IEEE Sensors Journal最新文献

{"title":"Implementation and Validation of a Comprehensive, Noise-Aware FMCW Radar Simulation Framework","authors":"Barnaba Ubezio;Praanesh Sambath;Abdulkadir Eryildirim;Hubert Zangl","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3549650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3549650","url":null,"abstract":"Complete simulation environments for automotive scenarios require simulated sensor data. The widespread use of vision sensors led to the availability of comprehensive simulations of their measurements. The same level of detail is hardly attained for frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors, despite their numerous advantages in automotive applications. Standard radar simulations, in fact, solely focus on their ultimate output, i.e., point clouds with velocity information. Most state-of-the-art tools based on image-rendering and ray-tracing do not treat one or more important characteristics, such as reflection intensities, multiple antennas, and noise impairments. We present a comprehensive and high-fidelity simulation framework for FMCW radars, where images from an RGB-D camera model in the Unity game engine are manipulated to generate 3-D time-domain radar measurements. In addition, the framework provides thermal and phase noise (PN) modeling, radiation patterns, and corresponding LiDaR-like point clouds for ground truth. Signal processing techniques are performed on the generated data in the same way as on a real sensor, so that standard radar output is provided. The simulated data are compared and validated with real measurements collected in a parking garage, showing the accurate reproducibility of multiple scenarios. The overall characteristics of the proposed simulation are also compared with other simulator software in the literature.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"15235-15246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10938005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Robust Adaptive Estimator for Sideslip Angle and Tire-Road Forces Under Time-Varying and Abnormal Noise","authors":"Bohao He;Ling Zheng;Yanlin Jin;Yinong Li","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3552128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3552128","url":null,"abstract":"A critical challenge in vehicle state estimation is managing unknown and non-Gaussian noise characteristics resulting from sensor degradation, measurement abnormalities, model inaccuracies, and external interference. However, existing research has problems with filter divergence and insufficient accuracy and robustness. To this end, we propose a robust adaptive filtering estimator, the variational Bayesian maximum correntropy square-root cubature Kalman filter (VBMCSCKF), for the joint estimation of vehicle sideslip angle and tire-road longitudinal/lateral forces. The proposed VBMCSCKF utilizes onboard inertial measurement unit (IMU) data to adaptively estimate noise covariance matrices via the variational Bayesian (VB) method and introduces the maximum correntropy criterion (MCC) for further correction to enhance its accuracy and robustness under unknown and abnormal noise. These features are embedded within the square-root cubature Kalman filter (SCKF) framework, and the estimator for tire force and sideslip angle is developed based on a zero-first derivative and vehicle model. Numerical simulations and Monte Carlo simulation of a double-lane change maneuver under varying speeds and road adhesion conditions demonstrate impressive estimation results for tire-road force and the vehicle sideslip angle. It effectively adapts to time-varying IMU noise and resists abnormal IMU measurements. Compared to MCSCKF and VBSCKF, the performance of VBMCSCKF improves by 44.0% and 28.5%, respectively. Notably, the increase in computation time for VBMCSCKF compared to the standard SCKF is almost negligible.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"15723-15734"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining Values, Trends, and Types of Sensors for Multivariate Time-Series Classification and Regression","authors":"Yuemei Luo;Chenao Yuan;Lizhi Cheng;Min Wu;Wenmian Yang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3545660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3545660","url":null,"abstract":"Although neural network-based approaches succeed in time-series classification and regression tasks, they usually ignore the trend information in the data. The primary reason is that the complex numerical trends obtained by differencing or seasonal-trend decomposition (STL) in previous studies are difficult to learn by neural networks. Moreover, to obtain the trend information in time-series sensor data, each sensor requires to be analyzed separately, which makes it challenging to retain the sensor-specific information while not increasing the number of model parameters significantly. To fill the gap above, this article first replaces complex numerical trends with concise trend states represented by trainable embedding vectors. Then, each sensor is represented by a unique trainable embedding vector and combine it with its value and trend features, so that the sensor-specific information can be preserved with only a few extra parameters. Moreover, this article also proposes masked model-based pretraining tasks suitable for multivariate time series, which solve the insufficient training problem caused by the lack of labeled data. Experiments on public datasets demonstrate that the VTSAPF model outperforms state-of-the-art methods on both time-series classification and regression tasks. The code is publicly available at: <uri>https://github.com/ao484628/VTSAPF</uri>.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"15419-15430"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Localization Algorithm Joining DV-Hop, LSSVM, and Expected Distance Estimation in IoT of Agriculture in Mountainous and Hilly Areas","authors":"Rutao Tang;Hongyu Hu;Zongqing Li;Shiyuan Wang;Fuliang He","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3549416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3549416","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) node localization is one of the hottest research topics in the application of internet of things (IoT). DV-Hop has recently significantly pushed the state of the art in node localization algorithms. However, DV-Hop and its variants cannot achieve excellent performance, when estimating distance independently in the application of WSNs deployed in mountainous and hilly areas. Therefore, this article proposes a novel node localization approach that combines DV-Hop, least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and expected distance estimation in order to effectively calculate the estimated distance of nodes in IoT of agriculture. First, the estimated expected distance is proposed based on the different number of hops from the unknown node to the beacon node. Second, a regression model based on LSSVM is applied to predict the distance between the unknown node and the beacon node. Additionally, three objective functions for joint estimation of localization information are constructed. Finally, multiobjective golden eagle optimization (MOGEO) is utilized to solve the coordinates of the unknown node. The experimental results indicate that the average positioning error (APE) of the proposed approach is promising, and reduces node localization error by 39.6% on average with APE compared to the original distance-vector hop (DV-Hop) and its variants in randomly distributed networks.