Biomedical Microdevices最新文献

{"title":"Automated cell manipulation in multicellular environments by an optically induced dielectrophoresis system based on static optical traps and the A-star algorithm","authors":"Yongqi Hu,&nbsp;Ying Wang,&nbsp;Tong Jiang,&nbsp;Zubao Zhang,&nbsp;Fuzhong Huang,&nbsp;Weida Zhan,&nbsp;Zuobin Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00835-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00835-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optically Induced Dielectrophoresis (ODEP) has been widely used in biomedical applications such as cell sorting and cell capture because of its operational flexibility and low cellular damage. However, existing automated ODEP methods often lack effective control of non-target cells, which may reduce manipulation performance in multicellular environments. To address this problem, this study proposes an automated cell manipulation method integrating ODEP, image processing, static optical traps and the A-star algorithm. Cells are first identified and localized from microscopic images. Non-target cells are then constrained by static optical traps and treated as static obstacles during path planning. Based on the detected cell positions, obstacle avoiding paths are generated and converted into executable optical patterns. Experiments were performed using yeast cells under a frequency of 1 kHz, a voltage of 2 V, and a light spot velocity of 5 μm/s. The results showed that the target cells followed the planned obstacle-avoiding paths and reached the designated destinations, while the non-target cells remained confined within their corresponding static optical-trap regions. The success rates of repeated single-cell directed transport and two-cell convergence experiments were approximately 90% and 80%, respectively. Non-target cells showed mean displacements of 0.68 μm (n = 30, single-cell) and 3.74 μm (n = 14, two-cell). Although larger in the two-cell experiment, none escaped optical traps or interfered with target manipulation. This work demonstrates the feasibility of combining static optical confinement with automated path planning for cell manipulation in multicellular fields of view and provides a basis for further studies involving denser and more complex cellular environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pump-free gravity-driven microfluidic chip for rapid RPA-LFS-based detection of Magnaporthe oryzae AvrPi9 gene","authors":"Yu Ting Wu,&nbsp;Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat,&nbsp;Jyh Jian Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00833-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00833-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a pump-free, gravity-assisted microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platform for the rapid detection of the rice blast pathogen <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> by targeting the <i>AvrPi9</i> gene. The system integrates precise thermal control, programmable fluidic sequencing, and lateral-flow readout, enabling low-power diagnostics without complex instrumentation. Temperature regulation is achieved using a LinkIt 7697 development board, coupled with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, to drive a Peltier element. This maintains a stable reaction environment at 39 ± 0.5 °C for recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). The microfluidic chip (65 mm × 34 mm × 5 mm) is fabricated via laser cutting and hot pressing, with the reaction chamber validated for spatial temperature uniformity through infrared thermal imaging. To enhance operational reliability in field settings, the platform utilizes a manual pin-actuated puncture mechanism to initiate fluidic transport. After a 5-minute isothermal amplification, the physical piercing of a sealing membrane opens strategic air vents, inducing a capillary-driven flow and pressure imbalance that facilitates the pump-free transport of 30 µL of RPA products into the lateral flow strip (LFS). This deterministic mechanical gating replaces complex actuators, ensuring a 100% success rate for vent opening. Visual results appear within 2 min, with a total assay time of approximately 15 min, achieving a detection limit of 10 pg/µL for <i>AvrPi9</i>. The system demonstrates high specificity, with no cross-reactivity to non-target pathogens, including <i>Bipolaris oryzae</i>, <i>Sarocladium oryzae</i>, and <i>Ephelis</i> sp., owing to strategic primer mismatches. This robust, pin-actuated, valve-free system highlights the potential for reliable, low-power, field-deployable nucleic acid diagnostics in point-of-care settings. While this study serves primarily as a hardware engineering proof-of-concept focusing on pump-free fluidic transportation, it establishes a foundational architecture for decentralized molecular diagnostics. Future translational development will focus on integrating raw matrix sample preparation to bypass the current limitation of requiring purified nucleic acid inputs.