Air Quality Atmosphere and Health最新文献

{"title":"A systematic review of technological advances in compound-event generation within early warning system frameworks","authors":"Zecheng Li,&nbsp;Chng Saun Fong,&nbsp;Siti Hafizah Ab Hamid,&nbsp;Nasrin Aghamohammadi,&nbsp;Siti Nurliana Jamali,&nbsp;Nik Meriam Sulaiman","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02091-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02091-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Compound environmental hazards are becoming more frequent as extreme heat, air pollution, and other atmospheric stressors increasingly coincide within populated regions. Early warning systems (EWSs) can reduce these risks only when compound events are clearly defined, forecast with uncertainty, and translated into actionable warning products. This systematic review examines technological advances in compound-event generation for EWS frameworks, with particular attention to heat and air pollution. The review synthesises methods across three connected stages: operational event definition, joint hazard and impact forecasting, and risk communication. Current studies generate compound events through fixed or percentile-based threshold overlap, impact-based interaction models, coupled meteorology-chemistry forecasting, artificial intelligence and machine-learning models, unified risk indices, and probabilistic trigger rules. The evidence shows rapid progress in each stage, but also a persistent integration gap: definitions, forecasts, uncertainty estimates, and public warning triggers are often developed separately. The review proposes a taxonomy and research agenda for more coherent compound-event EWS design, emphasizing shared compound-risk targets, uncertainty-aware model fusion, impact-based warning thresholds, and end-to-end validation against health and service outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From assessment to improvement pathways: The role of climate-smart agriculture in Chinese agricultural carbon emission efficiency","authors":"Jiadong Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Xu,&nbsp;Shengquan Wang,&nbsp;Shaoxiong Wu,&nbsp;Lingxin Bao","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02076-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02076-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Agricultural sustainability faces the dual challenges of reducing carbon emissions while ensuring food production. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA), an innovative paradigm to address these challenges, has yet to be widely implemented in China due to variations in local agricultural sustainability levels. To this end, this study begins by assessing agricultural sustainability through the construction of a comprehensive indicator system for agricultural carbon emission efficiency (ACEE), integrating the objectives of grain production growth and multi-source emission reductions. We then analyze the spatiotemporal evolution trend of ACEE across 31 Chinese provinces (2010–2022) using the super-efficiency SBM and kernel density estimation. Furthermore, guided by a constructed CSA analytical framework, we integrate the Geodetector model and dynamic qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to explore the explanatory factors and enhancement pathways of ACEE via three dimensions, including CSA technology, policy support, and social environment. The results show that: (1) Chinese average ACEE remains broadly stable, with spatial distribution exhibiting an asymmetric pattern of “high-value contraction” and “low-value stability”. Internal disparities in ACEE remain evident within the three major regions, with varying degrees of polarization. (2) The adoption levels of three CSA technologies, water-saving irrigation, straw-return, and no-tillage planting, show relatively strong explanatory power for spatial disparities in ACEE. Moreover, the explanatory power of factor interactions significantly exceeds their independent contributions. (3) Four differentiated configuration pathways enhance ACEE under the CSA framework: pathways driven by “policy and environment”, “technology and policy”, “technology, policy, and environment”, and “technology”. Our findings provide profound policy insights for the systematic governance of CSA and sustainable agricultural development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The double burden of air pollution exposure and sensitivity: association with toddler pneumonia in high-density areas of Java","authors":"Muhammad Fauzan Azima. A,&nbsp;Robert Kurniawan,&nbsp;Prana Ugiana Gio,&nbsp;Hikmah Hikmah,&nbsp;Sri Kuswantono Wongsonadi,&nbsp;Gunarti Dwi Lestari,&nbsp;Budi Yuniarto","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02088-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02088-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution profoundly affects health, especially in vulnerable newborns. This study delineates regions of air pollution sensitivity and examines their correlation with the incidence of toddler pneumonia on Java Island in 2023 through geographic clustering techniques, association analysis, and ordinal logistic regression. Java Island was chosen because of its low Air Quality Index (AQI) and elevated rates of toddler pneumonia cases. Data on air pollutants (PM_2.5, NO₂, O₃, SO₂, CH₄), climatic variables, and sensitivity factors (industrial density, population density) were utilized to create clusters according to levels of air pollution vulnerability. The clustering outcomes indicated that the Spatial Generalized Fuzzy C-Means (SGFCM) method with three clusters yielded the most favorable evaluation findings. Clusters exhibiting elevated and moderate air pollution were predominantly located in the western and eastern parts of Java Island. This study illustrates the importance of the correlation between air pollution sensitivity clusters and the incidence of toddler pneumonia. Regions inside moderate or high clusters are 2.67 times more susceptible to elevated toddler pneumonia prevalence than those in low pollution clusters. This research can assist stakeholders in developing policies for managing air pollution, specifically regarding its effects on toddler pneumonia.