Biomedical Microdevices最新文献

{"title":"Next-generation wearable, ingestible, and implantable bioelectronics for health monitoring, therapy, and human-machine interaction","authors":"Madhurendra Mishra,&nbsp;Krishnesh Krishnakumar Nair,&nbsp;Hannah Susan Regi,&nbsp;Aakifah Minhaj,&nbsp;Divyansh Shetty,&nbsp;Anoushka Martin,&nbsp;Adarsh Ganesan","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00809-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00809-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The development of wearable and ingestible bioelectronic systems has advanced healthcare by facilitating continuous physiological monitoring and targeted medical therapies. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in next-generation bioelectronic technologies that integrate sensing, wireless communication and intelligent data processing within minimally invasive architectures. Our study investigates new technologies that monitor human physiology and biochemistry through ingestible capsules, microneedle interfaces, smart epidermal patches, wearable ultrasound devices and contactless sensing systems that measure multiple biological signals in real time. The therapeutic bioelectronic devices combine sensing capabilities with controlled actuation functions for use in wound healing, neuro-rehabilitation and prosthetic control. The review investigates current progress in wearable human-machine interfaces that use electronic skins, soft bio-integrated sensors and neuromorphic components to transform human body signals into machine-readable commands. The research study also focuses on artificial intelligence and machine learning integration that makes bioelectronic systems more intelligible and adaptive to different situations, allowing for enhanced personalized healthcare and advanced human-machine interaction.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147508496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymatic assay in a lab-on-a-disk format to measure free piperacillin concentration in serum","authors":"Olivier Verlaine,&nbsp;Ana Amoroso,&nbsp;Maxence Remy,&nbsp;Stéphanie Wautier,&nbsp;Raphaël Robiette,&nbsp;Bernard Joris,&nbsp;Tristan Gilet","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00807-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00807-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work describes a method based on an enzymatic assay to measure the free concentration of piperacillin (a <span>(varvec{beta })</span>-lactam antibiotics) in blood serum. The assay is based on the release of fluorescent umbelliferone, upon hydrolysis by BlaP99 <span>(varvec{beta })</span>-lactamase of a substrate in competition with piperacillin. The assay is implemented in a lab-on-a-disk (LoaD) setup, in which samples and reagents are manipulated with robust centrifugal microfluidic techniques. To encounter the needs and constraints of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) at bedside, the system is entirely automated and miniaturized. Within a few minutes and from a few microliters of serum, it provides piperacillin concentration measurements in a clinically meaningful range. This paper describes the design and characterization of the chemical kinetics and the microfluidic strategy underlying this assay. The data are compared to measurements made in well-plates with a conventional method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147472148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active nanorobotic systems for blood-based detection of cancer biomarkers: from passive nanosensors to dynamic liquid biopsy platforms","authors":"Subham Preetam,&nbsp;Pratyasa Rath,&nbsp;Chellasamy Panneerselvam,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Alasmari,&nbsp;Zuhair M. Mohammedsaleh,&nbsp;R. K. Govindarajan,&nbsp;Pavan Goud,&nbsp;Muthu Thiruvengadam,&nbsp;Muhammad Fazle Rabbee","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00805-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00805-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early and accurate detection of biomarkers in blood remains one of the greatest challenges in precision oncology. Conventional liquid biopsy platforms, including microfluidic devices, affinity capture systems, and nanoparticle-based sensors, have achieved impressive sensitivity but are fundamentally constrained by passive diffusion and limited sampling efficiency. Recent advances in nanorobotics are redefining this diagnostic paradigm by introducing active nanosystems capable of autonomous motion, targeted navigation, and real-time biosensing in complex biological fluids. These active nanorobotic platforms, inspired by biological microswimmers, integrate controlled propulsion, molecular recognition, and multimodal sensing to actively interrogate the circulatory system rather than passively sampling it. By overcoming diffusion limitations and increasing the probability of biomarker encounter, nanorobots offer the potential for continuous, <i>in situ</i> monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic response. Herein, we critically examine the current state of nanorobotic systems for blood-based cancer diagnostics, highlighting advances in actuation mechanisms, biomolecular recognition strategies, and multimodal signal transduction.