Air Quality Atmosphere and Health最新文献

{"title":"PM2.5 and PM10 exposure assessment: a comparative analysis between personal monitoring and environmental data","authors":"Alessio Carminati,&nbsp;Francesca Borghi,&nbsp;Eleonora Pagani,&nbsp;Giacomo Fanti,&nbsp;Sabrina Rovelli,&nbsp;Carolina Zellino,&nbsp;Andrea Cattaneo,&nbsp;Andrea Spinazzè,&nbsp;Domenico Maria Cavallo","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02063-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02063-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The evaluation of personal exposure to PM is a critical component of risk assessment: one of the main challenges is represented by the difficulty in simultaneously obtaining extensive and accurate personal exposure data for large populations. This study provides an empirical comparison between personal PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ exposure measurements and routinely available ambient data from fixed monitoring stations and air quality models in a hybrid working scenario. Time-activity information was also explored to identify activity patterns descriptively associated with larger discrepancies between personal and ambient estimates. To achieve this goal, a complex scenario consisting of a working day from home and a working day from office was considered. Personal exposure data were compared with daily average ambient data retrieved for both the residential and workplace addresses of each subject, using three different approaches: (i) Address-Specific; (ii) Residential-Address; (iii) Workplace-Address. According to the results, ambient data may provide useful proxies for average exposures whereas their ability to represent individual exposure was limited. Exceptions were observed for PM_2.5 ambient data from monitoring for the Address-Specific and Residential-Address references. The main discrepancies were observed at high personal exposure levels, where ambient data showed a strong tendency to underestimate. Finally, larger discrepancies were descriptively associated with selected activity patterns, including indoor free time away from home, personal care, and secondhand smoke exposure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02063-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-pregnancy exposure to air pollution and stillbirth in São Paulo, Brazil – results from the FetRisks case-control study","authors":"Rafael Buralli,&nbsp;Dario Ezequiel Elias,&nbsp;Cláudio Makoto Kanai,&nbsp;Lays Janaina Prazeres Marques,&nbsp;Osmara Alves dos Santos,&nbsp;Gizelton Pereira Alencar,&nbsp;Zilda Pereira da Silva,&nbsp;Gerusa Maria Figueiredo,&nbsp;Mara S. Hoshida,&nbsp;Laura Rodrigues,&nbsp;Rossana Pulcineli Vieira Francisco,&nbsp;Hillegonda Maria Dutilh Novaes,&nbsp;Marcia Furquim de Almeida,&nbsp;Nelson Gouveia","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02071-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02071-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stillbirth remains a major public health concern, particularly in urban settings with persistent air pollution, while evidence remains limited in middle-income countries. This study aims to examine the association between prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) PM2.5 and stillbirth in São Paulo, Brazil. Case-control study including 348 antepartum stillbirths and 419 live births recruited from 14 public hospitals. PM2.5 exposure was estimated using residential addresses linked to the nearest air quality monitoring station. We evaluated median PM2.5 levels during the first trimester of pregnancy and sustained higher PM2.5 exposure episodes (&gt; 12.7 µg/m³ for ≥ 3 weeks). We explored the interaction between air pollution and maternal factors. Multiple logistic regression models were adjusted for maternal sociodemographics. All participants were exposed to PM2.5 concentrations substantially above the WHO Air Quality Guidelines. Sustained higher PM2.5 exposure was associated with higher odds of stillbirth (ORadj 1.51; 95% CI: 1.03–2.25) and showed a significant interaction with maternal age ≥ 35 years, increasing the odds of having a stillbirth (ratio of ORadj 2.55 [95% CI: 1.08–6.23]). Stillbirth was associated with episodes of sustained higher PM2.5 exposure in early pregnancy, in a context where all women experienced high pollutant levels. The coexistence of high baseline PM2.5 exposure and multiple maternal vulnerabilities underscore the need for integrated strategies addressing air quality, health equity, and perinatal care to reduce preventable stillbirths in highly polluted urban environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02071-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health impacts of PM2.5 exposure at moderate concentrations (below 35 µg/m3)","authors":"Sangcheol Kim,&nbsp;Pyeolnim Park","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02067-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02067-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is one of the environmental risk factors threatening human health. Many epidemiological studies have revealed the close relationships between PM_2.5 exposure and cause-specific mortality in urban areas globally while majority of them analyzed health impacts across all concentration levels. South Korea, one of the countries suffering from severe PM_2.5 pollution, has invested substantial budgets and made comprehensive, cross-governmental efforts to reduce ambient PM_2.5. As a result, the average PM_2.5 concentrations in the country have considerably decreased over the past decade. However, a close investigation into health impacts is required, despite the decrease in PM_2.5 mass concentrations given that no evidence suggests the existence of a safe PM_2.5 exposure level. South Korea implements a PM_2.5 alert system since 2015 to mitigate adverse health impacts on its population. Under this system, alerts are lifted when concentrations fall below 35 µg/m³, a