Sohaib Majzoub;Anis Allagui;Ahmed S. Elwakil;Di Zhang
{"title":"Wideband Signal Generation Using Egyptian Fractions and Application to Instantaneous Impedance Measurements","authors":"Sohaib Majzoub;Anis Allagui;Ahmed S. Elwakil;Di Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3563340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3563340","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we investigate the use of Egyptian fractions to construct wideband signals with a near-flat power spectrum. In particular, it is well-known that wideband signals can be obtained using composite multisine signals. However, the choice of the frequencies and/or phase shifts in these sinusoids is critical to approach a flat power spectrum with a low crest factor. A number of known methods, such as using Rudin-Shapiro polynomials or random phases, have been used in this problem. However, the use of Egyptian fractions has not been explored yet, despite being easier to generate and implement. Here, we construct multisine signals (in the form of a voltage) based on different Egyptian fraction sequences (EFSs) and use them to measure the linear time-invariant impedance of an RC circuit and then the instantaneous impedance of nonlinear time-varying solar cell. Two methods are used to generate these signals: 1) the EFSs are assigned to the phase angles or 2) they are used to set the values of the angular frequencies. The accuracy of measurements is assessed via comparison to the standard sine-sweep method using a research-grade Biologic VSP-300 electrochemical station showing acceptable results.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 11","pages":"19555-19562"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"GLCII-DenseNet Integrated With Multiple Blocks for Waist Action Recognition Based on Surface Electromyographic Signals","authors":"Shuhong Cheng;Chuqiang Hu;Fei Liu;Yonghong Hao;Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562961","url":null,"abstract":"As low-back pain prevalence rises, lumbar rehabilitation robots are becoming more common. By analyzing surface electromyographic (EMG) signals, lumbar movements can be recognized, enabling real-time feedback for personalized training. Deep learning methods are increasingly used to recognize these movements. Conventional deep learning models only capture local spatial information and deep features during the feature extraction process, which limits their ability to extract global temporal dependence features and shallow features. Furthermore, their capability to capture the global contextual information is also relatively restricted. To this end, this article presents a new model that integrates the global–local feature extraction (GLFE) block, the contextual transformer (CoT) block, and a modified backbone architecture of DenseNet: the global and local contextual information integrated denseNet (GLCII-DenseNet) model, designed for the recognition of sparse surface EMG signals from the waist. This model extracts rich shallow, deep, local, and global features, enhancing its capability for feature representation and context feature information capture. It effectively integrates feature information from different locations while extracting a large amount of feature data, thereby improving the accuracy and robustness of EMG signal recognition. To verify the practical validity of the model, we recorded ten healthy subjects, each of whom extracted EMG signals from four muscles while performing six common lumbar exercises. Comparison experiments with other networks show that the model outperforms other methods in recognizing sparse surface EMG signals. In addition, we conducted model generalization comparison experiments to further evaluate the model’s performance. The results show that our model is more robust to noise interference.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 11","pages":"20158-20168"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of a Capacitive Sensor-Based Device for Rapid Assessment of Adulteration in Mustard Oil","authors":"Anjali Sudhakar;Subir Kumar Chakraborty","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3559497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3559497","url":null,"abstract":"Adulteration of edible oils is amongst the most ominous food safety issues of the present times. Prevalence of mustard oil (MO) being adulterated with argemone oil (AO) is common, consequent upon which are the serious health issues for consumers. Common approaches to detect adulteration in edible oil are time consuming and laboratory oriented. Conceding to the abovesaid issues, a portable instrument for rapid assessment of adulteration has been developed based on the dielectric properties of mustard and AO. The developed capacitive sensor system is calibrated to record the capacitance and its variance in terms of the extent of adulteration of MO with AO. While the hardware assembly comprised – micro controller, temperature sensor, crystal oscillator, resistors, inductors, capacitors, light emitting diode (LED), etc.; there was a C++-based software at the backend which actuated the LED to blink based on a predefined threshold capacitance. The number of blinks in 60 s indicated the extent of adulteration in a given oil sample. The developed capacitive sensor demonstrated an accuracy of 86.7% for the MO samples with an AO adulteration of 5% or above.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 12","pages":"22554-22561"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Elbow Angle Monitoring and Error Analysis Using a Wearable PDMS Embedded FBG Sensor","authors":"Archana Thrikkaikuth Chalackal;Srijith Kanakambaran","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3563078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3563078","url":null,"abstract":"Elbow flexion and extension are necessary movements for daily tasks. Elbow joint impairments can be brought on by aging, accidents, and repetitive motions making the monitoring of elbow angles critical. In this work, a sensor for elbow angle monitoring during bending and extension using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a wearable band is proposed. Two methods for measuring elbow angles, wearable and platform-based sensing are investigated. The wearable sensor-based measurements are consistent over different trials with a linear variation of Bragg wavelength with flexion/extension angle up to 90°. The sensitivities for flexion and extension are 0.0029 and 0.0037 nm/°, respectively. Further, the factors contributing to error in the measurement of elbow angle such as tightness of wearable band, spatial and angular misalignment of the sensor, and the removal and replacement of sensor are studied. The findings show that the error is maximum for an angular misalignment followed by tightly bound sensor and spatial misalignment. The desirable configuration for elbow angle measurement is a tightly bound sensor at the mean position for high mean sensitivity with a tolerable level of error and a left/right-aligned sensor with moderate tightness for minimum error at a low sensitivity. The PDMS-embedded FBG-based wearable sensor, in an optimal configuration, can be used for monitoring elbow angles.