Air Quality Atmosphere and Health最新文献

{"title":"Quality of governance and urbanization as moderators in the relationship between air quality, inclusive development, and life expectancy","authors":"Naila Erum,&nbsp;Kazi Musa,&nbsp;Ria Nelly Sari,&nbsp;Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi,&nbsp;Jamaliah Said","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01714-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01714-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution poses a serious global threat, affecting individuals, healthcare systems, ecosystems, and economies. Around 90% of the population of the world lives in areas surpassing WHO air quality standards. Urban areas contribute roughly 78% of carbon emissions, impacting over half of the global population residing in cities. Given the growing influence of environmental and socio-economic determinants on public health outcomes, the current study critically analyses the effects of air quality and inclusive development on life expectancy by incorporating the moderating roles of governance quality (QoG) and urbanization. Using annual data from 1990 to 2022 for the most air-polluted countries, the research employs the Method of Moment Quantile Regression (MMQR) for empirical analysis, alongside Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Random Effect (RE), and Fixed Effects models for robustness checks. The findings reveal that poor air quality and urbanization significantly reduce life expectancy, while inclusive development and QoG have positive effects. Human capital, information digitalization (ICT), labor force participation, and energy use also promote life expectancy. Notably, the interaction between QoG and air quality positively affects life expectancy, indicating that effective governance enhances environmental outcomes. However, urbanization exacerbates air pollution, further reducing life expectancy. Policymakers should strengthen environmental governance, promote sustainable urban planning, and invest in inclusive development, human capital, and renewable energy to improve air quality, reduce pollution, and enhance life expectancy.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 6","pages":"1635 - 1652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of vertical profiling of ambient air quality-particulate matter and its impacts on climatic & environmental health","authors":"Priyanka Priyadarshini Nyayapathi,&nbsp;Srinivas Namuduri,&nbsp;Suresh Kumar Kolli","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01697-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01697-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Particulate matter (PM) is a vital pollutant that severely impacts human health, ecosystem well-being, and climate systems. In this review, the importance of vertical profiling is considered for understanding PM behavior between different layers of the atmosphere, and it includes modern techniques used such as meteorological towers and building methods, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), aircraft, and satellite-based aerosol optical depth measurements. A systematic review was conducted, sourcing 150 articles published between 2000 and 2023, using relevant keywords such as “Particulate Matter,” “Vertical Profiling,” “Environmental Impacts,” and “Climate Change” from databases like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Key findings illustrate the vertical variations in PM levels associated with interactions among urban environments, meteorology, and specific atmospheric processes such as cloud formation, radiative forcing, and long-distance transport of pollutants. PM’s effects on biodiversity, nutrient cycles, and ecosystem stability are also discussed. The environmental impacts of PM deposition, including biodiversity loss, nutrient cycling disruption, and ecosystem destabilization, elucidate widespread chronic anthropogenic particulate causes of long-term ecological damage around the globe. The study also examines relevant regulatory frameworks, specifically air quality standards, and policies, underpinning mitigation strategies. This review discusses how PM pollution is an increasingly alarming health risk. It reiterates the importance of demanding effective regulations on the local and global levels to counteract detrimental environmental and climatic consequences. This review clearly shows the immediate threats of PM. It should form a wake-up call to develop more effective monitoring tools and stringent regulatory measures against this omnipresent pollutant.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 5","pages":"1569 - 1595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145167082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The asymmetric relationship between pollution, economic growth, urbanization, renewable energy consumption, and life expectancy in Ghana: a novel Quantile-on-Quantile analysis","authors":"Wanli Zhang,&nbsp;Michael Provide Fumey,&nbsp;Festus Victor Bekun,&nbsp;Frank Agyemang Karikari,&nbsp;Samuel Duku Yeboah,&nbsp;Gifty Takyiwaa Aboagye,&nbsp;Evans Yeboah","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01712-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01712-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the determinants of life expectancy in Ghana, focusing on the effects of economic growth, environmental pollution, urbanization, and renewable energy consumption. The research employs a novel Quantile-on-Quantile (QQ) regression approach to capture the non-linear relationships and varying impacts across life expectancy levels. This method allows for a more detailed analysis of how these factors affect life expectancy