IEEE Sensors Journal最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of the Uncertainty in Measurements of Polymer Pellets Using Microwave Resonant Sensors","authors":"Dania Covarrubias-Martínez;Humberto Lobato-Morales;Alonso Corona-Chávez;Juan Manuel Ramírez-Cortés;Germán Andrés Álvarez-Botero;Gabriela Méndez-Jerónimo;Tejinder Kaur Kataria","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3488556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3488556","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis and evaluation of the uncertainty in microwave measurements of some polymer plastic materials in the form of small pellets is presented in this article. Two different resonant sensors, cavity and planar, operating around 2.45 GHz are used to measure the materials. The presented uncertainty analysis is based on the measured resonant parameters from the sensors and represents a statistical tool capable of generating relevant information such as an adequate number of tests, uncertainty levels, correlation coefficient, covariance matrix, and confidence ellipses, which can be highly useful in the analysis of pellet or grained materials using microwave methods, and for fast and accurate decisions involving materials evaluation. It will be shown that a number of 40 tests for each sample is adequate for a stable uncertainty, and due to the E-field distribution and interaction with the samples, the cavity sensor develops lower uncertainty in resonant frequency compared to the planar circuit, thus, it can be a more reliable sensor for polymer pellet measurements.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"40839-40846"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142842002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conductance Spectroscopy: A Novel Technique for Ultra-Selective Chemical Detection","authors":"Anuvindh R;Sukanya Mahalik;Amritendu Roy;Akshay K;Sayan Dey","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3488531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3488531","url":null,"abstract":"The present work demonstrated a novel conduction spectroscopic technique for the detection of trace levels of chemicals at room temperature. The technique analyzes the second harmonic current variations of a surface-engineered resistance device. The device was fabricated by growing MoS2 nanosheets decorated with ordered nanoflakes on a Si/SiO2 substrate in a two-terminal device architecture. It was subjected to a dc voltage sweep, with varying concentrations of acetone (25%–100%), and its second harmonic spectra were analyzed against wavenumbers (k). The spectra revealed well-distinguished peaks at k values of ~800, ~1400, ~1700, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 2900~text {cm}^{-{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 corresponding to O-H bending, C-H bending, C=O stretching, and C-H stretching vibrational modes of the acetone molecule, respectively. The spectra can also be used to identify the nature of the bonds as oxidizing or reducing bonds, based on their effect on the carrier transport, from the direction of the peaks in the spectra. The technique showed unique spectra for NH4OH and 2-propanol, easily distinguishable from acetone. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of acetone peaks at varying concentrations demonstrated phase change to geminal-diol, giving a quantitative estimation of phase-change reactions. The device was highly repeatable, reproducible, and chemically stable for up to 60 days. Thus, the study proposed a novel chemical detection technique utilizing a resistive element to perform bond identification, reaction rates, phase-change studies, and semiconductor characterization with high accuracy. Hence, this technique may be generalized to compete with its optical counterparts by offering a portable system with ultrahigh detection efficiency toward unknown chemicals.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"40417-40422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Parameter Optical Fiber Sensor Using Photopolymer Microtips","authors":"Yu Zhang;Jiangnan Zhao;Zhuo Ren;Yifan Qin;Zhihai Liu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487997","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and develop a two-parameter optical fiber sensor based on photopolymer microtips, which may measure both refractive index (RI) and temperature simultaneously. We fabricate the sensor by growing two microtips on the end face of a twin-core fiber (TCF) and launch two beams of supercontinuous laser source with a wide spectral range into two cores independently. One microtips works as an RI sensing unit. The laser entering into the microtip will produce multimode interference (MMI), and the interference spectrum will shift along with the environmental RI. The other microtip works as a temperature-sensing unit. To improve the temperature sensitivity, we coat a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the surface of the microtip. We receive the reflective spectrum with two overlapped MMIs, separate the spectrum by using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method, and finally, realize the independent detection of the two parameters. Experimental results show that the RI sensitivity is −274 nm/RIU with the range of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.33sim 1.413$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 RIU, while the temperature sensitivity is 1.188 nm/°C with the range of 10 °C–90 °C. In practical application, we construct a matrix equation with the testing sensitivity to solve the crosstalk between two parameters. The proposed two-parameter optical fiber sensor, featuring the benefits of low cost, easy manufacturing, and simplicity of structure, can find potential application prospects in various areas such as industry, environment, and medicine.