Biomedical Microdevices最新文献

{"title":"Engineering vascularized brain tumor organoids: bridging the gap between models and reality","authors":"Amirali Hariri,&nbsp;Atefeh Zarepour,&nbsp;Arezoo Khosravi,&nbsp;Mina Mirian,&nbsp;Siavash Iravani,&nbsp;Ali Zarrabi","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00773-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00773-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traditional two-dimensional cultures and patient-derived xenografts fail to fully mimic the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, limiting their utility in drug discovery and personalized medicine. Recent breakthroughs in three-dimensional tumor modeling have led to the development of brain tumor organoids, patient-derived organoids, and bioengineered tumor-on-chip systems that offer more physiologically relevant platforms for studying glioblastoma biology and therapeutic response. One of the key advancements in these models is the incorporation of vascular networks to mimic the neurovascular unit and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Various strategies such as co-culturing with endothelial cells, bio-printing vascularized scaffolds, and utilizing microfluidic platforms have been explored to enhance vascularization within glioblastoma organoids. These models have demonstrated improved nutrient and oxygen exchange, reduced hypoxia, and better maintenance of tumor heterogeneity. However, challenges remain in achieving fully functional capillary networks, BBB integrity, and immune cell integration. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in brain tumor organoid research, focusing on vascularization strategies, their impact on tumor modeling, and their potential applications in drug screening and personalized therapy. We discussed the strengths and limitations of glioblastoma models, highlighted advanced bioengineering techniques for enhancing organoid complexity, and explored future directions for clinically relevant tumor organoids.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145316566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AuNPs-TiS2 modified label-free ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection","authors":"Ulviye Ki̇li̇mci̇,&nbsp;Baha Öndeş,&nbsp;Yüksel Şahi̇n,&nbsp;Murat Uygun,&nbsp;Deniz Aktaş Uygun","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00775-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00775-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, a novel immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determination was designed, and the synergistic effect of zero-dimensional gold nanoparticles and two-dimensional nanomaterials TiS₂ was investigated. In this regard, gold nanoparticles were electrochemically deposited on the surface of the screen-printed electrode (SPE), with MAU employed as a surface activation agent following the insertion of TiS₂ nanosheets. The anti-CEA was attached to the surface through EDC/NHS chemistry, utilizing the carboxy end of MUA attached to AuNPs and TiS₂ nanosheets. The resulting structure was subsequently protected by Nafion, and non-specific binding to the surface was prevented by the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA). In a similar manner, an immunosensor was formulated that did not contain TiS₂. CEA quantification was executed via an impedimetric approach. A comprehensive evaluation of the impedimetric outcomes indicated that the immunosensor comprising AuNPs alone was inadequate in achieving an accurate measurement range. Nevertheless, an immunosensor with a very low concentration range (1-100 pg/mL) and a low limit of detection (LOD, 0.21 pg/mL) value could be prepared through the synergistic effect of TiS₂. The AuNPs-TiS₂-based immunosensor exhibits both high selectivity and reproducibility. Furthermore, the immunosensor exhibits noteworthy storage stability, thus making it well-suited for the quantification of CEA in biological specimens, such as blood. The properties described herein serve to substantiate the hypothesis that the Au-TiS₂-based immunosensor is a promising candidate for clinical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145306682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing breast cancer therapy through microneedle technology: a next-generation drug delivery approach","authors":"Rajshree Ahire,&nbsp;Kavita Singh","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00770-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00770-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Breast cancer (BC) continues to be the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the primary cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally. The traditional treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, are often associated with significant toxicity to healthy tissues and systemic side effects, highlighting the pressing need for safer and more targeted therapeutic strategies. Recently, microneedle innovation has become an evident alternative for delivering anti-neoplastic agents, offering minimally invasive, transdermal administration that can bypass hepatic metabolism and reduce systemic toxicity. Microneedle (MNs) arrays hold potential not only for drug delivery but also for vaccination, diagnostic sampling, and targeted therapy in BC management. However, despite these promising attributes, there exists a notable gap in the scientific literature specifically addressing the application of microneedles in breast cancer therapy, with relatively few comprehensive studies in this domain. This review aims to bridge that gap by summarizing recent advancements in MN-based strategies for breast cancer treatment. It highlights the ability of MNs to enable simultaneous drug loading, controlled release, and improved patient compliance through non-invasive administration. Furthermore, the review discusses MN properties, mechanisms of action, therapeutic benefits, relevant clinical trials, patents, and future challenges, thereby providing a valuable resource for researchers and promoting the translation of MN technology into clinical practice for breast cancer management.