across different population segments. The results show that GDP growth positively impacts life expectancy, especially in higher quantiles with more pronounced economic benefits. In contrast, CO₂ emissions have a negative impact, particularly in lower quantiles, highlighting the vulnerability of certain population groups to environmental degradation. Urbanization presents mixed effects, with positive impacts in some cases and harmful in others, reflecting the complex challenges of rapid urban growth. Renewable energy consumption consistently improves life expectancy, underscoring the importance of sustainable energy policies. The study concludes that targeted policies promoting inclusive economic growth, stronger environmental regulations, improved urban infrastructure, and expanded renewable energy use are essential for enhancing life expectancy in Ghana. These findings provide crucial insights for policymakers aiming to bridge the gap between economic development and public health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 5","pages":"1341 - 1358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of allocation factors on spatial disaggregation of road traffic emissions in Megacity Delhi","authors":"Anurag Swarnkar,&nbsp;Bhola Ram Gurjar,&nbsp;Hemant Kumar Suman","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01706-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01706-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The traffic emissions have intensified with a rapid surge in urbanisation. A comprehensive estimation of these emissions coupled with spatial analysis is imperative for the development of mitigation strategies. This paper presents an approach for spatially disaggregating the on-road emissions based on different allocation factors across the megacity of Delhi at a resolution of 1 km × 1 km. The annual on-road emissions of PM, CO, NO_<i>x</i>, and VOCs for the base year 2018 are estimated as 9.58 Gg, 248.18 Gg, 102 Gg, and 386.92 Gg, respectively. The emissions are spatially distributed based on the three allocation factors: road density, population density and urban area. The results show that the Northeast and Shahdara districts of Delhi are the primary hotspots of all the emissions. Southwest and West Delhi also significantly contribute to annual emissions. The study reveals that the combination of the allocation factors will improve the spatial disaggregation of traffic emissions. The proposed methodology for disaggregating the emissions helps identify the significant emissions hotspots over a geographical region and develop source-specific mitigation strategies to reduce emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 5","pages":"1305 - 1325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PM-bound elemental concentrations on coarse atmospheric particles in a furniture manufacturing city","authors":"Burak Caliskan,&nbsp;Akif Arı,&nbsp;Eftade O. Gaga,&nbsp;S. Sıddık Cindoruk","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01711-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01711-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the levels and sources of metals in total suspended particulates (TSP) and evaluates the related health risks in İnegöl, Bursa, Türkiye. Two sites with different industrial activities were chosen to collect TSP samples over a year. TSP levels at both sites varied between 187.5 ± 126.9 µg/m³, with metal concentrations ranging from 0.02 ng/m³ to 28.12 µg/m³. The dominant elements detected were Na, K, Zn, Ca, Al, Fe, B, Ba, and S. Comparative analysis revealed that local sources, such as industrial emissions, traffic, and biomass burning, play a crucial role in pollution levels. The study employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and elemental ratio analysis to determine the primary pollution sources, which were identified as industrial activities and vehicle emissions. The health risk assessment highlighted potential carcinogenic risks for both children and adults, with arsenic being the most significant contributor to these risks. The study concludes that there are critical environmental health challenges in the region due to high levels of TSP and associated metals, particularly in areas with industrial activities and uncontrolled waste burning. It emphasizes the need for stricter regulatory measures to control emissions and reduce public exposure to hazardous pollutants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 5","pages":"1327 - 1339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the influence of the equilibrium factor and the contribution of Rn, Tn and their progeny in dose assessment","authors":"Gondji Dieu Souffit\u0000,&nbsp;Koyang François,&nbsp;Oumar Bobbo Modibo,&nbsp;Eka Djatnika Nugraha,&nbsp;Ndjana Nkoulou II Joseph Emmanuel,&nbsp;Jalaluddin Shah,&nbsp;Rosaline Mishra,&nbsp;Chutima Kranrod,&nbsp;Yasutaka Omori,&nbsp;Masahiro Hosoda,&nbsp;Balvinder K Sapra,&nbsp; Saïdou,&nbsp;Shinji Tokonami","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01708-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01708-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study is a comparative analysis of the methodology for estimating the total effective inhalation dose of radon (Rn), thoron (Tn) and their decay products. In particular, it considers the influence of the equilibrium factor and the contribution of Rn, Tn and their decay products in dose estimation. Radon and thoron concentrations and their progeny were measured using two types of passive integrated discriminative radon-thoron detectors commercially known as RADUET and DRPS/DTPS. The concentration of Rn ranged from 33 to 75 Bq m⁻³, with a mean value of 