IEEE Sensors Journal最新文献

{"title":"Advanced In Situ Nitrate Sensing and Wireless Data Transmission Prototype for Precision Soil Fertility Monitoring","authors":"Karthik Kakaraparty;Mohammad Solaiman;Erik A. Pineda;Ali Reza Galib;A. K. M. Sarwar Inam;Shah Zayed Riam;Ifana Mahbub;Shawana Tabassum","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592875","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive fertilizer application leads to inefficient resource utilization, increased costs, and environmental pollution, while reduced fertilizer application can lower crop yield and productivity. Yet, farmers lack real-time soil nitrate monitoring tools, as existing field detection methods compromise sensitivity, stability, deployment simplicity, or real-time data transmission, hindering sustainable nutrient management. This study presents a comprehensive solution that tackles these challenges by integrating an in situ potentiometric nitrate sensor with a dual-band wireless data link for communication from underground-to-aboveground (UG2AG). The potentiometric nitrate sensor, featuring a poly(3-octylthiophene) and molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite transducer layer, demonstrates high sensitivity of −82.2 mV<inline-formula> <tex-math>$/$ </tex-math></inline-formula>dec, a detection limit of 6.34 ppm, and stable operation at soil depths of 5, 10, and 30 cm for ten continuous days. Its resilience to even low soil moisture levels (10%, 20%, and 30%) ensures reliable performance across diverse field conditions. To facilitate efficient UG2AG data transmission, a custom dual-band antenna operates at 850 MHz and 2.45 GHz, achieving realized gains of 2.03 and 2.38 dBi, respectively. The lower frequency band ensures robust signal penetration, while the higher band provides faster data transmission for real-time monitoring. Experimental results validate reliable wireless data transfer with less than 1% error at distances of 2 and 4 m. This system integrates advanced sensing and communication technologies, offering scalable, energy-efficient solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and resource sustainability.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32084-32096"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Optimization of the Mode-Order-Optimized Disk Gyroscope With High Mechanical Sensitivity","authors":"Zhengcheng Qin;Zhenwei Huang;Dailiang Xie","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592205","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a methodology for optimizing the mechanical sensitivity of disk gyroscopes while maintaining an optimized mode order. First, the working principle and the detrimental effects of the parasitic mode are analyzed to highlight the importance of sensitivity and mode order. Subsequently, the degradation of the operation mode’s quality factor due to parasitic mode coupling is analyzed. Therefore, mode-order-optimized disk gyroscopes with one layer of masses hung in the innermost space are proposed. Then, critical parametric analyses are implemented to reveal the challenge in searching for the maximum mechanical sensitivity due to the narrow feasible domain satisfying mode order optimization. Thus, the dynamic <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varepsilon $ </tex-math></inline-formula> constrained differential evolution (DE) algorithm is strategically adopted to improve the mechanical sensitivity that meets constraint conditions, and the <inline-formula> <tex-math>${n} =2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode identification and retrieval method based on the angular gain is developed to ensure the normal operation of the optimization method. To validate the effectiveness and scalability of this method, it is applied to gyroscopes with 3–6 rings. The results demonstrate that each optimized gyroscope achieves maximum mechanical sensitivity while maintaining the <inline-formula> <tex-math>${n} =2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode as the first order with a frequency separation no less than 1000 Hz. These findings conclusively validate the efficacy of the proposed optimization methodology and provide a valuable reference for other micromachined sensor designs.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32416-32425"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene-Printed Sheet Textiles for AI-Driven Infant Sleep Position Recognition With a Resistance Tomography-Inspired Approach","authors":"Nicola Pesce;Lavanya Rani Ballam;Fabrizio Marra;Alessio Tamburrano","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592469","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a graphene-printed textile sensor system for infant sleep position recognition, leveraging an electrical resistance tomography (ERT)-inspired approach combined with AI-driven analysis. The system consists of a crib-sized mattress covered with a coated fitted sheet (CFS), created via screen printing of a graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)-based ink onto fabric. The coated fabric exhibited piezoresistive behavior, with gauge factors of 9.9 (in the wale direction) and 1.2 (in the course direction) at a 2.7% strain. Voltage data, acquired using an ERT-inspired protocol, were analyzed through machine learning (ML) models to identify sleep positions, including potentially hazardous ones associated with conditions, such as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The system was calibrated through experiments with a wooden cube and a wooden dummy, supported by finite element method (FEM) simulations to replicate the fabric’s mechanical and electromechanical behavior, enabling synthetic training data generation. Final validation of the CFS involved testing with a lifelike infant mannequin under three conditions: direct contact with the sensorized sheet, the presence of a blanket interposed between the mannequin and the sheet, and induced electrode malfunctions. The classification framework included: 1) general posture recognition (supine, lateral, and face-down); 2) detailed classification (DC) of 30 specific postures, including hazardous ones; and 3) a hierarchical strategy to improve classification robustness and generalization. The system achieved 99.4% accuracy in direct contact and 94.8% with a blanket placed between the mannequin and the sheet, confirming its robustness for real-world monitoring. The proposed solution offers a nonintrusive, scalable, and privacy-preserving alternative to traditional monitoring methods.