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A Multiple Mobile Chargers Collaboratative Recharging Scheme for Enhanced Data Quailty and Sustainable Lifetime in WRSNs 多移动充电器协同充电方案提高WRSNs数据质量和可持续寿命
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590479
Zhijie Hu;Xiaolin Gui;Chih-Yung Chang;Xu Zhang;Diptendu Sinha Roy
{"title":"A Multiple Mobile Chargers Collaboratative Recharging Scheme for Enhanced Data Quailty and Sustainable Lifetime in WRSNs","authors":"Zhijie Hu;Xiaolin Gui;Chih-Yung Chang;Xu Zhang;Diptendu Sinha Roy","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590479","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become increasingly pivotal across various domains. However, the limited battery life of sensor nodes remains a critical bottleneck affecting their development and sustainability. In wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs), existing multiple mobile chargers (MCs) approach face challenges, including uneven node distribution, suboptimal charging station placement, and poor coordination, resulting in diminished recharging efficiency and degraded surveillance quality. Therefore, this study proposes a cooperative recharging mechanism for WRSNs based on multiple MCs. This mechanism first uses attractive-repulsive forces and Voronoi diagrams to achieve sensor relocation, resulting in a more balanced distribution of sensor nodes and improved spatial surveillance quality. Second, by optimizing the number and location of recharging stations (RSs) and dividing the surveillance area into multiple subregions, each served by a single MC, recharging efficiency is enhanced while satisfying the energy capacity constraints of MCs. Finally, the batch recharging strategy is adopted, and the sensing frequency of sensors are adjusted based on the recharging interval to improve temporal surveillance quality. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism outperforms existing algorithms in terms of energy consumption, recharging efficiency, and surveillance quality, effectively extending the lifetime of WRSNs and improving surveillance quality, providing a new perspective for the sustainable development and application of WRSNs.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"34000-34016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
ITSC Fault Diagnosis of Digital Twin-Driven Transformer Based on Micromagnetic Field 基于微磁场的数字双驱变压器ITSC故障诊断
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590429
Bowen Wang;Jian Feng;Senxiang Lu;Bowen Zhang
{"title":"ITSC Fault Diagnosis of Digital Twin-Driven Transformer Based on Micromagnetic Field","authors":"Bowen Wang;Jian Feng;Senxiang Lu;Bowen Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590429","url":null,"abstract":"Interturn short-circuit (ITSC) faults represent a critical threat to the operational reliability of power transformers, often developing rapidly and eluding early detection. Existing diagnostic methods face challenges in fault localization due to limited observability, low sensitivity to internal disturbances, and high background interference. This article presents a sensor-integrated digital twin (DT) framework for real-time ITSC fault localization, driven by micromagnetic field analysis. A finite element-based DT model is constructed to simulate the spatial distribution of leakage magnetic flux under various ITSC scenarios. Magnetic field signals are acquired from an optimized array of Hall-effect sensors deployed along the transformer winding surface. To bridge the gap between observed magnetic responses and internal fault evolution, a spatiotemporal data fusion and inversion strategy is developed. A regularized and gradient-informed 2-D particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to estimate fault parameters by minimizing magnetic field mismatch under physical constraints, enabling accurate localization across fault positions and severities. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed DT-assisted method significantly improves the localization accuracy and responsiveness of sensor-based fault diagnostics. This approach provides a practical pathway for deploying real-time, noninvasive monitoring systems in transformer health management.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32804-32812"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measurement of Transient Thermal Effects of Explosion Using Slug Calorimeter 用段塞量热计测量爆炸瞬态热效应
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590594
Xuehui Zhang;Deren Kong;Chundong Xu