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"40964-40971"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical and Photoelectrochemical Optional-Mode Glucose Sensing Realized by Nanopatterned Au-TiO₂ Schottky Junction","authors":"Shaolong Wu;Lu Ma;Lipeng Qiu;Linling Qin;Xiaofeng Li","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3488697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3488697","url":null,"abstract":"Optical and electrochemical sensors have been widely employed to detect biochemical substances, but each one has its own strengths and weaknesses. In this study, an optical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) optional-mode sensor based on the nanopatterned metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure is proposed for glucose detection. The MSM structure is designed and prepared by sequentially stacking a TiO2 film and the orderly Au nanodisks (NDs) on an Al film, and the Au and TiO2 contact forms the Schottky junction. In the optical term, the nanopatterned Au-TiO2 Schottky junction coupled with the Al film can produce an enhanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect, which is used to construct a refractive-index sensor. In electrical terms, the Au-TiO2 Schottky junction can collect photogenerated carriers via the oxidation of glucose, resulting in an observable photocurrent changing with glucose concentration; that is, the prepared sensor can optionally work in optical and PEC modes. In the optical mode, the sensitivity for the design and experiment is 968.8 and 364.9 nmRIU-1, respectively. In the PEC mode, the sensitivity at relatively zero bias and under one-sun illumination is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1050~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000AM-1cm-2 within the glucose concentration range of 0–10 mM. This work provides an alternate route to the achievement of multimode sensors for the large-concentration-range and low-detection-limit detection.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"40376-40383"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Resolution Seawater Density Sensor Based on Michelson Interferometer","authors":"Xiaoxue Bai;Xin Wang;Muzi Zhang;Shanshan Zhao;Mengzhen Wang;Shiyu Chen;Juan Su;Chi Wu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3486738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3486738","url":null,"abstract":"A novel seawater density sensor has been developed, offering high resolution and improved accuracy. The sensor employs a Michelson interferometer as the core sensing element, measuring density by directly incorporating seawater samples into the measurement path. To enhance measurement precision, standard seawater is used in the reference path to mitigate temperature and dispersion effects. The sensor system consists of a superluminescent diode and an interrogator, forming a compact, high-sampling-rate wavelength demodulation system, that is, particularly suitable for measuring seawater density with high spatiotemporal variability. However, the spectrum collected by the interrogator suffers from discontinuity. To address this issue, we designed a high-precision multi wavelength demodulation algorithm. This algorithm not only analyzes the movement of each resonance peak with a resolution of 0.0008 nm within a 70-nm detection range but also enables continuous tracking of specific resonance peaks via a dynamic adjustment mechanism. It overcomes the measurement range constraints typically faced by interference-based sensors, which are limited to a single free spectral range (FSR). The experimental validations demonstrate the sensor’s capability, achieving a density resolution of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.79 times 10^{-{5}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 kg/m3 and an extended measurement range exceeding 35 kg/m3. The sensor’s average relative error in density measurement is 0.0144%, highlighting its effectiveness and potential for advanced oceanographic research.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"40400-40408"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SimplyMime: A Dynamic Gesture Recognition and Authentication System for Smart Remote Control","authors":"Sibi C. Sethuraman;Gaurav Reddy Tadkapally;Athresh Kiran;Saraju P. Mohanty;Anitha Subramanian","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487070","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread use of consumer electronics in today’s society highlights the ever-evolving landscape of technology. With the constant influx of new devices into our households, the accumulation of multiple infrared remote controls, required for their operation, causes not only wasteful energy consumption and resource depletion but also a disordered user environment. To tackle these issues, we present SimplyMime, an innovative system that aims to eliminate the need for multiple remote controls in the realm of consumer electronics, while providing users with an intuitive control experience. SimplyMime uses a dynamic hand gesture recognition framework that seamlessly integrates artificial intelligence with human-computer interaction, allowing users to easily interact with a wide range of electronic devices. The keypoint model used for gesture identification provides a flexible system that can be easily adapted to recognize a variety of hand gestures, even complex ones. In addition, SimplyMime introduces a novel Siamese-based hand palmprint authentication system that acts as the security module for our work and ensures that only authorized individuals can control the devices. The system’s hand detection is enhanced by a customized single-shot multibox detector (SSD) algorithm, which narrows its anchor boxes and uses a feature pyramid network (FPN) to identify hands across different feature maps, serving as a resource-efficient model. Extensive testing on numerous benchmark datasets has proven the effectiveness of our proposed methodology in detecting and recognizing gestures within motion streams, achieving impressive levels of accuracy.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"42472-42483"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Microwave Sensor System Based on M-SRRs for Assessing the Complex Permittivity of Liquid Samples","authors":"Wen-Jing Wu;Hao Xie;Wen-Sheng Zhao;Wensong Wang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487485","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a differential modified split-ring resonator (M-SRR)-based microwave sensor system is proposed to extract the complex permittivity of liquid samples. The proposed sensor system is constituted by the differential circuit part and demodulator; meanwhile, the differential circuit part consists of an RF generator, two RF switches, and two M-SRR-based passive sensors. The confinement of electrical field can be enhanced for the SRR-based passive sensor with interdigital capacitor added, and two RF switches are added to realize the capability of differential detection. For the differential circuit part, the upper path would be activated when the RF switches are turned to the upper branch, and this output signal is used as a reference signal. Besides, the lower path would be activated when the RF switches are turned to the lower branch, which