</p><h3>Graphic abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanotherapeutic biomaterials: Overcoming physical barriers to enhance intratumoral drug delivery in solid tumours","authors":"Fathe Singh","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00832-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00832-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The clinical translation of nanomedicine for solid tumours remains limited despite substantial advances in biomaterial design and molecular targeting, primarily due to the physical inaccessibility of tumour tissue. Solid tumours exhibit a mechanically abnormal microenvironment characterised by extracellular matrix (ECM) densification, elevated solid stress, increased interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), and dysfunctional vasculature, which collectively establish a transport-limiting system that restricts drug penetration and promotes heterogeneous intratumoral distribution. Within this context, nanomedicine failure is best understood as a transport-limited problem in which physical constraints represent dominant, though not exclusive, determinants of therapeutic outcome. This review presents a mechanotherapeutic framework that integrates tumour mechanics with transport principles to guide biomaterial design and improve intratumoral delivery. Mechanotherapeutic strategies are categorised into three complementary approaches: (i) stiffness-modulating systems that remodel the extracellular matrix, (ii) deformable and penetration-optimised materials that navigate structural constraints, and (iii) pressure-alleviating and vessel-normalising systems that restore transport and perfusion. The framework is further extended to incorporate mechanochemical coupling through the representative reactive oxygen species (ROS), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), linking mechanical stress with redox and metabolic adaptation and informing responsive biomaterial design. Integration with microdevice-enabled platforms, including microfluidic and tumour-on-chip systems, provides a quantitative and experimentally controllable platform for evaluating transport behaviour and optimising delivery strategies. Key translational challenges and future directions towards integrated and precision mechanomedicine are discussed. Collectively, this mechanotherapeutic framework provides a physically informed and experimentally actionable strategy for overcoming transport barriers and advancing the clinical translation of cancer nanomedicine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148300569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reversibly-sealable microfluidic platform for multi-molecule gradient delivery to large adherent cell cultures","authors":"Julia Radzio,&nbsp;Łukasz Suprewicz,&nbsp;Da Kuang,&nbsp;Alexander Karpowicz,&nbsp;Paul A. Janmey,&nbsp;Jai-Yoon Sul,&nbsp;David A. Issadore,&nbsp;James H. Eberwine,&nbsp;Paulo E. Arratia","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00831-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00831-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spatial manipulation of flow gradients and chemical microenvironments is essential for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms and investigating therapeutic responses in adherent cells. Convection-dominated gradient generators in microfluidic devices enable tunable chemical and shear stress gradients across large cell culture areas. However, most concentration generators are irreversibly sealed and operate in a narrow range of shear stresses, which restricts access to the cells after treatment and the physiological relevance of the flow conditions. Here, we present a reversibly sealable microfluidic platform that enables spatiotemporally controlled delivery of multiple small molecules to mammalian cells grown on large glass coverslips. Our device generates a relatively wide range of shear stresses and robust, spatially predictable chemical gradients across centimeter-scale areas and provides optical access compatible with live-cell imaging; it operates in the Stokes and laminar flow regimes. A mechanical sandwich clamp enables leak-free perfusion into the cell culture chamber and access to the cells after treatment. We experimentally and numerically demonstrate the ability to modulate the amount of mixing between co-flowing streams of small molecules. We verify the uptake of fluorophores across a monolayer of cells and assess their viability after perfusion and removal from the device. This platform provides a versatile and reusable approach for studying cellular responses to microenvironmental gradients in varied physiologically relevant shear stress conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-026-00831-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printed chip as platform to vascularize hiPSCs-derived kidney organoids","authors":"Gabriele Addario,&nbsp;Chiara Formica,&nbsp;Lorenzo Moroni,&nbsp;Carlos Mota","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00829-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00829-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-derived kidney organoids can resemble early stages of human kidney development, morphology and architecture. However, one of the main limitations of the organoids is the reduced vascularization, which limits differentiation and maturation. To increase the oxygen and nutrient supply, multiple vascularization strategies were proposed in literature, including organ-on-chip, hydrogels with angiogenetic cues, and co-culture with endothelial cells. In this work, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) printed chip by extruding sacrificial pluronic, in a fully automated and cost-effective way. By dissolving the pluronic, two circular cross-sectional channels, together with three separated central gel compartments, were created. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded in the coated 3D printed chip, and after seven days kidney organoids were added in the central gel compartments, embedded in a partially digested decellularized extracellular matrix (ddECM) hydrogel, and co-cultured for five days under perfusion. At the end of the co-culture, capillary-like structures were formed towards the organoids both in the outer and central parts, colocalizing with LTL and PODXL positive stained areas. We were able to develop primitive capillary-like structures throughout the organoids, using an ad-hoc designed 3D printed chip. Our strategy provides new possibilities to investigate further organoid maturation, drug testing and disease modeling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-026-00829-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148172932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ingestible smart capsules: from engineering innovation to GI drug delivery","authors":"Dilpreet Singh,&nbsp;Pallvi Kumari,&nbsp;Bishal Singh,&nbsp;Abhisekh Sah,&nbsp;Bijoy Ghosh","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00828-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00828-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ingestible smart capsule platforms have achieved substantial engineering sophistication — integrating programmable drug release, real-time sensing, wireless telemetry, and on-demand actuation — yet their demonstrated clinical benefit in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains limited, with no platform having achieved regulatory approval for therapeutic use in this indication. This disconnect constitutes a translational misalignment: a systematic gap between the assumptions embedded in device design and the biological, pharmacological, and regulatory realities of IBD management. The misalignment operates at four distinct levels. At the systems level, localization strategies calibrated on healthy-volunteer physiology fail in inflamed bowel, where pH gradients are attenuated, transit is dysregulated, and luminal anatomy is structurally altered by strictures and post-surgical remodelling. At the pharmacological level, the internal volume constraints of swallowable capsules (~ 0.3–1 mL) impose dose ceilings incompatible with the therapeutic requirements of biologics and macromolecular agents that represent the current standard of care in IBD. At the regulatory level, smart drug-delivery capsules occupy an ambiguous classification space between drug, device, and combination product, generating approval uncertainty that suppresses investment and forces conservative design choices irrespective of technical feasibility. At the patient level, capsule dimensions (up to 40 × 15 mm), active appendages, and retention risk in strictured segments impose acceptance barriers that are rarely modelled during preclinical development. This review critically examines each engineering subsystem — localization, locomotion, retention, signal transmission, drug release, power supply, reservoir design, and size — through the lens of IBD-specific translational constraints. The three most clinically advanced platforms (IntelliCap^®, InteliSite^® Companion Device, and the SOMA device) are evaluated as case studies in translational feasibility. A forward path requires not greater engineering complexity, but deliberate alignment between device architecture and the clinical, pharmacological, and regulatory realities of the disease being treated.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148142284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An inexpensive, portable, refrigeration-free, ready-to-use microfluidic device for real-time multiplexed molecular detection of HIV, HBV, and HCV","authors":"Huiwen Bai,&nbsp;Sangmin Lee,&nbsp;Ruijie Li,&nbsp;Qingtian Yin,&nbsp;Haim H. Bau,&nbsp;Youngung Seok","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00830-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00830-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) have infected or co-infected more than 400 million people worldwide and are becoming one of the most significant challenges for global healthcare. A simple, rapid, point-of-care diagnosis is playing a key role in controlling the spreading of these diseases and providing proper care for each patient. In this study, we have developed an inexpensive, portable, refrigeration-free, ready-to-use microfluidic device for multiplexed detection of HIV, HBV, and HCV, which is amenable to point-of-care application when combined with a simple upstream sample-preparation step. All reagents and essential components for nucleic acid amplification are fully dried on chip and can last for at least 10 weeks being exposed to the atmosphere at room temperature. The device operation only involves the manipulation of target-containing sample solutions without any need for chemical handling operated by skilled personnel. Built-in capillary circuits provide auto-distribution of sample solution and perform auto-sealing with a phase-change material. The chip consists of four reaction chambers for HIV, HBV, HCV, and one negative control, respectively. Each reaction chamber can release both colorimetric and fluorometric signals during amplification with the presence of target nucleic acids. The amplifications on chip were monitored in real time, and the device detected down to 24 copies of HBV DNA and 76 copies of HCV RNA during the 60-min on-chip amplification. All procedures were conducted using a portable custom processor comprising an electric resistance heater and a USB camera, which can be readily reproduced in resource-limited settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148051724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A needle-free bubble injector enabling depth-controlled isotropic and anisotropic perforation using electrically induced bubbles and heat generated by electric discharge","authors":"Yuudai Aokusa,&nbsp;Nobutoshi Ota,&nbsp;Shigeaki Miura,&nbsp;Mayu Nakahigashi,&nbsp;Yuma Minami,&nbsp;Yoko Yamanishi","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00819-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00819-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Transdermal