{"title":"Measurement of Transient Thermal Effects of Explosion Using Slug Calorimeter","authors":"Xuehui Zhang;Deren Kong;Chundong Xu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590594","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring thermal damage caused by an explosion is crucial for ammunition research and safety protection engineering. However, the transient characteristics and harsh environment of the explosion pose challenges to measuring this process. In order to measure the heating effect of an explosion on the target, based on 1-D heat conduction in a flat plate, a new slug calorimeter was developed. The basic structure of the calorimeter consists of a copper plate with a thickness of 0.2 mm and an infrared thermopile. By measuring the temperature and temperature rise rate on the back of the copper plate, the heat dose (J/m<sup>2</sup>) and heat flux (W/m<sup>2</sup>) are obtained, respectively. The use of an infrared thermopile instead of a thermocouple for temperature measurement minimizes heat loss from the copper plate. The sensitivity and response time of the calorimeter are obtained on a large-area optical fiber laser heat flux calibration platform. The calibration results demonstrate that the calorimeter’s response time to a step heat flux is better than 4 ms. The explosion experiment of 17.5-kg TNT was carried out in open space. Regarding the calorimeter’s measurement results, the heat dose is not only more accurate than the heat flux but also more in line with the damage mode of transient thermal action. The proposed calorimeter provides an effective method for measuring the transient thermal effect of an explosion on targets.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32137-32145"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Advances in Bioinspired Sensing—Electronic Nose and Eye Technologies for Food Quality Assessment: A Review 生物传感-电子鼻和电子眼技术在食品质量评价中的研究进展
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590474
L Brighty Ebenezer;A Sasithradevi;Chanthini Baskar
{"title":"Advances in Bioinspired Sensing—Electronic Nose and Eye Technologies for Food Quality Assessment: A Review","authors":"L Brighty Ebenezer;A Sasithradevi;Chanthini Baskar","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590474","url":null,"abstract":"With the rising demand for food safety and quality, the development of intelligent, nondestructive sensing technologies has become increasingly essential. Bio-inspired systems, such as the electronic nose (E-nose) and electronic eye (E-eye), which emulate human olfactory and visual perception, have emerged as transformative tools for food quality assessment (FQA). This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in E-nose and E-eye technologies, focusing on their sensing principles, data acquisition methods, analytical capabilities, and integrated applications. Our study groups the existing technologies into three: 1) gas sensor technologies in E-nose systems; 2) image sensor technologies in E-eye systems; and 3) the fusion of E-nose and E-eye through multimodal data integration strategies. The discussion highlights the role of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms in enhancing the analytical pipeline, from preprocessing tasks to complex pattern recognition and final decision-making. These technologies enhance data handling and classification accuracy while enabling consistent, real-time decision support in practical food assessment scenarios. In addition, the review addresses key challenges and outlines the potential avenues for future development. This article aims to serve as a foundational reference for researchers and practitioners advancing real-time food monitoring systems through bio-inspired sensing and intelligent data integration.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32003-32020"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research on YOLO-DBO Object Detection Method Based on 1064-nm Laser Irradiation Locking 基于1064 nm激光照射锁定的YOLO-DBO目标检测方法研究
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590354
Junmeng Han;Ziheng Shang;Yuan Dong;Long Jin;Yongji Yu;Yushi Jin;Chi Feng
{"title":"Research on YOLO-DBO Object Detection Method Based on 1064-nm Laser Irradiation Locking","authors":"Junmeng Han;Ziheng Shang;Yuan Dong;Long Jin;Yongji Yu;Yushi Jin;Chi Feng","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590354","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a YOLO-DBO cooperative perception framework integrating 1064-nm active laser labeling was proposed to address the difficulty of recognizing similar targets in complex scenes. The framework is based on constructing a target simulation dataset under laser tagging, dynamically fusing cross-scale features through the dimension-aware selective integration module (DASI) module, constructing the global spatial correlation between the laser spot and the background using the multi-head self-attention (MHSA) mechanism, and enhancing the feature representation of the locally occluded target through the full-dimensional dynamic convolution (ODConv). Experiments demonstrate that this active–passive collaborative architecture reaches 96.1% in mean average precision (mAP) mAP@0.5, which is 1.3% and 3.7% higher than YOLOv9 and RT-DETR, respectively, confirming the significant advantage of laser marker-based multimodal feature fusion in recognizing similar targets in complex environments.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32793-32803"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Online Error Parameter Identification of Gyroscope Based on SMO in Drilling 基于SMO的钻孔陀螺仪误差参数在线辨识
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590370
Jinxian Yang;Hongxu Du;Saifei Wang
