourly PM_2.5 measurements become more accessible, health impacts from subdaily exposures can be evaluated to develop health guidance. We obtained hourly PM_2.5 concentrations covering Southern California from May 2018 through March 2020 and daily emergency department visits (EDVs) for cardiorespiratory-related conditions at ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) levels. ZCTAs were aggregated into 35 clusters based on similar geographic and sociodemographic features. Daily exceedance concentration hours (DECH) above 9, 12, and 15 µg/m³, daily maximum, and average PM_2.5 concentrations were calculated for each cluster-day. Two-stage time-series analyses were conducted to estimate excess risks of daily EDVs. DECH metrics exhibited the same direction but smaller effects on cardiovascular and respiratory EDVs compared to daily average metrics. Excess risks for cardiovascular EDVs were 1.77% (95% CI: 1.20, 2.34), 1.04% (0.61, 1.47), and 2.67% (1.98, 3.37) per interquartile range increase of DECH-9, DECH-12, and daily average PM_2.5 during 7-day lag period, respectively. Excess risks of respiratory EDVs increased by 6.34% (4.25, 8.48), 4.39% (2.85, 5.95), and 6.61% (4.78, 8.47) per IQR increase of DECH-9, DECH-12, and daily average PM_2.5 during a 3-day lag period, respectively. Elevated excess risks were observed among older adults (65+), children (0–17), and low-poverty neighborhoods on both subdaily and daily metrics. In summary, subdaily PM_2.5 exposures above the current standards exhibited excess risks in cardiorespiratory-related EDVs but no greater than those derived from the daily average metric. Health guidance based on the daily average metric provides sensible protection to the public in Southern California.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 11","pages":"2431 - 2444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OzoneNet:A spatiotemporal information attention encoder model for ozone concentrations prediction with multi-source data","authors":"Wei Tian,&nbsp;Zhongqi Ge,&nbsp;Jianjun He","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01568-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01568-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface ozone (<span>(O_3)</span>) pollution is a serious environmental problem that endangers human health, and it is also an increasingly prominent environmental problem in the World. Existing works focus on how to directly improve the accuracy of predicting the target sequence from the input sequence while ignoring the inherent uncertainty of ozone in the atmosphere during the modeling process. Therefore, we utilize data fusion techniques to integrate ground observation data, satellite data, and reanalysis data for simulating atmospheric dynamics and enhancing prediction accuracy. We developed a sequence to sequence using a unit embedded with spatiotemporal information self attention mechanism as its encoder (OzoneNet) predict ozone concentration in the future. In the proposed method, we utilize the LSTM model with Spatiotemporal information self-attention mechanism to extract fixed Spatiotemporal data features, and the temporal dimension characteristics in long-term series are modeled by sequence-to-sequence network. Results show that the model has higher reliability and validity, outperforming benchmark models in simulating future changes in <span>(O_3)</span> concentrations. The progeress of this method can help the public take corresponding protective measures, provide scientific guidance for the government’s coordinated control of regional pollution, and can also provide important references for environmental protection and climate change research</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 10","pages":"2223 - 2234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140937278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyses of industrial air pollution and long-term health risk using different dispersion models and WRF physics parameters","authors":"Omer Mert Bayraktar,&nbsp;Atilla Mutlu","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01573-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01573-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study consists of three main sections. The first section delves into a performance analysis centered around modeling PM₁₀, NOx, and CO emissions from a cement factory. It examines the effectiveness of various factors, including meteorological data, physics models, and air quality dispersion models, in producing accurate results for atmospheric simulations. The second section covers the dispersion direction and concentrations obtained by visualizing the dispersion maps. The third section covers an analysis of heavy metals emitted from the facility, taking into account potential risks in the region such as cancer, acute and chronic effects, and long-term respiratory risks. This study made use of meteorological models (WRF, AERMET, and CALMET), air quality dispersion models (AERMOD and CALPUFF), a health risk analysis model (HARP), and various sub-models (MMIF and CALWRF). Satellite meteorological data were obtained from NCEP and ERA, with the majority of meteorological data based on the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS)/Final Operational Global Analysis (FNL) from Global Tropospheric Analyses and Forecast Grids used for the WRF model. In the daily results, AERMOD showed the highest concentration values, but CALPUFF had greater concentrations throughout the annual period. The winter season had the highest concentrations of pollutants. Although there are differences among the physics models used in this research, the conclusions produced are consistent. Analysis of the data from the HARP model suggested that cancer risk levels exceeded the threshold of one person per million. However, the proportion of exceedance instances is rather small in comparison to the receptor points.