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and characterization of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor for detection of Lactobacillus in liquid medium","authors":"M. Rizwan Ali,&nbsp;Sohail Iqbal,&nbsp;Liangliang Fan,&nbsp;Rana Iqtidar Shakoor,&nbsp;Liang Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00772-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00772-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) sensors are pivotal Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) devices for micro-particle detection, offering compact design, high throughput, and low fabrication cost. This work presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a SAW sensor employing a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel as a dual-function waveguide to effectively localize Love Wave (LW) confinement and convert Rayleigh waves to LW. Utilizing a comprehensive approach integrating multi-parametric Finite Element Analysis (FEA), analytical modeling, and experimental validation, two SAW devices with distinct interdigitated transducer (IDT) electrode configurations (12 μm and 38 μm width and spacing) have been developed. FEA and experimental results consistently confirm the superior performance of the 12 μm electrode configuration. This device achieved significant BAW suppression, evidenced by a low insertion loss (S21) of -57 dB (FEA) and a narrow admittance peak (Δf = 0.6 MHz at FWHM), yielding a high Q-factor at its center frequency (fc = 82.5 MHz). Performance metrics for the 12 μm electrode configuration include a reflection coefficient (S11) of -85 × 10⁻⁷ dB (vs. -40 × 10⁻⁸ dB for 38 μm), experimental insertion losses of -64.86 dB, -67.05 dB, and − 69.27 dB for 50, 40, and 30 finger pairs respectively, and low limit of detection (LoD) with higher number of finger pairs. The PDMS waveguide maximized acoustic energy confinement at the surface, enabling efficient Love wave propagation, which minimizes dissipative losses in Liquids. Moreover, the dominant y-direction surface displacement of 0.026 μm, and a higher admittance peak (80 × 10⁻⁷), indicating high sensitivity in liquid medium and high quality (Q) factor, respectively. The sensor’s micro-particle detection capability, based on monitoring IL changes – established as an effective metric for quantifying particle-induced perturbations in flow-through configurations – across varying particle concentrations, has been experimentally validated using 10 μm diameter Polystyrene (PS) particles as Lactobacillus analogs. The strong agreement between analytical, FEA, and experimental results validates this high-fidelity SAW device with integrated microfluidics as a promising, cost-effective, and highly sensitive platform for micro-particle detection in liquid media, with potential extension to gas sensing applications, if used without any waveguide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-photon lithography-fabricated deterministic lateral displacement microfluidic system for efficient minicell purification in cancer therapy","authors":"Sharaj Hegde Sharavu,&nbsp;Sagar Bhagwat,&nbsp;Sebastian Kluck,&nbsp;Büsra Merve Kirpat Konak,&nbsp;Barbara Di Ventura,&nbsp;Pegah Pezeshkpour,&nbsp;Bastian E. Rapp","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00774-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00774-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chromosome-less minicells, derived from aberrant polar division events of bacterial cells, have emerged as promising nanocarriers for targeted cancer drug delivery due to their unique characteristics. A major challenge in their purification process lies in effectively isolating such spherical minicells (&lt; 1 μm) from their rod-shaped parental cells (1–10 μm). This study investigates the use of Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) microfluidic systems for minicell purification, leveraging Two-Photon Lithography (TPL) for the rapid prototyping of high-resolution designs optimized for this purpose. Under laminar flow conditions, we investigated key DLD design parameters including symmetric and asymmetric post gaps, outlet widths, dual post arrays, fluidic-resistance-optimized design. To enhance separation efficiency, we developed a two-stage microfluidic separation system combining a spiral inertial chip and an optimized DLD chip in series. Utilizing high-resolution TPL for chip fabrication of an inertial chip with 12 spirals and an asymmetric DLD chip with a 2 μm downstream post gap, we achieved a separation efficiency of 94%. This high efficiency achieved using microfluidics for the separation of cells differing in both shape and size, demonstrates the potential of advanced microfluidic systems in cell sorting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-025-00774-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncloggable ventriculoperitoneal shunt system for hydrocephalus via an integrated soft robotic device: CLEARS device","authors":"Yau C. Yun,&nbsp;David R. Santiago-Dieppa,&nbsp;Minghao Li,&nbsp;Aditya Vasan,&nbsp;Alexander Khalessi,&nbsp;James Friend","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00769-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00769-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt obstruction, often caused by protein and fat accumulation at the ventricular catheter ports, impedes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow, increases intracranial pressure (ICP), and leads to hydrocephalus. Current treatments require invasive shunt removal, reimplantation, or retrograde flush cleansing. We present a next-generation VP shunt system that actively removes blockages via external actuation. Our system, called CLogging Elimination ActuatoR Silicone (CLEARS), integrates a soft, expandable silicone tube within the catheter lumen. This soft robotic insert, capable of 900% strain, can inflate to dislodge blockages and then deflate to restore flow. To test CLEARS, we developed an ex vivo model simulating CSF flow and obstruction using a rapidly acting clogging agent. ICP upstream of the catheter was monitored to evaluate performance. When obstructed with 3 g of the clogging agent, ICP rose to 30 cmH<span>(_2)</span>O. Upon CLEARS activation, the silicone insert expanded through catheter ports and successfully removed the clog, restoring baseline ICP (<span>(sim)</span>0 cmH<span>(_2)</span>O) within approximately 40 s. Without the system, obstruction persisted and pressure remained elevated. Visual documentation confirmed the mechanism of action. The CLEARS system offers a promising solution to VP shunt occlusion by enabling non-invasive mechanical declogging. Our model replicates shunt obstruction and CSF dynamics, providing a testbed for device evaluation. The expandable insert maintained catheter flow and reduced ICP to normal levels after obstruction, representing a potential shift in how hydrocephalus is treated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-025-00769-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145032630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of EGFR mutations at pM concentration in ten minutes using a microfluidic concentration and separation module","authors":"Jeffrey Teillet,&nbsp;Anne Pradines,&nbsp;Naima Hanoun,&nbsp;Jules Edwards,&nbsp;Pierre Joseph,&nbsp;Anne-Marie Gué,&nbsp;Aurélien Bancaud,&nbsp;Pierre