{"title":"Online Error Parameter Identification of Gyroscope Based on SMO in Drilling","authors":"Jinxian Yang;Hongxu Du;Saifei Wang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590370","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the error of gyroscope in measurement while drilling (MWD), a synergy-boosted magpie optimizer (SMO) is proposed to identify online error parameters. First, the MWD gyroscope error output model is constructed and the error parameters to be identified are analyzed. Then, the MWD gyroscope error objective function is constructed according to the minimum sum of the difference caused by the error at the adjacent time of gyroscope output. Simultaneously, the relationship among the gravity vector output by accelerometer, the geomagnetic vector output by magnetometer, and the angular velocity output by gyroscope is used to establish the MWD gyroscope error constraints. Furthermore, the SMO is adopted to solve the objective function under the constraints. An orderly collaborative search strategy based on population entropy is proposed to enhance the search ability of the solutions of MWD gyroscope error parameters. In order to accelerate the convergence and the identification of optimal solution, a gradational attack factor is designed. In addition, a magnetic inertial assisted walking based on magnetic inertia operator and Laplace distribution is proposed to further improve the identification accuracy of error parameters. Finally, the experimental results show that SMO has the advantage of fast convergence and high precision compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and magpie optimizer (MO). The inclination angle error can be reduced from 11.67° to 1.63° by SMO in real drilling, which can effectively identify gyroscope error parameters online.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"34141-34149"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Localization of an Unknown Number of Magnetic Targets Based on 3-D Inversion Neural Network and Local Optimization Algorithm 基于三维反演神经网络和局部优化算法的未知数量磁目标定位
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590491
Linliang Miao;Tianyi Zhang;Zijie Chen;Yijie Qin;Jun Ouyang;Xiaofei Yang
{"title":"Localization of an Unknown Number of Magnetic Targets Based on 3-D Inversion Neural Network and Local Optimization Algorithm","authors":"Linliang Miao;Tianyi Zhang;Zijie Chen;Yijie Qin;Jun Ouyang;Xiaofei Yang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590491","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple magnetic target localization (MMTL) based on magnetic vector sensors has been widely used in unexploded ordnance (UXO) detection, medical applications, and marine target monitoring. However, locating an unknown number of noncooperative targets and targets with highly overlapping horizontal positions under sparse measurements is challenging. This study proposes an MMTL method that combines a 3-D inversion neural network with a local optimization algorithm. The method divides the inversion space into a fixed grid and employs a 3-D U-Net with a super-resolution module to reconstruct the 3-D magnetic moment distribution in space. Then, the reconstructed distribution is processed using a clustering method for preliminary positioning. Finally, the positions and magnetic moments of multiple targets are refined by the trust region reflective (TRR) algorithm. Compared with other methods, this method reduces the average positioning error of multiple targets, the magnetic moment estimation error, and the running time. Terrestrial experiments further demonstrate its effectiveness for an unknown number of multiple magnetic targets and targets with overlapping horizontal positions.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"33186-33200"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fiber Bragg Grating Spectral Denoising Based on Multiscale Residual Convolutional Neural Network 基于多尺度残差卷积神经网络的光纤光栅光谱去噪
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590366
Wen-Chang Liu;Guo-Ping Ding
{"title":"Fiber Bragg Grating Spectral Denoising Based on Multiscale Residual Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Wen-Chang Liu;Guo-Ping Ding","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590366","url":null,"abstract":"The prolonged operation of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing systems inevitably leads to performance degradation in optical fibers, gratings, and demodulation instruments due to component aging. This degradation ultimately induces optical transmission loss and results in significant noise contamination in FBG reflection spectra. To address this critical issue, this study proposes a novel multiscale residual convolutional neural network (MSRCNN) model specifically designed for FBG spectral denoising. The proposed methodology integrates a multiscale feature extraction module into a 1-D convolutional neural network (CNN) framework to comprehensively capture spectral characteristics across different scales. Furthermore, residual learning blocks are strategically incorporated through additive skip connections to enhance gradient flow and improve model convergence. Extensive validation using simulated datasets demonstrates that the MSRCNN model achieves superior noise suppression performance, attaining the minimum mean squared error (mse) convergence value and outperforming comparative models by up to 82.87% in denoising efficacy. The experimental results further illustrate the model’s outstanding denoising performance, with processed spectra achieving a remarkable improvement of up to 43.13% in linearity metrics, conclusively validating the superior performance of the proposed model in practical applications.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32345-32352"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design, Performance, and Challenges of Integrated and Discrete Transimpedance Amplifiers for Nanopore Signal Readout: A Review 纳米孔信号读出的集成和离散跨阻放大器的设计、性能和挑战:综述