value significantly higher than the World Health Organization’s guideline of 5 µg/m³. Given this context, the present study investigated the associations between PM_2.5 exposure and mortality, specifically examining concentrations below 35 µg/m³. The findings of our study showed that the impacts of PM_2.5 exposure on mortality still exist even at moderate PM_2.5 concentrations while PM_2.5 chemical species significantly associated with mortality vary by region. Our results highlight the need for continued air quality improvements, particularly for region-specific constituents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking traffic congestion, spatiotemporal pollutant patterns, and LEZ siting in a megacity: a case study of Jakarta","authors":"Meilia Dwi Ramdhani,&nbsp;Hayati Sari Hasibuan,&nbsp;Albertus Sulaiman","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02054-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02054-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the interaction between traffic congestion and air pollution is critical for designing effective Low Emission Zone (LEZ) in megacities, where air quality poses serious environmental and public health challenges. This study examines the spatiotemporal characteristics of major air pollutants in Jakarta and analyzes their relationship with traffic performance and public transport accessibility using Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis to identify priority locations for LEZ implementation. Spatial analysis indicates that nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations are highest in the urban core, carbon monoxide (CO) shows elevated levels in central area and the western–southern peripheral areas and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) is predominantly concentrated in the western and eastern peripheral areas. Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) is closely associated with industrial zones, particularly in North and East Jakarta. Seasonal analysis shows that NO₂, CO, and PM₂.₅ peak during the dry season, while SO₂ remains relatively stable. By integrating air pollutant distributions with traffic indicators, including Level of Service (LoS) and peak hour traffic volumes, areas experiencing severe congestion (LoS E–F) and dominated by motorcycles and light vehicles are identified as critical emission hotspots. An assessment of public transport accessibility further shows that many highly polluted and congested corridors are well served by mass transit systems and are characterized by mixed use urban functions. Based on a multi criteria evaluation incorporating air quality, traffic conditions, and transport accessibility, three priority LEZ locations are identified, primarily within Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas. The proposed framework offers a robust, data driven basis for LEZ planning in megacities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moss in situ biomonitoring technique for the assessment of air pollution by potentially toxic elements in urban and rural areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"Emina Ramic,&nbsp;S. Zero,&nbsp;J. Huremovic","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02065-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02065-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Atmospheric deposition of potentially toxic elements in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) was assessed using the moss <i>Hypnum cupressiforme</i> as a biomonitor. Moss samples were collected from 44 urban and rural sites across BiH, and concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), which adds elemental information about the samples surface characterization. Statistical evaluation included non-parametric analysis, Spearman correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Fe and Ni concentrations exceeded European median values in both urban and rural environments, while Cd and Pb remained lower or comparable to European levels. No statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) were observed between urban and rural sites, suggesting diffuse regional atmospheric deposition influenced by long-range transport. PCA and HCA identified three source components: a crustal/geogenic group with localized anthropogenic enrichment (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe), a geogenic-industrial group (Cr, Ni), and a third group (Cd, Mn) with divergent, rather than shared, sources per EF analysis. SEM-EDS analysis confirmed the presence of aluminosilicate and mineral particles of crustal origin, which may derive from resuspended soil and road dust, as well as metal-bearing particles potentially associated with traffic emissions, particularly in urban areas. The results confirm the suitability of <i>Hypnum cupressiforme</i> as a biomonitor for assessing atmospheric metal deposition in the Western Balkans, supporting its continued application within national and European monitoring programmes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungi and toxic metals in household settled dust in slum settlements: an exposure and health risk perspective","authors":"Rachna Jain,&nbsp;Dipanjali Majumdar,&nbsp;Subhendu Chakraborty","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02066-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02066-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Household dust in tropical slum settlements represents a shared reservoir for chemical and biological hazards, yet cumulative exposure assessments remain limited. This study advances indoor environmental health research by integrating heavy metal analysis and dust associated fungi profiling within a single risk assessment model. House dust samples were collected from multiple sites within poorly ventilated, non-compartmentalized rooms. Fungal load was quantified using the spread plate method, and isolates were microscopically identified using lactophenol-cotton blue staining and slide culture techniques. Five dominant fungal taxa were further subjected to molecular characterisation and deposited in NCBI GenBank: <i>Aspergillus sydowii</i> (OR122521), <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> (OR131268), <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (OR139845), <i>Neurospora</i> sp. (OR131033), and <i>Aspergillus nomiae</i> (OR131035). Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in fungal load between sites, but diversity positively correlated with environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, ventilation, indoor cooking, and hygiene practices. High diversity indices (Simpson and Shannon Equitability &gt; 0.9; Shannon Index ~ 1.7) indicated an evenly distributed fungal community. Exposure assessment showed that exposure to toxic elements follows the order ingestion &gt; dermal&gt; inhalation. The non-cancer hazard index (HI) for adults is &lt; 1, whereas HI &gt; 1 indicates a significant non-cancer hazard for children, even when hazardous for adults. Cancer Risk from exposure to three toxic elements (Cd, Cr, and Ni) was estimated to be significantly higher than the acceptable limit of one in a million. These findings underscore indoor dust fungi as overlooked emerging contaminants, along with toxic elements in house dusts, and have direct implications for urban health, warranting regulatory attention and interventions to mitigate exposure and safeguard vulnerable populations.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of road-traffic-based exposure proxies against personal PM2.5 measurements in three Sub-Saharan African countries","authors":"Handsome Bongani Nyoni,&nbsp;Terence Darlington Mushore,&nbsp;Laura Munthali,&nbsp;Sibusisiwe Audrey Makhanya,&nbsp;Laurine Chikoko,&nbsp;Stanley Luchters,&nbsp;Matthew F Chersich,&nbsp;Fortunate Machingura,&nbsp;Liberty Makacha,&nbsp;Benjamin Barratt,&nbsp;Hiten D Mistry,&nbsp;Marie Laure Volvert,&nbsp;Peter von Dadelszen,&nbsp;Anna Roca,&nbsp;Umberto D’alessandro,&nbsp;Marleen Temmeran,&nbsp;Esperança Sevene,&nbsp;Tamara Rosemary Govindasamy,&nbsp;Prestige Tatenda Makanga,&nbsp;The PRECISE Network,&nbsp;The HEAT Center","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02060-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02060-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Particulate Matter (PM_2.5) exposure contributes to the global disease burden, yet its monitoring remains sparse and uneven, with limited ground sensor infrastructure. Road-traffic proxy indicators can provide indirect estimates of PM_2.5 where measurements are limited but require context-specific validation. We evaluated three PM_2.5 road-traffic-related proxies: (i) population-Weighted Road Network Density (wRND), (ii) Euclidean (straight line) distance from highways (EH), and (iii) Euclidean distance from main roads (EM). We validated these proxies using high-resolution outdoor filtered PM_2.5 personal exposure measurements collected over 1 year from 343 postpartum participants in The Gambia, Kenya, and Mozambique. Proxy-PM_2.5 associations were assessed using Spearman correlation, and predictive utility was tested using country-specific and global Random Forest (RF) models (3-fold cross-validation), reporting R², RMSE, and feature importance. Spatial mapping showed heterogeneous proxy–PM_2.5 relationships across and within sites, with elevated PM_2.5 occurring in both low- and high-proxy contexts. wRND–PM_2.5 correlations were weak overall and statistically significant only in Mozambique (<i>r</i> = 0.351; <i>p</i> = 0.005), with non-significant associations in Kenya (<i>r</i> = − 0.041; <i>p</i> = 0.673) and The Gambia (<i>r</i> = − 0.020; <i>p</i> = 0.909). EH–PM_2.5 correlations were positive in The Gambia (<i>r</i> = 0.335; <i>p</i> = 0.053) and Mozambique (<i>r</i> = 0.292; <i>p</i> = 0.020) but negative and significant in Kenya (<i>r</i> = − 0.224; <i>p</i> = 0.018). Single-variable RF models performed poorly across all countries (R² &lt; 0.45) and the Global model (R² = 0.42). Combining proxies improved performance in Kenya (R² = 0.52; RMSE = 31.7 µg/m³) and Mozambique (R² = 0.60; RMSE = 8.9 µg/m³), Global R² = 0.46; RMSE = 29.1 µg/m³), although in The Gambia, the combined model (R² = 0.53; RMSE = 37.6 µg/m³) did not exceed the best single-proxy model. Road-network proxies provided limited but context-dependent signals of personal PM₂.₅ exposure. Their performance varied substantially across countries, indicating that road-based indicators should not be used as stand-alone exposure measures in heterogeneous sub-Saharan African settings. Instead, they are most defensible as locally validated components of hybrid exposure models that also incorporate meteorology, land use, biomass burning, household energy, and other non-traffic sources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02060-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The social dimension of air quality community work: a core complement to green and digital skills","authors":"Leonardo Triana,&nbsp;Helinä Melkas,&nbsp;Anne Pässilä,&nbsp;Eugenio Morello,&nbsp;Mikko Happo","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02057-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02057-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Community-engaged air quality research increasingly requires environmental, digital and social competences, yet skill classifications make social competences less visible than green and digital skills. This study was conducted to clarify the integrated competence profile needed for community-based air quality work and to assess whether the European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations taxonomy (ESCO) adequately represents that profile. It asks: (1) Which green, digital and social skills appear as emerging, episodic, expanding core and established core skills in community-based air quality work? and (2) Which gaps in existing