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"15564-15576"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Round-Trip Gain Piezoelectric-Capacitive Hybrid Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer Based on Anodic Bonding Technology","authors":"Yan Wang;Weijiang Xu;Ning Lv;Tao Wu;Jia Zhou;Junyan Ren","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3552403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3552403","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a piezoelectric-capacitive hybrid micromachined ultrasonic transducer (HMUT) with a high round-trip gain was developed to achieve superior pulse-echo imaging performance. Initially, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) and a finite element model (FEM) were constructed to design and simulate the HMUT cell. A patterned etching technique for the piezoelectric layer was incorporated into the HMUT design. Simulation results indicated that the round-trip gain of the HMUT with patterned piezoelectric layer is 33 dB higher than that of the piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) and 3 dB higher than that of the capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT). One of the innovative aspects of this technique is its ability to fabricate vertically stacked PMUT and CMUT. Based on anodic bonding technology, prototypes of 3 MHz PMUT, CMUT, and HMUT were fabricated on the same substrate. Finally, an electric impedance test and pulse-echo test were conducted. Experimental data confirmed that the HMUT exhibits higher round-trip gain, consistent with the simulation results. The successful fabrication of these prototypes demonstrates the feasibility of integrating multiple ultrasonic transducers on a single platform, enhancing the device’s compactness and versatility. Furthermore, it opens new avenues for the development of high-quality ultrasonic imaging.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"14842-14849"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compensating the Impact of Residual Energy on Time Domain Dielectric Response Using Time-Varying Model","authors":"Chandra Madhab Banerjee;Deepak Mishra;Arijit Baral;Sivaji Chakravorti","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3552516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3552516","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of polarization and depolarization current (PDC) is a widely accepted method for diagnosing power transformer insulation. The accuracy of such techniques depends significantly on the premise that measurement of insulation response has been done correctly. During field measurement, equipment sometimes fails to record proper current, even after applying dc charging voltage. In such cases, the polarization current profile gets affected by residual energy. Recently, a conventional Debye model (CDM) based approach has been reported to solve the issue. The CDM-based approach relies on identifying the correct time-invariant branch parameters, by minimizing the deviation between measured and estimated value of several performance parameters, through an iterative technique. This coupled with the presence of multiple branches in CDM makes the overall method time consuming and computationally intensive. This article proposes a non-iterative methodology, based on a model with time-varying parameters that is capable of achieving the same result. This not only saves time but also reduces overall data post processing and computation burden required for diagnosis. Performance of the proposed method is tested on data obtained from the oil-paper sample and several real-life power transformers. The proposed method is observed to be capable of estimating paper-moisture (using affected data) with more than 95% accuracy for in-service units. The time required for achieving this is found to be approximately 1/third of that required by CDM-based technique (which could provide results with maximum 90% accuracy).","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"15184-15193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Measurement Method of Droplet Content in Natural Gas Pipeline Based on Curved Surface Probe Microwave Sensor (CSPMS)","authors":"Junxian Chen;Ao Li;Jiahao Liu;Qiaoqi Xu;Tianyu Zhang;Tianye He;Xingkun Zhong;Qi Huang;Zhen Liu;Zhongli Ji","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3552522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3552522","url":null,"abstract":"The extraction of natural gas often results in the formation of a considerable number of droplets within the pipeline, particularly in underground storage reservoirs. These droplets, present at the micrometer level within the pipeline, not only impede the efficient transmission of the gas but also corrode and damage the pipeline via an electrochemical reaction with induced substances. In the case of China’s West-East Gas Transmission Project Department, for example, excessive droplet content in natural gas has caused several abnormal compressor shutdowns. The conventional offline mass method necessitates the subsequent weighing and analysis of the sample after sampling, a process that is plagued by significant latency and is incapable of meeting the demand for rapid measurement. This article proposes a curved surface probe microwave sensor (CSPMS) for gas storage reservoir extraction wells, a solution that facilitates the expeditious real-time measurement of droplet content in natural gas pipelines. The CSPMS model was developed using COMSOL and subsequently optimized. The accuracy of the CSPMS test prototype was verified through a combination of simulation and experimental testing. The findings indicate that the CSPMS test prototype exhibits heightened sensitivity in comparison to the prevailing microwave measurement techniques. The CSPMS test prototype facilitates the expeditious measurement of alterations in droplet content within the pipeline through <inline-formula> <tex-math>${S}_{{11}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> parameter changes and resonant frequency offsets. This will provide crucial reference guidance for the safe and stable operation of natural gas pipelines.