is regarded as a test channel. The demodulator contains a power divider, hybrid coupler, transmission line (TL), mixer, and low-pass filter (LPF), and it can convert the power level of RF signal into an output dc voltage. As known, the injected liquid samples with various complex permittivity would induce the different output dc voltages, and then, the mathematical model describing the association between dc voltage and complex permittivity is built. In the test, the RF generator outputs an RF signal at about 1790 MHz with the power level of 10 dBm, and the average sensitivities of about 0.807 and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${1.12}~text {mV} /{varepsilon }_{r}^{prime }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 are obtained, which are enhanced by about 7.6%–49.3% than recently reported ones. The sensitivity of per unit volume is calculated as 0.615/0.229 mV/(\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$varepsilon _{r}^{prime }cdot text { VL}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) as the volume of liquid sample is about \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.9~mu text { L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The proposed sensor system is a strong contender in the field of detecting liquid samples.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"40827-40838"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142843064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation, Design, and Application of Intelligent-Edge-Based Soft Magnetic Tactile Sensor With Super-Resolution","authors":"Yanmin Zhou;Yijie Luo;Zheng Yan;Yiyang Jin;Shuo Jiang;Zhipeng Wang;Bin He","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3486921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3486921","url":null,"abstract":"Tactile is one of the sensation foundations for robots to achieve dexterous manipulations and trusted interactions. Among the proposed tactile sensor solutions in literature, soft magnetic tactile sensors have received widespread attentions due to their advantages, such as replaceable elastomers, high frequency, high sensitivity, and super-resolution (SR) potentials. In traditional sensor architectures, the sensors collect raw sensing data, which are transmitted to the PCs for the SR algorithms for the feedback control of actuators later on. Therefore, there is an irreconcilable contradiction between the large amount of data processing for high resolution and the real-time requirements for the control of actuators. In this article, we have designed an improved soft magnetic tactile sensor. Its elastomer thickness, magnetic particles’ doping ratio, and the sensitive element layout are optimized based on a simplified theoretical model. An intelligent tactile sensor is achieved by performing SR model reasoning independently with quantized convolutional neural network (CNN) model at the edge, saving the trouble of great data transmission between sensor and PC. An average cycle time is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3260~mu {s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for each edge-based inference. The RMSE of the contact position and force estimation reaches 0.2689 mm and 36.24 mN, respectively. Meanwhile, the wireless connection among intelligent edge sensors via Bluetooth/Wi-Fi enables free displacement of the sensors at various locations of robots in single, pair, or matrix form for various real-time sensory feedback applications with high resolution, which are also demonstrated in this work. This work would provide reference for the design and implementation of intelligent edge sensors of robots.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"42460-42471"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10741244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Linearity Microwave Displacement Sensor","authors":"Juan-Mateo Meza-Arenas;Jose-Luis Olvera-Cervantes;Alonso Corona-Chavez","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487474","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a new planar microwave sensor for displacement measurements. The sensor is based on a modified triangular-shaped quarter-wavelength resonator that has the advantage of maintaining its linearity throughout the required displacement range due to its reduced ground capacitance when compared to conventional resonators. Designs of three different sensors are shown for displacement ranges of 4, 14, and 24 mm. Their figure of merit (FoM) is FoM =0.5 for the 4-mm sensor, 0.7 for the 14-mm sensor, and 0.97 for the 24-mm sensor. Moreover, the midrange sensor (14 mm) was manufactured to operate in a frequency range from 700 MHz to 2 GHz having an FoM =0.7. This sensor is operated using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and an alternative reflectometer board for onsite applications. The experimental values show errors of less than 4% when comparing the VNA and the reflectometer results.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"40819-40826"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigation of Mechanical Crosstalk in Resonant Beam Accelerometers","authors":"Théo Miani;Thierry Verdot;Audrey Berthelot;Federico Maspero;Alexandra Koumela;Philippe Robert;Giacomo Langfelder;Julien Arcamone;Marc Sansa","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3487230","url":null,"abstract":"Resonant micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) beam accelerometers have demonstrated remarkable sensitivity and stability, enabling applications in seismology and gravimetry while keeping a small footprint. However, mechanical crosstalk and resonance mode coupling have shown to be specially detrimental to the operation of this kind of accelerometers, especially when employing nanoresonators as the transduction element. In this study, we investigate the mechanical crosstalk of nanoresonator-based accelerometers, through measurement, modeling, and simulation of a pendulum accelerometer. We introduce a novel methodology for the early identification of crosstalk during the accelerometer design phase, facilitating proactive detection and mitigation of this issue. Finally, we propose an innovative technique that effectively minimizes mechanical crosstalk with a minimum impact on performance, applicable to a large number of structures. This involves the mechanical decoupling of vibrational modes within the beam resonator from the rest of the accelerometer structure.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 24","pages":"40568-40574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}