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 11","pages":"19341-19348"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultralow Dark Current and High-Speed GaN-Based Visible Blind UV Photodetector","authors":"Balkrishna Choubey;Kankat Ghosh","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562887","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a critical analysis of the fabrication and characterization of a gallium nitride (GaN)based visible-blind metal–semiconductor–metal ultraviolet photodetector. The GaN epilayer exhibits an excellent crystalline quality, as evidenced by symmetric and asymmetric x-ray rocking curve (XRC) full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 60$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 223.2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> arcsec, respectively, along with an average threading dislocation density in the order of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 10^7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> as derived from XRC data. Atomic force microscopy analysis reveals a root mean square (rms) roughness of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 424$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pm, further highlighting the smoothness of the epilayer. The high crystalline quality significantly reduces the leakage (dark) current, measured as <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3 times 10^{-12} mathrm{~A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 15 V, one of the lowest as compared to the already reported devices. The photocurrent with 360 nm input illumination was obtained to be <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.2 times 10^{-7} mathrm{~A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 15 V, approximately four orders of magnitude higher than the dark current. The photodetector demonstrates exceptional performance metrics, including a detectivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6 times 10^{12}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Jones and a responsivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.522 mathrm{~A} / mathrm{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 15 V, surpassing many other recent reports. Also, it features an unmatched ultrafast temporal response with rise and fall times of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 31$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 27 mu mathrm{~s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively, setting a benchmark for high-speed operation.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 12","pages":"21424-21431"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Signal Recognition Based on Dual-Layer VMD and ICDET","authors":"Haiyan Xu;Xinyu Feng;Kangjian Mei;Yingjuan Xie","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562847","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the recognition accuracy of vibration signals in distributed optical fiber vibration sensing (DOFVS) systems, this article proposes a method combing dual-layer variational mode decomposition (DL-VMD) and improved compensation distance estimation technology (ICDET). First, this article proposes the DL-VMD method to achieve a more refined decomposition of optical fiber vibration signals, which finally obtains three optimal intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) with richer information. Second, the time-domain and frequency-domain features of the three IMFs are extracted as feature vectors. Then the proposed ICDET is used to optimize the extracted features. Finally, the support vector machine (SVM) acts as the classifier to realize the recognition of optical fiber vibration signals. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, this article carries out experiments on four common optical fiber vibration signals, and the results show that the recognition accuracy of this scheme on four vibration signals is 98.3%. This shows that the method proposed in this article has great potential for application in the field of DOFVS system.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 11","pages":"20136-20146"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Convenient Composite Probes With 0°/180° Hybrid Couplers for Near-Field Scanning Measurements","authors":"Lei Wang;Rui-Qi Wang;Chengyang Luo;Guoguang Lu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3563221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3563221","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we propose two new convenient composite probes with 0°/180° hybrid couplers for near-field scanning measurements. The proposed probes (denoted as A and B) integrate a U-shaped loop as the driven element and a parallel U-shaped loop as the parasitic element, two different 0°/180° hybrid couplers, two interconnected vias, and a pair of 50-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> striplines. The design leverages the driven and parasitic U-shaped loops to concurrently detect electric-field (E-field) and magnetic-field (H-field) components and improve detection sensitivity, thereby extending the probes’ capability to capture a wider spectrum of electromagnetic fields. The integrated 0°/180° hybrid couplers enable precise differentiation and superposition of outputs from the driven loop, effectively isolating the E-field and H-field responses. Crucially, this architecture permits direct connectivity to oscilloscopes, eliminating dependence on vector network analyzers (VNAs) for electromagnetic component sensing. The design, simulation, measurement, and characterization of two Probes A and B are detailed. Measurement results demonstrate these probes’ enhanced sensitivity and dual-field measurement capability. The ability of directly link to oscilloscopes, bypassing the need for a VNA, makes these probes highly suitable for practical interference source location testing.