49 Bq m⁻³. The concentration of Tn ranged from 11 to 742 Bq m⁻³, with a mean value of 203 Bq m⁻³. It was determined that 93% of dwellings exhibited EERC values below the global mean of 15 Bq m⁻³, with the EETC mean value being 22 times greater than the global average value of 0.5 Bq m⁻³. The research provides substantial contributions for the implementation of the national radon plan in Cameroon. The equilibrium factor for radon (F_Rn) was found to be 60% higher than the UNSCEAR average value of 0.4. The study underscores the limitation in the application of the UNSCEAR equilibrium factor in assessment of total effective inhalation dose, as it could potentially lead to an underestimation of the risk of public exposure to thoron and radon in many regions worldwide. The annual effective inhalation dose was estimated directly, with radon, thoron, EERC, and EETC contributing to the total effective inhalation dose at 2% (0.04 mSv), 5% (0.11 mSv), 38% (0.93 mSv), and 55% (1.34 mSv), respectively. These results highlight the importance of direct measurements of the progeny concentrations either for radon and thoron for accurately estimation of the effective inhalation dose. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 5","pages":"1289 - 1304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of the concentrations of TVOCs, Aldehydes, and PAHs in public and commercial kitchens in Korea","authors":"Haejoon Chun,&nbsp;Min Young Song","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01703-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01703-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Public and commercial kitchens in Korea operate differently; however, there have been no systematic studies comparing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations in different types of cooking facilities. We compared compound concentrations between public and commercial kitchens in Korea through online monitoring of VOCs and analyzing the total VOCs (TVOCs), aldehydes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated during cooking. Real-time monitoring was conducted in three public and three commercial kitchens. High peak occurrences were more frequent during cooking in commercial kitchens. An additional analysis of TVOCs and aldehydes conducted during cooking in four public and four commercial kitchens revealed that the average TVOCs concentration was 4.6 times higher in public kitchens. In contrast, concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were 1.5 and 1.4 times higher in commercial kitchens, respectively. PAHs analysis detected 37 compounds were detected in both public and commercial kitchens. The total PAHs concentration was 1,162.6 ng/m³ in commercial and 326.8 ng/m³ in public kitchens. Concentrations of carcinogenic and priority management PAHs were elevated in commercial kitchens, with benzo[a]pyrene being 1.4 times higher in commercial kitchens than in public kitchens. Our results suggest a higher health risk in commercial than in public kitchens, emphasizing the need to identify and control pollutants generated during cooking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 5","pages":"1263 - 1275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental aldehydes exposure and the health implications among a cohort of traffic police in Lebanon","authors":"Héléna Alamil,&nbsp;Antonio Razzouk,&nbsp;Charbel Afif,&nbsp;Mathilde Lechevrel,&nbsp;Zeina Dagher","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01709-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01709-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aldehydes may be associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases. This study is aimed at evaluating the potential effects of traffic-related aldehyde exposure on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers among occupationally exposed workers. We have undertaken a biomonitoring of 99 traffic officers in Beirut and its suburbs through personal air monitoring assessed by diffusive samplers and through the use of biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Personal formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde, butanal, and hexanal exposure, in addition to urinary and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) in both pre and post-exposure, were assessed by HPLC-UV. Pre and post-exposure lung function were tested by spirometry. Post-exposure inflammatory markers including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood count (WBC), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and urea were determined. Our results show that the mean individual exposure levels of traffic officers to aldehydes ranged between 9.54 and 331 µg/m³. Formaldehyde and acrolein exceeded the occupational exposure limit. Aldehydes levels were higher than those measured in many cities in Italy, Spain, Morocco, and others. Oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers were significantly higher after 5 days of exposure to aldehydes. Plasma and urinary MDA levels in traffic police officers on pre-shift day 1 could be distinguished from post-shift on day 5. Significant predictors of post-exposure plasma MDA concentration were working years and formaldehyde, and those for post-exposure urinary MDA were formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and butanal. ESR and WBC were negatively associated with post-exposure plasma MDA. Our results suggest that exposure to traffic-related aldehydes may lead to increased oxidative stress and inflammation in traffic officers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 5","pages":"1277 - 1287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges, solutions and policy