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"16140-16150"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile Synthesis and Optimization of High-Performance H2S Gas Sensors Based on Pt-Co3O4@ZnO Nanofibers With Dual-MOF Structure","authors":"Xiaoyan Song;Hao Wang;Zhaoyang Pan;Wanchun Huang;Zhipeng Wang;Jinfeng Xing","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3551329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3551329","url":null,"abstract":"Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are recognized as outstanding templates for preparing porous metal oxides used as gas-sensitive materials. Here, a facile synthesis strategy is proposed to prepare Pt-Co₃O₄@ZnO hollow porous nanofibers with MOF-on-MOF structure and noble metal for gas-sensing applications. Sensors fabricated with this unique nanomaterial show fast response, low detection limit (LOD), high selectivity, and good stability to H₂S gas. Notably, the gas response of the sensor with Pt-Co₃O₄/ZnO nanofibers is three times that for the sensor with Co₃O₄/ZnO, and the optimal operating temperature is reduced by <inline-formula> <tex-math>$125~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C. Furthermore, the gas-sensing mechanism is proposed in detail, and theoretical calculations based on the first principles further reveal the performance enhancement of Pt-Co₃O₄/ZnO nanofibers to H₂S. This study offers a strategy for fabricating noble metal-dropping dual MOFs-based nanofibers with abundant pores and high surface area for high-performance gas-sensing applications.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"16101-16108"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Performance Paper-Based DNA-Conjugated Ti3C2Tx Bionanoelectrode for Rapid Point-of-Care Detection of HPV-16","authors":"Reema Rawat;Sonam Singh;Rahul Walia;Souradeep Roy;Tapas Goswami;Sourav Sain;Susanta Sinha Roy;Piyush Kuchhal;Ashish Mathur;James McLaughlin","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3551745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3551745","url":null,"abstract":"Cervical cancer remains a significant global health concern, with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), particularly the genotype 16, identified as a key etiological factor with a significantly high mortality rate. The conventional diagnostic methods suffer from limitations related to efficiency and affordability, thereby necessitating the development of novel miniaturized biosensing platforms. In this study, we present the creation of an electroanalytical genosensor utilizing Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>/DNA hybrid screen-printed paper electrode strips for the detection of cervical cancer, based on varying concentrations of HPV-16. The Mxene nanostructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The performance of the bionanoelectrode toward HPV-16 detection was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. The sensitivity and limit of detection (LoD) were calculated to be <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.65~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>A/fM/mm² and 2.4 fM, respectively, while demonstrating selectivity to HPV-16 DNA and generating a shelf life of ~1 month. The developed bionanoelectrode was further integrated with miniaturized electronics and 3-D printing technology, and the resulting device—Cervicare demonstrated appreciable performance (LoD = 0.02 pM). This indicates significant potential of the developed Cervicare device for implementation in point-of-care (PoC) scenario, toward providing affordable healthcare among the affected populace.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"15950-15957"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Robust Autoencoder HBC Transceiver With CGAN-Based Channel Modeling","authors":"Abdelhay Ali;Amr N. Abdelrahman;Abdulkadir Celik;Mohammed E. Fouda;Ahmed M. Eltawil","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3551539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3551539","url":null,"abstract":"Human body communication (HBC) offers a promising alternative for efficient and secure data transmission in wearable healthcare systems by leveraging the body’s conductive properties. Using the conductive properties of the human body, HBC offers significant advantages over conventional radio frequency wireless communication methods, including ultralow power consumption and minimal interference. However, HBC systems face key challenges in energy efficiency, data rate optimization, channel adaptability, and accurate body channel modeling. In this article, we present a novel dual-mode HBC transceiver architecture designed to overcome these challenges by integrating autoencoder-based signal processing with generative adversarial network (GAN)-driven channel modeling framework to enhance communication reliability. Operating in both broadband and narrowband modes, the transceiver dynamically adjusts its data rate and power efficiency based on application-specific demands. The design process involves first developing a conditional GAN (CGAN)-based channel model from real HBC measurements, and then using this model to train an autoencoder-based transceiver architecture. Our CGAN framework generates realistic synthetic channel responses for training, enabling the autoencoder to learn optimal encoding and decoding strategies that are robust to channel variations. Subsequently, we developed a low-power hardware architecture that supports flexible data rates of the proposed design while ensuring robust performance in diverse scenarios. This systematic approach provides key advantages: improved channel modeling accuracy achieving a 0.9 correlation coefficient between generated and real channels and mean squared error (mse) of 0.0071, reduced hardware complexity through elimination of digital-to-analog converter (DAC)/analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and flexible operation with dual-mode support. Operating at a clock speed of 42 MHz in the narrowband mode, the transceiver achieves an energy efficiency of 349 pJ/bit at a data rate of 262.5 kb/s with a sensitivity of −64 dBm, appealing for long-range and low-power applications. In broadband mode, the transceiver achieves an energy efficiency of 16 pJ/bit at a data rate of 5.25 Mb/s, suitable for applications demanding high data rates over shorter distances.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 9","pages":"15935-15949"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}