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Artificial Intelligence in analysing meteorological data for health research: A rapid review","authors":"Lysanne Veerle Michels,&nbsp;Lucy Smith,&nbsp;Suzan Ghannam,&nbsp;Charles Gadd,&nbsp;Hajira Dambha-Miller","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02085-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02085-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly advanced as a key analytical tool for processing complex datasets across disciplines, including environmental and health research. Meteorological data is increasingly used to understand and mitigate health risks, often linked to climate change. This rapid review aims to synthesise studies involving AI for meteorological data applications in health research to better understand its use.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were systematically searched from 2020 to 2025 following a standardised framework in line with PRISMA-RR guidelines. Eligible studies included any empirical design involving human-related health research where AI techniques were applied to meteorological data. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and synthesised findings narratively.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Twelve studies met eligibility criteria. Despite heterogeneity in study design and sample size, most examined the impact of extreme pollution levels and temperature variations on the prevalence and severity of respiratory, bacterial, and other diseases. AI methods primarily included Random Forest models, as well as time-series and clustering analyses. Model performance was commonly evaluated using sensitivity; however, methodological justification was often insufficiently recorded.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Overall, findings suggest that incorporating meteorological variables enhances the prediction of health outcomes, although detailed population characteristics were frequently underreported. This restricts the generalisability and applicability of AI-driven health models incorporating meteorological data, with stronger methodological rigour and clearer reporting standards needed to support reliable future development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13546359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148901252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on mortality and years of life lost in Thailand","authors":"Chotimas Thaigaroen,&nbsp;Arthit Phosri,&nbsp;Tanasri Sihabut,&nbsp;Withida Patthanaissaranukool","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02093-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02093-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution shows a major environmental health issue, leading to various negative health consequences. Nonetheless, limited research exists on how air pollution impacts mortality risks and the number of years of life lost (YLLs) from early death in Thailand. This study seeks to analyze the relationship between short-term exposure to air pollution – including particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters up to 2.5 (PM_2.5) and 10 microns (PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), group-level ozone (O₃), and carbon monoxide (CO) – and mortality and YLLs in Thailand using data from January 2017 to December 2021. A case-crossover approach using conditional Poisson regression was employed to assess the province-specific effects of air pollution on mortality. The same design and a Gaussian regression model investigated the province-specific relationships of air pollution with YLLs. The province-specific estimates were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis to determine the nationwide association. The results showed that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and O₃ at lag 0–3, as well as NO₂, SO₂, and CO at lag 0–2, was linked to a 4.12% (95% CI: 2.93, 5.33), 3.90% (95% CI: 2.67, 5.15), 2.99% (95% CI: 1.71, 4.29), 6.57% (95% CI: 4.87, 8.30), 2.00% (95% CI: 0.76, 3.26), and 3.59% (95% CI: 2.33, 4.87) increase in the risk of all-cause mortality, respectively. Additionally, an IQR increase in PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and O₃ at lag 0–3, along with NO₂, SO₂, and CO at lag 0–2, was linked to increases in YLLs of 12.4 years (95% CI: 6.8, 18.0), 11.5 years (95% CI: 6.4, 16.6), 8.3 years (95% CI: 3.5, 13.1), 21.1 years (95% CI: 12.1, 30.1), 6.4 years (95% CI: 1.8, 11.0), and 9.1 years (95% CI: 2.9, 15.2), respectively. These findings provide robust national evidence to inform air quality management strategies and support public health policies aimed at reducing premature mortality and disease burden in Thailand.