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 11","pages":"18982-18988"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimized IDW Algorithm for Accurate GPS-IMU Time Synchronization Using Acceleration and Temporal Factors","authors":"Kemeng Li;Hongli Zhang;Yinggang Wang;Jun Lei","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3561322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3561322","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate time synchronization of global positioning system (GPS)-inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor data is critical in dynamic applications such as autonomous driving and UAV navigation, where rapid acceleration variations challenge traditional interpolation methods. This study proposes time difference and acceleration rate-inverse distance weighting (TDAR-IDW), an adaptive algorithm that integrates time difference and acceleration variation into an exponential weighting framework. Unlike conventional IDW, TDAR-IDW employs dual-factor weights: <inline-formula> <tex-math>${w} _{{t}_{i}}={e}^{-alpha text {(}Delta {t}_{i}text {)}^{p}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${w} _{{a}_{i}}={e}^{-beta text {(}Delta {a}_{i}text {)}^{q}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to prioritize temporally proximate data and suppress erratic motion effects. These weights are dynamically fused via state-dependent exponents, enabling real-time adaptation under varying motion conditions. Experimental validation on a GPS-IMU platform (1-Hz GPS and 100-Hz IMU) confirms TDAR-IDW’s superiority over linear interpolation, spline interpolation, and traditional IDW. Under rapid acceleration, TDAR-IDW reduces the roll angle error by 92.3% and the pitch angle error by 75.0%, achieving near-perfect Pearson correlations (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$rho gt 0.999$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). For gradual changes, roll and pitch angle errors decrease by 69.0% and 77.1%, respectively, while the total acceleration field prediction mean absolute error (MAE) improves by 34.9%. The error distribution interquartile range (IQR) is reduced by 58%, reinforcing the algorithm’s stability and robustness. By addressing polynomial instability and static weight coupling in existing methods, TDAR-IDW provides a scalable and computationally efficient solution for multisensor fusion in dynamic Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, and intelligent transportation systems.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 12","pages":"21930-21944"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Developments in 3-D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Review","authors":"Yu Wang;Shaohua Wang;Yicheng Li;Mingchun Liu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562284","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, 3-D object perception has emerged as a critical component in the development of autonomous driving systems, offering essential environmental awareness. As perception tasks become increasingly complex, a variety of detection techniques have been proposed, leading to diverse perspectives from both academia and industry. While numerous surveys exist, they primarily focus on specific detection methods or single-sensor approaches, lacking a broader perspective that analyzes the landscape of 3-D object perception across multiple modalities. This review provides a comprehensive and panoramic perspective by systematically summarizing and analyzing 3-D object detection methods, encompassing camera-based, light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based, and multisensor fusion techniques. Beyond evaluating the strengths and limitations of these approaches, we examine the critical challenges encountered in real-world applications, such as synchronization issues, calibration drift, and the inherent limitations of sensor fusion. Furthermore, we explore emerging research directions, including temporal perception, 3-D occupancy grids, and cooperative perception methods that extend the perception range through collaborative communication. By offering a holistic view of the current progress and future developments in 3-D object perception, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners. In addition, to facilitate continuous updates on the latest advancements in the field, we have established an active repository, accessible at: <uri>https://github.com/Fishsoup0/Autonomous-Driving-Perception</uri>","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 12","pages":"21033-21053"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parallel Channel-Temporal Attention-Based Temporal Convolutional Network for Marine Engine Performance Prediction Under Varying Load Conditions","authors":"Jiawen Sun;Hongxiang Ren;Hong Zeng;Xiao Yang;Yi Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562851","url":null,"abstract":"The safe operation and intelligent optimization of ships heavily rely on the predictive maintenance of marine engine performance. However, existing methods for predicting engine performance face limitations due to the various characteristics of ship engines, which depend on the sailing state and environmental conditions. To address this, a novel deep learning framework, the parallel channel-temporal attention-based temporal convolutional network (PCTA-TCN), is proposed to predict marine engine performance across varying load ranges. The PCTA-TCN framework introduces channel attention and temporal attention mechanisms in two independent branches, adaptively adjusting the focus on important features and temporal dependencies in the measured data. Parallel temporal convolutional network (TCN) backbones are used to extract high-level feature representations from different sequences. Finally, the model generates predictions by performing a nonlinear mapping on the extracted features at multiple levels. Experimental validation using sensor-acquired data demonstrates that PCTA-TCN consistently achieves an <inline-formula> <tex-math>${R}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> value exceeding 0.956 across all datasets. Compared to the baseline TCN model, the proposed method improves the prediction accuracy by 13.95%, 49.81%, 15.64%, and 19.73% under four different load conditions. Furthermore, PCTA-TCN outperforms other state-of-the-art methods, particularly under complex and variable operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 11","pages":"19506-19521"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}