skill classifications become visible when this work is analysed through ESCO? We analysed 169 full-text articles published from 2015 to 2025 on air quality or air pollution projects involving public, citizen or community engagement. Action-oriented sentences were extracted through a reproducible text-mining workflow and mapped to ESCO using sentence-embedding similarity. Yearly skill frequencies were then used to classify skills by temporal consistency and growth. Results show that expanding core green skills combine air quality management, pollution-prevention advice and behaviour-change functions. Expanding core digital skills support sensing, mapping, research data management and visual communication. Social skills expand around citizen participation, inclusion, community outreach, participatory research and science–policy mediation. The corpus is predominantly participatory and social rather than narrowly technical, indicating that community air quality work depends on relational competences that help make green and digital interventions trusted, meaningful and actionable. The analysis also identifies limits in ESCO: social skills are not organised as a dedicated category comparable to green and digital skills, and AI-related actions are insufficiently described for specialised air quality methods. We argue that skill taxonomies should better represent social, hybrid digital–social and AI-related competences in environmental practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02057-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambient particulate matter in Saudi Arabia (1980–2025): spatiotemporal patterns, source dynamics, and strategic research priorities","authors":"Muhammad Amin,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal,&nbsp;Andi Gulam Alif B. Khutomi","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02050-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02050-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ambient particulate matter <b>(</b>PM<b>)</b> pollution poses a major environmental and public health challenge in arid regions, including Saudi Arabia. Natural dust storms and anthropogenic emissions interact in complex ways. This report synthesizes 167 peer–reviewed studies from the Scopus database focused on ambient PM in Saudi Arabia. Concentration levels, spatial and temporal patterns, and key research gaps were evaluated. The reviewed literature consistently shows that PM concentrations exceed the WHO guidelines for both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀. Most of the high concentrations were found in major urban centers, industrial areas, and pilgrimage-related activities. PM₁₀ levels are likely dominated by mineral dust and resuspension processes. PM_2.5 is likely to exhibit substantial contributions from anthropogenic sources, particularly traffic and industrial activities. Clear temporal variability was observed, particularly driven by seasonal meteorology. It was also affected by dust storms and short-term interventions such as the COVID-19 lockdown. The number of studies has increased every year; however, existing studies remain limited, with a heavy reliance on urban centers, short-term monitoring campaigns, and PM mass concentrations. Long-term ground-based observations, size-resolved measurements, chemical characterization, and human health analyses affected by PM remain scarce in this region. This review underscored the importance of integrating monitoring strategies that combine ground-based observation, reanalysis of satellite data, including machine learning. Smaller particles, such as UFPs, are also important for future studies, along with black carbon, sand and dust storms, and the chemical composition of PM, to support better air quality management and health risk assessment in Saudi Arabia.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148613912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source apportionment and human health risk assessment of toxic trace elements in urban road dust","authors":"Shilpi Mondal,&nbsp;Koushik Uzir,&nbsp;Pallavi Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02058-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02058-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite worldwide initiatives, air pollution remains a significant concern, especially in metropolitan cities like Guwahati. Road dust, a major pollutant sink, was collected from thirty locations across six land use zones. Toxic trace elements such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed for geo-accumulation index (I_geo), contamination factor (Cf), enrichment factor (EF), and human health risk assessment. Busy traffic zones had the highest concentrations of trace elements (11478 mg/kg), while sensitive sites showed the lowest concentrations among all the various land use zones (4888 mg/kg). National Highways and Busy Traffic zones exhibited Igeo values of 4–5, indicating extreme contamination. Cd had the highest contamination factor (Cf: 36; very high contamination) and enrichment factor (EF: 33.5; high enrichment) values across the city. Hazard Index (HI) values and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) values were higher in children (ΣHI = 17.18; ΣCR = 2.19E-04) than adults (ΣHI = 7.4; ΣCR = 1.37E-04) with ingestion as the major route of exposure. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified four major sources of these toxic trace elements: vehicular friction (35.27%), characterized primarily by elevated Pb, Ni, and Cr; industrial activities (29.61%), associated with Cd and Mn; open burning (25.14%), marked by Cu and Zn; and natural weathering processes (9.98%), dominated by Fe. This study highlights the need for urban planning and pollution control measures to protect public health and improve the quality of life in urban environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148613851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}