issues for residue burning in Indian agriculture: searching key steps to reduce environmental pollution","authors":"Shivani Thakur,&nbsp;Agnibha Sinha,&nbsp;Animesh Ghosh Bag,&nbsp;Riyadh S. Almalki,&nbsp;Akbar Hossain","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01699-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01699-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In India, the Indo-Gangetic Plain has become a hotspot for atmospheric pollutants, with seasonal residue burning being a major contributor. The rapid increase in crop productivity with the introduction of high-yield varieties increased the challenge of managing the large quantity of residue generated, which ultimately pushed agriculture towards heavy mechanization. Managing a substantial quantity of leftover material after mechanical harvesting is burdensome, so farmers are choosing easy methods, i.e., in situ residue burning. Statewise analysis in India revealed that Punjab (64%) was the highest contributor, followed by Haryana (11%) and UP (5.7%). The key causes of crop residue burning are mainly labour shortages, rapid mechanization and increased cropping intensity, which adversely affect multiple systems, such as human health, environmental quality, and soil health. Alternative eco-friendly solutions to residue burning, such as energy generation, composting, paper production, soil incorporation, mulching, and biochar production, to increase farmers’ income and address employability have been explored in this study. The importance of integrated policy frameworks that prioritize farmer incentives, capacity building, and awareness campaigns has been highlighted. The study underscores the need of synchronised efforts between stakeholders and the adoption of innovative techniques like remote sensing for monitoring the intensity and variability of problem nationwide. This review serves as a roadmap for developing sustainable strategies to curb residue burning and reduce environmental pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"1225 - 1255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating seasonal health risks of copper, nickel, and chromium in airborne dust","authors":"Maryam Samani,&nbsp;Yogesh K. Ahlawat,&nbsp;Ahmad Golchin,&nbsp;Ahmad Bybordi,&nbsp;Nisha Sharma,&nbsp;Hossein Ali Alikhani","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01704-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-025-01704-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The primary objective of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in atmospheric dust fallout and to evaluate their potential health risks to humans. Heavy metals are a significant concern in atmospheric dust as they can enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, potentially causing various health problems. This research specifically measured the quantities of dust fallout and the concentrations of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) in atmospheric dust across Tehran, from its western to eastern regions, during the period from winter 2018 to autumn 2019. Sampling sites were established at two points, one in the western area and one in the eastern area, particularly covering districts 11, 10, and 12 and the adjacent western regions. Monthly dust samples were collected over a year. A factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications, considering sampling points (S.P.) and seasons as factors. The concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Cr were determined using a hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid extraction method in a 3:1 ratio. Health risk assessments were calculated using the methodology provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The results revealed that both the sampling location and the time of sampling significantly influenced the quantity of dust fallout and the concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Cr in the collected samples. The highest amount of atmospheric dust fallout was recorded during autumn at points 10E (Imam Khomeini Street), 11E (Vahdat Islami Street), and 12E (17th Shahrivar Street), with an average of 23.24 g·m⁻²·season⁻¹. Conversely, the lowest amount of dust fallout, 15.33 g·m⁻²·season⁻¹, was observed in winter at point 9 W, located in Tehransar. The highest amounts of Cu and Ni were measured in autumn at point 11E, reaching 11.22 and 4.45 mg·m⁻²·season⁻¹, respectively, while the highest Cr concentration, 52.3 mg·m⁻²·season⁻¹, was observed in autumn at points 10E, 11E, and 12E. In contrast, the lowest levels of Cu, Ni, and Cr—2.27, 1.4, and 0.96 mg·m⁻²·season⁻¹, respectively—were recorded during winter at point 9 W. Similarly, the lowest concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Cr in the dust (148.6, 91.83, and 62.86 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively) were found during winter at point 9 W. On the other hand, the highest concentrations of these metals were observed during autumn at point 11E (Vahdat Islami Street), with values of 646.46, 184.43, and 45.9 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively. Overall, the findings indicated that both the concentrations of heavy metals and the amount of atmospheric dust fallout tended to increase from west to east and from winter to autumn. The health risk assessment results demonstrated that ingestion of atmospheric dust fallout was the primary exposure route for heavy metals, accounting for over 90% of the non-cancerous disease risk associated with Cu, Ni, and Cr. For Cu and Ni, the highest levels of HQ<sub>i","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 4","pages":"1147 - 1167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}