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32404-32415"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Field and Temperature Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on PDMS and Fe3O4 Magnetized Film","authors":"Changzhang Jiang;Cong Chen;Zujun Qin","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592223","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of multiphysical sensing technologies is imperative for intelligent electromagnetic systems and subsurface exploration, where concurrent monitoring of magnetic flux density and thermal parameters under extreme conditions remains challenging due to limitations in miniaturization, cross-sensitivity, and environmental robustness. We propose a novel optical fiber sensor based on a Fabry–Perot interferometric (FPI) cavity for simultaneous magnetic field and temperature measurements. The sensor is formed by fusion-splicing a single-mode fiber (SMF) with a segment of hollow-core fiber (HCF), with a magnetized composite film deposited on the HCF end face. The film formed by blending polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and iron oxide (Fe₃O₄), where PDMS offers a high thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) while Fe₃O₄ provides magnetic responsiveness to the film. Magnetic field variations and temperature changes, respectively, modulate the FPI cavity length through structural deformation of the magnetized film and thermal expansion effects, enabling dual-parameter sensing capabilities. Experimental results demonstrate a maximum temperature sensitivity of −0.374 nm/°C in the range of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$36.5~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$42~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C and a magnetic field sensitivity of 0.115 nm/mT in the range of 66–78 mT. A dual-parameter sensitivity matrix algorithm effectively resolves cross-sensitivity, facilitating simultaneous temperature-magnetic field discrimination. The sensor architecture combines high-sensitivity compact form factor, and operational robustness, demonstrating particular promise for electromagnetic monitoring and geophysical exploration applications.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32707-32712"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Detection of Lithium Using a Low-Cost Ion-Imprinted Polymer-Based Microfluidic Sensor","authors":"Ayobami Elisha Oseyemi;Pouya Rezai","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592455","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive lithium (Li⁺) discharge into water systems poses environmental and health risks, necessitating accurate and selective monitoring. Most state-of-the-art approaches involve coating receptors onto electrodes, a process that is time-, cost-, and labor-intensive. This study presents a microfluidic electrochemical sensor that integrates a stand-alone, in situ synthesized lithium-ion imprinted polymer (Li-IIP) membrane, eliminating the need for electrode surface pretreatment and receptor-layer bonding. The methacrylic acid (MAA) membrane-based Li-IIP sensor achieved a limit of detection (LoD) of 168 ppb, a limit of quantification (LoQ) of 185 ppb, and a sensitivity of 11.6 nA/ppm, representing a 64.9% reduction in LoD and a 4.6-fold reduction in LoQ compared with the MAA-based nonimprinted polymer (NIP) sensor, and a 6.8-fold and 8.9-fold reduction in LoD and LoQ, respectively, compared with the membrane-less sensor. Specificity studies revealed 35.5% and 138.8% greater response to Li⁺ than Na⁺ and K⁺, respectively, at 20 ppm. Selectivity studies demonstrated 25–74.6% stronger responses in Li-dominant mixtures. Interference tests showed moderate to minimal suppression from competing molecules, i.e., NaCl, KCl, NaNO₃, KNO₃, and Na₂SO₄ at 10 and 20 ppm. Recovery tests in real tap waters yielded 68.5%, 74.3%, and 93.6% for 20, 30, and 40 ppm Li⁺ spikes with less than 5% relative standard deviation (SD). The standalone membrane-based microfluidic design of this sensor has the potential to enable a cost-effective, portable, and scalable solution for real-time Li⁺ monitoring in water quality, environmental surveillance, and lithium extraction applications in the future.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32074-32083"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Spiral Long-Period Fiber Grating With Intermediate Period Inscribed by Femtosecond Laser","authors":"Yujie Kong;Li Li;Zhenwei Li;Min Luo","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592247","url":null,"abstract":"We presented a highly sensitive refractive index (RI) sensor based on a spiral long-period fiber grating (SLPG), which was inscribed near the core region of a single-mode fiber (SMF) by a femtosecond (fs) laser. Due to the RI modulation (RIM) with a period of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$40~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m, the transmission spectrum exhibits multiple resonant dips that correspond to multiple high-order cladding modes with different orders. When the surrounding RI (SRI) of external medium approaches the cutoff band, the resonance valley will gradually become shallower from long wavelength to short wavelength owing to that the confinement of high-order cladding modes is becoming weaker. For the selected dips, the proposed structure can achieve ultrahigh RI sensitivities up to 3991.46 dB/RIU from 1.4292 to 1.4321 and 6006.67 dB/RIU from 1.4329 to 1.4341. Moreover, since each dip responds differently with discrepant RI sensitivities and sensitive RI zones, the quasi-continuous property makes it possible to expand the RI sensing range further. Featured with ultrahigh RI sensitivity, high resolution, tunable RI response, robust structure, compact size, and ease of fabrication, the proposed structure has potential from biochemical monitoring to biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32713-32725"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A High-Current Measurement System Based on Cross-Fringe Measurement Technology and Optical Path Error Compensation","authors":"Guochen Wang;Zenglei Liu;Yuxin Zhao;Wenlong Yang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592212","url":null,"abstract":"A large-range and high-precision fiber optic current transformer (FOCT) based on cross-fringe measurement technology was proposed and implemented. Compared with the traditional FOCT, this transformer uses cross-fringe technology to increase the range of the transformer without sacrificing accuracy. An algorithm was used to compensate for the nonideal optical path errors in the optical path, improving the measurement accuracy of the transformer. Experiments verified the above theory. This transformer can measure currents exceeding 500 kA, and after optical path compensation, with a rated measurement current of 180 kA, the ratio error within 1%–120% of the rated current did not exceed 0.2 accuracy. The application of this optical fiber current transformer proves that it has the potential to be applied in the field of large current measurement.