Cordelier","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00767-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00767-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation detection is now commonly used in the management of cancer patients, particularly those diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer. Molecular beacon-based sensing is direct and rapid, but its sensitivity is low. Conversely, high-sensitivity detection methodologies based on amplification are robust and sensitive but are limited by relatively require long turnaround times. In this study, we utilized a size-resolved, molecular beacon-based strategy for the rapid detection of EGFR genomic alterations, specifically exon 19 deletions and L858R point mutation. This technology combines a concentration and separation module, which allows us to successfully demonstrate the detection of deletions and point mutations of EGFR in five minutes with a mutant allele sensitivity of 10%. The use of a dual-color detection insures fast detection with a reduced risk of false positives. This work represents a first step toward the fast and specific detection of genetic mutations to improve the management of patients with hard-to-treat tumors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-025-00767-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aptamer and graphene-enhanced field-effect device for the sensitive and label-free detection of adenosine triphosphate","authors":"Muhammad Noman Bashir,&nbsp;Miaomiao Wang,&nbsp;Yating Chen,&nbsp;Yuxuan Yuan,&nbsp;Beenish Noureen,&nbsp;Minggao Liu,&nbsp;Yage Liu,&nbsp;Zhan Qu,&nbsp;Liping Du,&nbsp;Chunsheng Wu","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00765-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00765-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The urgent need for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection spans various fields, particularly in biology and medicine. Developing a simple, quick, label-free, and highly sensitive biosensor for ATP detection is crucial. In this study, we created a label-free biosensor using a field-effect device, specifically an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor, which was functionalized with aptamer and graphene. We prepared a nanocomplex by combining graphene with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS and subjecting it to ultrasonication. This Graphene/BSA mixture was then combined with 70% glutaraldehyde to form the Graphene/BSA/GA nanocomplex. The successful modification of the EIS biosensor surface with Graphene/BSA/GA and aptamer immobilization was confirmed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), which indicated successful molecule attachment through surface roughness. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the biosensor is sensitive to ATP concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 100 nM, with a detection limit as low as 0.32 nM. Statistical analysis demonstrated the biosensor’s high sensitivity and specificity for ATP. Furthermore, the biosensor maintained stable performance for ATP detection over a period of 5 days. This sensing approach effectively detected ATP with outstanding performance, showing significant potential for advancing label-free ATP detection technologies.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices for detection and diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections","authors":"Luca Pellegrino,&nbsp;Alberto Bulgarelli,&nbsp;Cristina Belgiovine,&nbsp;Mattia Loppini,&nbsp;Roberto Rusconi","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00768-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00768-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication of prosthetic joint implantation, which poses a significant burden on both individuals and society. Effective treatment relies on the rapid identification of the underlying cause; however, the diagnosis of PJI remains challenging, inefficient, and time-consuming. Current detection protocols based on clinical signs and conventional cultures often fail to provide definitive results. Additionally, advanced molecular analyses of synovial fluid samples, while effective, require specialized personnel and are impractical for on-site applications. This review aims to highlight the potential of microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip technologies in enhancing the identification of PJI, offering a rapid and accurate diagnostic method.</p>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-025-00768-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic selection of viable Legionella cells by a video-based, quantifiable dielectrophoresis approach","authors":"Madeline Altmann,&nbsp;Anders Henriksson,&nbsp;Peter Neubauer,&nbsp;Mario Birkholz","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00762-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00762-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The accurate selection of living from dead pathogenic cells is crucial as exemplified in the context of detecting <i>Legionella</i> bacteria, which can be present in various water facilities and pose a threat to public health by causing severe respiratory problems. Traditional methods for <i>Legionella</i> detection, such as cultivation, are time-consuming, taking several days to yield valid results. Additionally, widely used bioanalytical methods like PCR lack the ability to distinguish between living and dead cells, leading to the potential for false-positive results. While dielectrophoresis has been proposed as a promising method for separating living and dead cells, our study contrasts with existing literature, revealing that the separation process and parameter characterization are non-trivial. In response to this challenge, our work introduces a novel, systematic approach of automated video analysis capable of quantifying the dielectrophoretic response of cells. By assigning a response coefficient to the dielectrophoretic effect at different conditions, our method identifies a narrow window for successful cell selection of viable <i>Legionella</i> cells from the non-pathogenic species <i>L. parisiensis</i> utilizing a microfluidic flow cell with top–bottom electrodes. These findings serve as a crucial pre-step in <i>Legionella</i> sensing, demonstrating applicability in experiments focused on the most relevant pathogenic species, <i>L. pneumophila</i>. Moreover, our method can be transferred to other cell types for quantitative detection of the dielectrophoretic response and identify optimal separation parameters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12310904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144740782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}