drug delivery is advantageous in administering therapeutic agents, such as many vaccines and macromolecular drugs that do not remain in the body after oral ingestion. Needle-free injectors have been developed as an alternative to the existing syringes for drug delivery; however, because of the difficulties in controlling the jet flow during perforation, their practical use remains a challenge. Herein, we propose a novel needle-free injector. By controlling the distance between the target and the device, the injector performs (i) isotropic perforation using electrically induced bubbles or (ii) anisotropic perforation using localized heating generated by electric discharge at the device tip. Furthermore, by controlling the applied voltage, the size of the electrically induced bubble and the speed of the microjet generated by bubble collapse can be regulated. As a result, the perforation depth was controlled in the range of 0.7–1.1 mm, which is difficult to achieve using conventional needle-free injectors. These results indicate the potential of the proposed method for precise and minimally invasive transdermal drug delivery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-026-00819-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A colorimetric glucose sensor with gradient porous polyglycolic acid (PGA) microneedle array patch","authors":"Yunfan Zhang,&nbsp;Zifan Xue,&nbsp;Boyu Qin,&nbsp;Jiaze Wu,&nbsp;Jongho Park,&nbsp;Chensong Xu,&nbsp;Shengnan Shen,&nbsp;Hui Li,&nbsp;Beomjoon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00827-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00827-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rapid glucose detection holds significance to diabetes. Here, a novel colorimetric glucose sensor for interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose detection is proposed, comprising a gradient porous polyglycolic acid (PGA) microneedle array patch (MAP) for ISF extraction and a porous 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-functionalized PGA film for glucose sensing. Instead of using pore-forming agents, porous PGA structure is fabricated by solvent volatility method, which brings the benefit of eliminating residual agents and enabling the formation of uniform, tunable micropores. PGA MAP was designed and fabricated with a gradient porosity from tip (7.2 ± 2.3%, <i>N</i> = 10) to the substrate (48.5 ± 1.1%, <i>N</i> = 10), providing high mechanical strength at the tip and hygroscopicity across the microneedle. With a compression failure force of 0.51 ± 0.13 N (<i>N</i> = 10), it successfully punctured artificial skin model and absorbed 1.40 ± 0.06 µL of liquid in 1 min (<i>N</i> = 10). By using the co-precipitation method, TMB was uniformly distributed inside the microstructure of porous PGA film. It effectively prevents the color errors caused by coffee ring effect. Furthermore, enzymes were well immobilized onto TMB-functionalized PGA film due to its hydrophilicity and porosity. Finally, the sensor exhibits uniform, distinct, and linear color changes in response to glucose with a detection limit of 0.13 mM in the range of 2 to 10 mM.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148025309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BioMEMS-enabled gastrointestinal biomechanical energy harvesting for self-powered ingestible microdevices","authors":"Omkar Vishnu Daware,&nbsp;Chetana Krushna Belkare","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00821-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00821-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p> The increasing development of ingestible medical devices for gastrointestinal diagnostics, drug delivery, and physiological monitoring has created a growing demand for reliable and long-lasting power sources. Conventional batteries limit device lifetime, increase capsule size, and raise safety concerns, making biomechanical energy harvesting from gastrointestinal motility a promising alternative for self-powered ingestible systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of biomechanical energy harvesting from gastrointestinal mechanical activity for powering ingestible biomedical devices, with emphasis on energy sources, transduction mechanisms, materials, system integration, limitations, and future research directions. Recent literature on gastrointestinal biomechanics and energy harvesting technologies was analyzed, focusing on major transduction mechanisms such as piezoelectric, triboelectric, and electromagnetic generators. The review also evaluates material selection, device architectures, encapsulation strategies, and power management circuits from a system-level integration perspective. Piezoelectric, triboelectric, and electromagnetic energy harvesters demonstrate the ability to convert low-frequency gastrointestinal mechanical energy into electrical energy suitable for ultra-low-power biomedical devices. Hybrid energy harvesting systems improve energy reliability and output performance. However, several challenges remain, including low energy density, variability in gastrointestinal mechanical forces, miniaturization constraints, material durability, electrical conversion losses, and lack of standardized testing protocols. Biomechanical energy harvesting has significant potential to enable battery-free ingestible biomedical devices. Future developments in hybrid energy systems, ultra-low-power electronics, biodegradable materials, and adaptive power management are expected to support the development of fully autonomous self-powered ingestible medical devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148009876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}