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32698-32706"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and Topology Optimization of the Thermal Stability in Laser 4-DOF Measurement Systems","authors":"Wan Fang;Yong-Jun Wang;Li-Ying Liu;Shao-Hua Ma;Xiao-Juan Mo;Zhen-Ying Cheng;Rui-Jun Li","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592324","url":null,"abstract":"A novel design method based on topology optimization is proposed and demonstrated to enhance thermal stability in laser four-degree-of-freedom (4-DOF) measurement systems against environmental temperature fluctuations. The overall thermal deformation of the measurement systems is calculated by finite element analysis. The thermal errors caused by thermal deformation of workpieces are analyzed and modeled. The workpieces of the 4-DOF measurement systems are designed using topology optimization, resulting in a 50% reduction in thermal deformation. Furthermore, the temperature field of the measurement system is optimized by incorporating thermal insulation materials, and stability experiments are performed on the system both before and after optimization. The stability of the laser beam is improved by 53.9%, 49.0%, 58.0%, and 52.5% in two angular and two straightness directions, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively enhances the stability of the 4-DOF measurement systems and can be applied to improve the thermal stability of other precision instruments.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32870-32879"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility Study of Optical Fiber Surface Condensation Sensors for Sewer Pipelines","authors":"Lachlan Anderson;Peter Dekker;Thomas Kuen;Heriberto Bustamante;Michael Withford;Martin Ams","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592454","url":null,"abstract":"High humidity and condensation contribute significantly to the corrosion of concrete wastewater pipelines. Condensation promotes the growth of a biofilm that converts hydrogen sulfide gas emitted from the wastewater into sulfuric acid, which corrodes the concrete. Due to the harsh gaseous environment in sewer systems, conventional electronic sensors are unsuitable for use where they typically fail in a few weeks. Optical fiber temperature and relative humidity (RH) sensors have demonstrated long-term operation in hostile wastewater environments. Though for insights into condensation formation, dew point measurements can provide more valuable information than RH measurements. In this article, we show how optical fiber temperature and RH sensors can provide an additional layer of information pertaining to dew point. It was found that fiber sensors could accurately calculate the dew point and detect the onset of condensation in a static laboratory environment. However, there are nuances around the absorbing nature of concrete surfaces which have been investigated to help unpack how this additional feature can be unlocked for existing deployments in sewer pipelines. The implementation of these sensors into corrosion management can inform preventative strategies such as ventilation and chemical dosing, whilst also providing important data for modeling corrosion across the network.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32726-32732"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of ITO-In2O3 Thin-Film Thermocouples on NiCoCrAlY Coating for In Situ Aeroengine Alloy Blades Temperature Monitoring","authors":"Jiangjiang Liu;Zhongkai Zhang;Bian Tian;Zhaojun Liu;Luntao Chen;Nengchao Lu;Jiaming Lei;Bogang Liu;Shuimin Li;Xu Fan;Le Li","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3592265","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring the internal temperature of aeroengines is crucial for ensuring their performance and safety, as excessive temperatures can lead to engine failure. However, traditional temperature measurement methods exhibit limitations, such as interference with the flow field and an inability to conduct in situ temperature measurements while providing real-time feedback. In this study, a multinode thermocouple sensor was developed for the in situ temperature detection of the surface of aeroengine blades. The thin-film architecture of the sensor facilitates in situ preparation without disrupting the surface smoothness of the tested component. To achieve this, a multilayer film structure was created on the blade surface using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology, employing NiCoCrAlY alloy as the transition layer and Al₂O₃ as the insulating layer material. ITO-In₂O₃ thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) were subsequently deposited directly onto the surface of the aeroengine turbine blades using magnetron sputtering technology (MST). Performance tests indicate that TFTC sensors annealed at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$900~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C can achieve an average Seebeck coefficient of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$64.30~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>V/°C, with a repeatability of 96.9% at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$850~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C and a laser dynamic response time of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$11.69~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s. Under high-temperature airflow conditions, the sensor maintained excellent thermoelectric output performance and temperature measurement capability. The proposed sensor, after further optimization, may be suitable for in situ monitoring of temperatures within aircraft engine turbines. This capability would be valuable for performance assessment, failure detection, and the optimization of turbine blades.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32146-32156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}