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroendoscopy-compatible neurostimulation catheter for minimally-invasive and multifunctional hypothalamic deep brain stimulation","authors":"Jae Young Park,&nbsp;Juan C. Mesa,&nbsp;Jongcheon Lim,&nbsp;Deniz Eksioglu,&nbsp;Sergio Ruiz Vega,&nbsp;Albert Lee,&nbsp;Hyowon Lee","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00804-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00804-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As hypothalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been clinically proven effective for treating various neurological conditions, there is a growing need for strategies that minimize invasiveness while maximizing therapeutic efficacy. We propose a highly translational multifunctional neurostimulation catheter compatible with endoscopic access to the third ventricule for targeted ventromedial hypothalamic deep brain stimulation. This approach offers several key advantages: (1) a multifunctional catheter for both electrical and pharmaceutical intervention, (2) a minimally-invasive implantation procedure, and (3) enhanced electrode contacts with the third ventricle wall to access the underlying hypothalamic nuclei. The system comprises a flexible catheter with integrated thin-film microelectrodes, a customized cylindrical connector, extension wires, and a customized neurostimulator. The design features its high compatibility with clinically available neurosurgical tools, including guide wires and burr hole valves. We evaluated electrochemical performance under various bending conditions and assessed the safety and long-term device reliability. In addition, we demonstrated successful implantation into a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold shaped to sit in the third ventricle, simulated the electric potential distribution using finite element analysis, and validated a clinically compatible drug delivery procedure. This novel implantation strategy holds promise for reducing procedural risks associated with hypothalamic deep brain stimulation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-026-00804-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147441425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dynamic bioreactor for endothelial and epithelial cell co-culture to mimic aspects of renal microenvironments","authors":"Todd P. Burton,&nbsp;Andrew P. Johnston,&nbsp;Anthony Callanan","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00800-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00800-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is a pressing need for alternative treatment approaches for chronic kidney disease (CKD), a condition which affects a significant proportion of the global population. In vitro tissue-engineered models offer a promising solution by developing a physiologically relevant representation of the kidney’s microenvironment. Key criteria in the development of such an environment include a three-dimensional cell culture material, consideration of the interactions of multiple cell types, and the provision of a fluidic environment. Herein, we investigate the use of a bioreactor platform which can maintain epithelial and endothelial cells, seeded on an either side of electrospun scaffolds, within a dynamic fluidic environment. Validation of the bioreactor’s capacity to maintain these cell types in co-culture and deliver a physiologically relevant shear stress was demonstrated via colorimetric testing and computational fluid dynamics respectively. Subsequent analysis of the viability, DNA content, morphology, protein and gene expression of both cell types indicate significant variations in cellular responses depending on their culture environments. The results of this work support the use of the bioreactor system as an effective means of replicating aspects of the renal tubule microenvironment, and thus may progress future treatments of CKD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12971868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterojunction 2D/1D Ti3C2Tx MXene/TiO2 interfaces for efficient blood oxygenation through photocatalytic action","authors":"Raghavendra Garlapally,&nbsp;M. Kishore Kumar,&nbsp;B. Manmadha Rao","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00798-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00798-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The process of blood oxygenation through photocatalytic action is an emerging concept in the realm of artificial lung technology, differing from current technologies that rely on the oxygenation of blood via permeable hollow fibers. This novel method necessitates the use of a semiconductor and an appropriate light source. When blood interacts with a semiconductor in the presence of light, it produces dissolved oxygen directly from the water found in the blood. In this