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 10","pages":"2277 - 2305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-024-01573-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudo-total metal loads in dusts and soils of the steel city and coal capital of India: source apportionment and assessment of human health and ecological risks","authors":"Arpita Roy,&nbsp;Abhishek Kumar,&nbsp;Jayanta Kumar Biswas,&nbsp;Tanushree Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01580-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01580-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study examined metal concentrations in indoor dust, street dust, and soils of Bokaro, known as the ‘Steel City,’ and Dhanbad, recognized as the ‘Coal Capital’ of India, across summer, monsoon, and winter seasons in 2019. In Bokaro, the highest concentrations (mg/kg) of metals including Al (7755.12), Mg (8525), Mn (370.26), Fe (27882.75), Cu (738.83), Cr (44.57), Ni (31.33), Pb (29.67), and Zn (683.42) were observed during winter, whereas in Dhanbad, higher concentrations were noted during summer and monsoon months. Among the metals, Zn concentrations exceeded the World Health Organisation permissible limit (50 mg/kg) in both cities across all seasons. During summer, monsoon, and winter, concentrations (mg/kg) in Bokaro were 77.07, 102.53, 683.42, and in Dhanbad were 139.69, 541.36, and 361.39, respectively. Indoor dust generally exhibited higher metal concentrations than street dust and soil, indicating either its indoor origin or accumulation over time. Moderate contaminations, according to geo-accumulation index values, were contributed by Cu (1.21–1.24), Pb (1.06–1.21), and Zn (1.07–1.80). Ecological risk indices were highest in Bokaro's street dust during summer (33.66 ± 27.27) and Dhanbad's soils during monsoons (46.06 ± 10.90), but no significant ecological danger detected. However, carcinogenic risks were evident for children in Dhanbad due to Cr, in both street dust (1.18E-06) and soils (1.25E-06) during summers. The principal component analysis identified the metals originating from mixed sources in different matrices and seasons. Seasonal variations in indoor dust, street dust, and soil demonstrated the dominance of anthropogenic activities, such as coal/metal mining and traffic load. Overall, the study underscores the necessity for ongoing monitoring and mitigation of anthropogenic environmental impacts to safeguard human health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 10","pages":"2405 - 2429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140937211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosols and their association with natural and anthropogenic factors over Saudi Arabia using multi-sensor remote sensing data","authors":"Muhammad Khan,&nbsp;Salman Tariq,&nbsp;Zia Ul Haq,&nbsp;Mehnaz Rashid","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01578-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01578-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air quality is becoming a serious public health issue, affecting millions of people globally. In support of this fact, the World Health Organization predicts that approximately 2.4 million people die per year as a result of the health impacts of air pollution. So, to recognize the impacts of air pollution, we must first investigate their physical properties. In this article, we used the Ultraviolet Aerosol Index (UVAI) and Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) aerosol optical depth (AOD) from January 2005 to December 2021 obtained by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and MODIS respectively to investigate the Spatio-temporal patterns, annually and seasonal variations of absorbing aerosols, and interaction of aerosols with various meteorological parameters (rainfall, temperature, wind speed, e.g.) over Saudi Arabia (SA). Using the Hybrid Single Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, we also identified pollution sources in SA's main cities. We also go through the natural and manmade factors that influence absorbing aerosols. Significant UVAI and MAIAC AOD values were observed high in the eastern and central regions of SA and low in the northern and western regions. Over SA, the average UVAI and MAIAC AOD are increasing at 0.93% and 0.83% per year respectively. UVAI has a favorable relationship with temperature in SA's eastern regions. In SA, UVAI has a positive and negative correlation with energy consumption and secondary industries of 0.787 and -0.52, respectively. Therefore, this study will help policymakers to identify the major hotspots and variability of aerosols in SA. Moreover, the contribution of different anthropogenic activities in polluting the atmosphere will also be analyzed in this study. Furthermore, depending on the findings of this study, various techniques such as plantation promotion, excellent fuel efficiency, a ban on the use of old and outdated vehicles, and so on can be employed to minimize the concentration of particle pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 10","pages":"2365 - 2394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of NO2 and SO2 over China: Characterization of polluted and hotspots Provinces","authors":"Md. Arfan Ali,&nbsp;Mazen E. Assiri,&nbsp;M. Nazrul Islam,&nbsp;Muhamad Bilal,&nbsp;Ayman Ghulam,&nbsp;Zhongwei Huang","doi":"10.1007/s11869-024-01565-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-024-01565-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Increasing emissions of aerosol and trace gases (e.g. nitrogen dioxide: NO₂ and sulfur dioxide: SO₂) have resulted in severe air pollution in China due to its rapid industrialization, economic growth, and urbanization. This resulted in numerous environmental and health problems, and poor air quality mainly in industrial areas and major cities. This study identifies long-term (2005‒2020) Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) based NO₂ and SO₂ pollution hotspots across China by analyzing spatiotemporal distributions and variations, with characterization of polluted provinces, SO₂/NO₂ ratio, trend, and assessing how effective China’s Air Pollution Control Policy (APCP) is on NO₂ and SO₂. Results show that NO₂ and SO₂ pollution hotspots were seen in China's central (Hubei), eastern (Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang), northern (Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Tianjin), northeast (Liaoning, Jilin), northwestern (Urumqi), southern (Guangdong, Hong Kong), and southwest (Chongqing, Sichuan). However, the pollution level was higher in winter, followed by autumn, spring, and summer. China’s eight provinces (Tianjin, Shanghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Beijing, Hebei, Hong Kong, and Henan) were identified as extremely polluted with high NO₂ levels ranging from 16.86 − 9.75 (10¹⁵ molecules/cm²), whereas Shandong, Tianjin, Hebei, Beijing, Henan, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, and Liaoning were deemed to extremely polluted provinces with high SO₂ levels ranging from 20.62 − 14.30 (10¹⁵ molecules/cm²). Moreover, the SO₂/NO₂ ratio for 27 Chinese provinces fluctuates between 1.02 to 4.98, indicating industries emit more SO₂ than NO₂. Finally, China’s air pollution control policies (APCP) led to the largest annual reductions in NO₂ during the 12th five-year plan (FYP) (6%‒94%) and SO₂ during the 11th FYP (6%‒74%). The present study concludes, however, that China’s APCP improved air quality by easing NO₂ and SO₂ emissions. This study recommends that the Chinese government may adopt a comprehensive strategy to reduce air pollution, including investing in clean energy, promoting electric vehicles, enforcing strict emission standards for industries, implementing green building practices, and raising public awareness about pollution reduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"17 10","pages":"2203 - 2221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}