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress on health risks and evaluation methods of multipollutant exposure to air pollutants in China","authors":"Ding Ding,&nbsp;Le Feng,&nbsp;Yan Dou,&nbsp;Ling Guo,&nbsp;Xiaohui Ji,&nbsp;Zhizhen Xu,&nbsp;Yu Wang,&nbsp;Mushui Shu","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02089-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02089-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With rapid industrialization and urbanization, multipollutant exposure to coexisting atmospheric pollutants has become a major global public health concern. Multipollutant exposure may pose modified harm to human health compared with single-pollutant exposure, depending on pollutant combinations, concentrations, and population susceptibility. In China, which currently faces a complex challenge of compound air pollution, the emissions reduction potential of pollution control measures exhibits a fluctuating downward trend, and the mechanisms underlying the compound synergistic effects of multi-pollutants still require further in-depth investigation. This study provides bibliometric analysis and narrative review of the current status of research on multipollutant exposure in China, outlines the sources and characteristics of air pollutants, and focuses on elucidating the health effects of multipollutant exposure to particulate matter (e.g., PM_2.5, PM₁₀) and gaseous pollutants (e.g., O₃, NO₂, SO₂, CO) on the human respiratory and cardiovascular systems, as well as associated pathogenic mechanisms. It compares and analyzes the strengths and limitations of mainstream air quality assessment methods (Air Quality Index, Air Quality Health Index) both domestically and internationally, focusing on quantitative methods for assessing health risks resulting from multipollutant exposure to air pollutants. This review also introduces the principles, application scenarios, and key findings of generalized additive models, interaction effects models, and meta-analysis models. Overall, it aims to provide comprehensive theoretical support and a reference framework for preventing and controlling health risks associated with multipollutant exposure to air pollutants, thereby enabling more precise exposure management, and advancing related research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic selection of urban trees using APTI, DCC, and API: evaluating dust sequestration and pollution tolerance in Nagpur, India","authors":"Sangita Gami,&nbsp;Ashwini Kardbhajne,&nbsp;Sharda Dhadse","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02086-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02086-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban air pollution poses a significant threat to ecological and human health, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities such as Beijing. Nagpur is a developing city that is experiencing degradation in air quality. This study evaluates the impact of urban air pollution on five roadside tree species using biochemical and physiological attributes, Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI), dust capture capacity (DCC), and Anticipated Performance Index (API). DCC was quantified using a gravimetric method based on the amount of particulate matter retained on the leaf surfaces. Two-way ANOVA showed significant effects of site and species on total chlorophyll, leaf pH, and RWC (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), with significant site × species interactions for total chlorophyll and leaf pH. APTI values declined under roadside conditions, with <i>Pongamia pinnata</i> recording the highest polluted-site APTI (8.0), whereas the lowest was found in <i>Lagerstroemia speciosa</i> (6.4). <i>Ficus hispida</i> exhibited the highest dust capture capacity (DCC) (1.26 mg/cm²). A weak negative correlation was observed between APTI and DCC (<i>r</i> = − 0.242, <i>p</i> = 0.090), indicating that physiological pollution tolerance and particulate retention were not necessarily associated with each other. <i>Pongamia pinnata</i> had the highest API score, followed by <i>Ficus hispida</i>, and were categorized as good, whereas <i>Tabebuia rosea</i> recorded the lowest API performance. The findings of the present study may contribute to species selection for sustainable greenbelt development and urban environmental planning in pollution-affected areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled impacts of roof structures and vegetation configurations on airflow and pollutant dispersion in Street Canyons","authors":"Minghao Lu,&nbsp;Choon Wah Yuen,&nbsp;Chiu Chuen Onn,&nbsp;Nik Ibtishamiah Ibrahim,&nbsp;Hong Ki An,&nbsp;Munder Bilema","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02087-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02087-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of roof structure and vegetation configurations on airflow and pollutant dispersion in street canyons, this study employs a CFD model validated by wind tunnel experiments. Different roof structures are incorporated into the street canyon system to establish combined configuration scenarios of roadway vegetation and roof structures. Four typical roof structures are considered, including flat roofs, vaulted roofs, slanted roofs, and trapezoidal roofs. In response to the requirements of green infrastructure development, vegetation parameters are introduced to characterize configuration features. A unified vegetation arrangement is adopted, including a single row of trees along the street centerline and two rows along both sides, with three tree crown height scales (H/2, H/3, and H/4). By analyzing the effects of parameter variations on airflow structures and pollutant concentration distributions within street canyons, and in combination with the dimensionless air exchange rate (ACH*) and dimensionless net escape velocity (NEV*), the regulatory roles of these factors are systematically investigated. Results show that lower tree crowns improve ventilation and pollutant removal in flat-roof canyons, while slanted and trapezoidal roofs perform better under no-vegetation conditions. Reducing roof height also decreases pedestrian-level pollutant accumulation in vaulted, slanted, and trapezoidal canyons. The best vaulted-roof case increased ACH* by nearly 90% and NEV* by more than fourfold. Maximum ACH* gains for slanted and trapezoidal roofs were about 15% and 13%, while NEV* increased by 50% and 60%, respectively. Optimal crown height depended on roof structure and evaluation index, highlighting the need for coordinated optimization of roof structures and vegetation configuration in urban street canyons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric forcing of episodic wildfire activity in KwaZulu-Natal: Implications for fire risk modelling","authors":"Farahnaz Fazel-Rastgar,&nbsp;S. H. Mthembu","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02082-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02082-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wildfires are increasingly driven by extreme weather and climate variability, posing risks to ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health. This study examines the severe KwaZulu-Natal wildfire of August 4, 2024, using an integrated, process-based framework that combines satellite fire detections, tree cover change data, atmospheric reanalysis, and air quality observations. This study provides a new integrated event-scale assessment of Berg Wind-driven wildfire forcing, atmospheric air-quality impacts, and ecological disturbance associated with an extreme wildfire event in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Analysis of NASA FIRMS and Global Forest Watch data shows that wildfire activity in KwaZulu-Natal is highly episodic, with short-lived but intense fire peaks dominating the seasonal regime. The August 2024 event occurred under anomalously warm winter conditions, extremely low relative humidity, and strong downslope Berg Winds associated with an advancing dry cold front. Reanalysis reveals a coherent atmospheric structure, including a strong surface pressure gradient, upper-level ridging, subsidence, and gusty winds exceeding 20 m s⁻¹, creating conditions conducive to rapid fire ignition and spread. The wildfire substantially degraded air quality, with elevated PM₂.₅ concentrations and enhanced column-integrated organic carbon transported downslope. Tree cover loss analysis indicates that wildfire is an episodic yet significant contributor to long-term forest disturbance, adding pressure to remaining natural ecosystems. These findings highlight the critical role of short-term atmospheric extremes in amplifying wildfire risk, underscore the influence of Berg Wind–dry cold front interactions on fire behaviour, and demonstrate the value of integrating atmospheric forcing into ecological wildfire models, early warning systems, and mitigation strategies in fire-prone regions. By linking drivers, dynamics, and impacts, this work advances process-based ecological modelling of extreme wildfire events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02082-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric carbonyl compounds in a tropical urban area: Levels, occurrence, and Monte Carlo-based health risk assessment","authors":"Mateus S. Moreira,&nbsp;Lícia P. S. Cruz","doi":"10.1007/s11869-026-02083-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11869-026-02083-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbonyl compounds (CCs) are relevant atmospheric pollutants due to the high toxicity and carcinogenicity of some species. This study assessed the lifetime carcinogenic (LCR) and non-carcinogenic (hazard quotient, HQ; hazard index, HI) risks for three age groups exposed by inhalation, using Monte Carlo simulations based on CCs’ atmospheric levels measured at seven sites in Salvador, Brazil, during the rainy and dry periods. Ten CCs were passively sampled and determined by HPLC-UV. Formaldehyde (FA) and acetaldehyde (AA) predominated, accounting for approximately 55% and 61% of total concentrations in the rainy and dry periods, respectively. Higher molecular weight carbonyls predominated at heavy-duty traffic sites, reflecting Brazil’s vehicular fuel matrix, which favors both direct emissions and secondary photochemical formation of CCs. FA concentrations exceeded the TCEQ long-term exposure limit (3.30 µg m^− 3) at all sites and periods, reaching up to 7.4 times this limit during the dry period. At the 95th percentile, LCR values for FA and AA exceeded the USEPA lower acceptable limit (1.0 × 10^− 6) for all age groups, and FA (up to 3.49 × 10^− 5) exceeded the WHO upper limit (1.0 × 10^− 5), especially among adults. Deterministic LCR values fell within the 60th–75th percentile range of the probabilistic distributions, indicating that this conventional method underestimated cancer risks. For acrolein, the HQ (P95) was fourfold above the USEPA limit (HQ ≤ 1) in children, and the cumulative HI (P95) exceeded this limit across all three groups. These results showed that no age group is fully protected, highlighting the need to include FA, AA, and acrolein in Brazilian air quality standards, to implement stricter controls on vehicle emissions, and to establish extensive, continuous atmospheric monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11869-026-02083-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}