study, we introduce a photocatalyst referred to as surface modified TiO₂ nanotubes combined with Ti₃C₂T_x MXene. Initially, TiO₂ nanotubes were fabricated using an electrochemical anodization process. Following this, Ti₃C₂T_x flakes were applied to the surface of the TNTs through a chemical bath technique. The Ti₃C₂T_x-TNTs samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The hemolysis activity was evaluated to assess the biocompatibility of the produced samples. In terms of blood oxygenation, the Ti₃C₂T_x-TNTs are simply placed in contact with blood and then exposed to a UV lamp to initiate the photocatalytic reaction. Optical absorption studies on diluted blood demonstrate a significant enhancement in blood oxygenation. The absorption value at 415 nm, which corresponds to the oxyhemoglobin peak, shows a relative increase in oxygenation values from 2.08 (bare TNTs) to 2.84 (Ti₃C₂T_x-TNTs), significantly due to the formation of a Schottky barrier between MXene and TNTs. This positive change is also reflected in the standard hemoglobin test, with levels increasing from 16.7 (bare TNTs) to 17.9 g/dL (Ti₃C₂T_x-TNTs). An examination of the structure of red blood cells was conducted using an optical microscope, and it was observed that there was no occurrence of hemolysis after the photocatalytic process.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147389018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ingestible active capsule for gastrointestinal microbiome sampling","authors":"Mohammed Hadi Shahadha,&nbsp;Andreas Voigt,&nbsp;Denise Gruner,&nbsp;Uwe Marschner,&nbsp;Maxime Le Floch,&nbsp;Jochen Hampe,&nbsp;Frank Brauer,&nbsp;Sebastian Schostek,&nbsp;Marco Luniak,&nbsp;Karlheinz Bock,&nbsp;Andreas Richter","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00802-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00802-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Various gastrointestinal disorders have been linked to gut microbiome dysbiosis, as it plays a critical role in immune regulation, metabolism, nutrient digestion, and pathogen suppression. However, the microbiome’s spatial variability across gastrointestinal segments and its intra- and interindividual differences complicate its study and clinical interpretation. While fecal DNA analysis is commonly used, stool samples only capture an accumulated signal and miss the spatial dynamics of microbial populations. To address this, we propose a modular sampling capsule capable of wirelessly collecting liquid. The capsule consists of two main modules: (i) an <i>actuator module</i> integrating a polymer-based microfluidic system with meltable wax-based opening valve, screen-printed microheater, cellulose membrane-based closing valve, evacuated sampling chamber with dried sample preservative material, filter membrane (size exclusion 150 μm), and sample extraction channel; and (ii) a <i>control electronic module</i> with communication, localization, and power supply units. The actuator module was validated <i>in vitro</i> using a diluted stool simulant (330 mg/mL) and an uncleaned porcine intestine. The opening valve activated within 3.6 ± 0.5 s at 120 ± 10 mA and 0.8 V. The sample was then filtered and aspirated into the sampling chamber within 1–2 s, and the closing valve sealed the inlet completely within 10 min. We overcame design, material, and fabrication challenges to construct an actuator module that functions effectively in liquids with variable physicochemical conditions (pH, chemical composition, viscosity, and particle size). These results demonstrate the feasibility of a controlled, segment-specific intestinal sampling capsule, representing a step towards precise and accurate microbiome profiling.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-026-00802-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147363370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Mode sensing patch for visual glucose detection enabled by an AuNPs-PAM nanozyme cascade","authors":"Zhengtian Pang,&nbsp;Wenqi Song,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Cai,&nbsp;Yahang Li","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00803-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00803-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wearable sensors represent a promising platform for the non-invasive and continuous monitoring of biomarkers in biological fluids, showing considerable potential for real-time health management. In this study, we designed a wearable device integrated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for glucose detection. The system features in-situ synthesized AuNPs embedded in a polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel—denoted as AuNPs@PAM—enabling dual-mode readout through both visual observation and UV–visible spectrophotometry. By leveraging the dual peroxidase-like and glucose oxidase-like activities of AuNPs, a nanozyme-enzyme cascade catalytic system was constructed for colorimetric glucose sensing, which demonstrated high sensitivity and strong stability. The in-situ synthesis of AuNPs within the PAM matrix enhances nanoparticle stability and increases the reactive surface area, thereby improving catalytic efficiency. Owing to the high flexibility and optical transparency of the PAM hydrogel, the sensing patch enables rapid and reliable glucose detection by both instrumental and visual means. Consequently, a sensitive and visually responsive flexible sensor has been successfully fabricated, offering an effective tool for non-invasive biomarker monitoring in superficial biofluids.