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590595
K. Ashoka Deepthi;Manoj M. Varma;Arup Polley
{"title":"Design, Performance, and Challenges of Integrated and Discrete Transimpedance Amplifiers for Nanopore Signal Readout: A Review","authors":"K. Ashoka Deepthi;Manoj M. Varma;Arup Polley","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3590595","url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in biomedical research have driven continuous innovations in sensing and diagnostic technologies. Among these, nanopore-based single-molecule sensing and sequencing is rapidly emerging as a powerful and versatile sensing methodology. Advancements in nanopore-based approaches require concomitant improvements in the electronic readout methods employed, from the point of low noise, bandwidth, and form factor. This article focuses on current sensing circuits designed and employed for ultralow-noise nanopore signal readout, addressing the fundamental limitations of traditional discrete transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs), which suffer from high input parasitic capacitance, bandwidth constraints, and increased noise at high frequencies. This review explores the latest design schemes and circuit structures classified into integrated and discrete TIA designs, highlighting their design implementation, performance, respective challenges, and explores the interplay between noise performance, capacitance, and bandwidth across diverse TIA configurations. Emphasis is placed on characterizing noise response under varying parasitic capacitance and operational frequencies, a systematic evaluation not extensively addressed in prior literature, while also considering the allowable input current compliance range limitations. The review also compares the widely used Axopatch 200B system to the designs reported in the literature. The findings offer valuable insights into optimizing TIA designs for enhanced signal integrity in high-speed and high-sensitivity applications, focusing on noise reduction, impedance matching, dc blocking, and offset cancellation techniques.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"31980-32002"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A 5.8-GHz Electromagnetic Energy-Harvesting Metasurface for Batteryless Wireless Sensor Networks 一种用于无电池无线传感器网络的5.8 ghz电磁能量收集超表面
IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3589894
Said Choukri;Hakim Takhedmit;Otman El Mrabet;Sebastien Boisseau;Laurent Cirio
{"title":"A 5.8-GHz Electromagnetic Energy-Harvesting Metasurface for Batteryless Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Said Choukri;Hakim Takhedmit;Otman El Mrabet;Sebastien Boisseau;Laurent Cirio","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3589894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3589894","url":null,"abstract":"Energy autonomy has emerged as a fundamental challenge in the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), as well as for a wide range of emerging miniaturized electronic systems. With the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for compact, long-lifetime, and maintenance-free devices continues to grow. However, existing battery technologies impose significant limitations in terms of size, environmental impact, and finite operational lifespan. To address this, we present a novel energy-harvesting metasurface based on a metamaterial perfect absorber unit cell. The unit cell consists of a printed dipole feeding a rectifying diode, with the dipole’s input impedance directly matched to the rectifier impedance, eliminating the need for a matching network. Simulation results show that this metasurface achieves a high radiation-to-ac conversion efficiency of approximately 90.67% at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {5. {8}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GHz. A prototype comprising a <inline-formula> <tex-math>${6} times {6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array of unit cells was fabricated and tested experimentally, demonstrating a peak dc voltage at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {5. {8}} text {GHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> under power densities of a few <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W/<inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {cm}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, validating our numerical results. As a proof of concept, the metasurface was successfully used to power a battery-free wireless sensor node. These findings strongly suggest that metasurfaces can serve as an effective solution for powering low-consumption devices in WSNs, offering a promising alternative to conventional battery-powered systems.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 17","pages":"32972-32983"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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