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147336799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoyeast-based impedimetric biosensor with mutated single chain antigen-binding fragment anchoring for SARS-CoV-2 detection","authors":"Rafael Cintra Hensel,&nbsp;Elsa Maria Materón,&nbsp;Anna Julia Graboschi Macedo,&nbsp;Breno Vilas Boas Raimundo,&nbsp;Marco Antonio Seiki Kadowaki,&nbsp;Deivys Leandro Portuondo Fuentes,&nbsp;Alberto Gomes Tavares Junior,&nbsp;Letícia de Aquino Penteado,&nbsp;Cleslei Fernando Zanelli,&nbsp;Ricardo Bentes de Azevedo,&nbsp;Marlus Chorilli,&nbsp;Alexandra Ivo de Medeiros,&nbsp;Emanuel Carrilho,&nbsp;Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.,&nbsp;Sandro Roberto Valentini,&nbsp;Tatiana Maria Souza-Moreira","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00799-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00799-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Impedimetric biosensors are useful for pathogen detection as they combine electrical impedance spectroscopy with the specificity of immunological reactions. These devices can be engineered to detect minute changes in electrical impedance caused by interactions between immobilized recognition elements and target antigens in a sample. They are advantageous in allowing for label-free and real-time detection, with the ability to operate without electroactive materials. Herein, we report an impedimetric biosensor containing nanoyeast expressing SARS-CoV-2 antibody fragments as the active layer. Using nanoyeast offers key advantages such as biocompatibility and stability. The single-chain antigen-binding fragment (scFab) against receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 was mutated according to in silico predictions. It was expressed in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> fused to the agglutinin 2 (Aga2), where the binding to Aga1 on the yeast cell wall displays the scFab on the surface of nanofragmented yeast (NY). Electrical impedance monitoring confirmed the successful immobilization of NY onto an adsorbed chitosan layer. This biosensor architecture detected SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with a limit of detection (LoD) of 5 × 10⁻¹⁸ g/mL. It distinguished viral concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 80 plaque-forming units per milliliter (PFU/mL) and demonstrated selectivity for SARS-CoV-2 over H1N1 influenza and Dengue virus. These findings suggest that this biosensing technology could be further adapted for other biomedical and clinical analyses, being promising to improve current pathogen detection methods.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-026-00799-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147323939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifted-gate High-k Quad-Segment TFET biosensor","authors":"Karthikeyan P,&nbsp;VishnuPriya K,&nbsp;Nivetha M","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00794-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00794-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work introduces a novel SG-HKQSTFET (Shifted-Gate High-k Quad-Segment Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor) biosensor designed for ultra-sensitive and label-free biomolecule detection. The structure incorporates a P⁺ source, N⁺ drain, and a segmented P-type channel that includes four vertical regions: <span>({text{V}}_{1})</span>, <span>({text{V}}_{3})</span>, and <span>({text{V}}_{4})</span> as intrinsic and undoped, while <span>({text{V}}_{2})</span> is n-type doped to support efficient band-to-band tunneling. A dual-gate configuration with a nanogap sensing cavity provides improved electrostatic control, while the <span>({text{HfO}}_{2})</span>/<span>({text{SiO}}_{2})</span> dielectric stack strengthens gate coupling and the electric field at the source–channel junction. The shifted-gate architecture further modifies the electric field distribution to improve tunneling efficiency and current conduction. TCAD simulations using Silvaco Atlas under biased and unbiased conditions show that the biased shifted-gate configuration achieves the best performance, with an <span>({text{I}}_{text{ON}}/{text{I}}_{text{OFF}})</span> ratio of 1.16 × 10¹², a low subthreshold swing (SS) of 16.7 mV/dec, and a transconductance (<span>({text{g}}_{text{m}})</span>) of 1.35 × 10⁻⁵ A/V for the MDA-MB-231 biomolecule (K = 22), demonstrating the biosensor’s potential for reliable biomolecule detection.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147300689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}