Dongxin He;Yunhao Li;Haoxin Guo;Jiefeng Liu;Xinhua Guo;Dewen Zhang;Dechao Yang;Qingquan Li
{"title":"A Novel Acoustic Temperature Measurement Technology of Transformers Based on Ultrasonic Sensing","authors":"Dongxin He;Yunhao Li;Haoxin Guo;Jiefeng Liu;Xinhua Guo;Dewen Zhang;Dechao Yang;Qingquan Li","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3582597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3582597","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the challenges of monitoring the internal temperature of oil-immersed power transformers, where the metal shell barrier limits the effectiveness of conventional temperature measurement methods, and existing detection techniques lack accuracy and practicality. To tackle these issues, an ultrasonic temperature measurement method is introduced in this article, combined with machine learning algorithms for enhanced temperature inversion and monitoring. First, an experimental platform is established to collect acoustic data at various temperatures, analyze interference noise from transformer core vibrations, and filter out magnetically induced noise. After that, the key time-domain features that reflect the change in dynamic waveform with temperature are extracted. Finally, the random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM) are used to build a transformer temperature identification model, and feature optimization is achieved with the help of two feature dimensionality reduction methods, RF, and correlation-based feature selection (CFS). Experimental results show that the RF, GS-KNN, and ZOA-SVM models achieve recognition accuracies of 88.57%, 94.29%, and 91.43%, respectively. These findings highlight the proposed method’s ability to accurately diagnose internal transformer temperatures, which is of some significance in engineering practice.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29890-29901"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings by Integrating Laplace Wavelet Residual Network With Cauchy Kernel Maximum Mean Discrepancy Method","authors":"Kaixin Wu;Zhanhua Wu;Yuyuan Wu;Yongjian Li;Qing Xiong","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3582423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3582423","url":null,"abstract":"Rolling bearings are critical components extensively applied in modern industries and play a significant role in ensuring the safety of high-speed rotating machinery systems. Accurate fault recognition of rolling bearings is essential for ensuring the safety of mechanical systems. This study proposes a method for diagnosing rolling bearing faults, utilizing a Laplace wavelet residual network integrated with a spatial attention mechanism (SAM) model and the Cauchy kernel-induced maximum mean discrepancy (CK-MMD) method (LRSDAN) to address the problems of complex variations in operational environments, different defect types, and differences in the distribution of collected data in real-world environments. This method incorporates a wavelet convolutional layer to comprehensively extract the shock components associated with bearing faults, employs a residual network (ResNet) to increase the model depth, and utilizes a SAM to extract the key vibration information. Subsequently, CK-MMD was applied as a metric to reduce the interdomain distribution differences and domain shift phenomena by an unbiased estimation technique based on the MMD. The model was validated on the datasets characterized by time-varying speed and variable load conditions. The investigation outcomes corroborate the reliability and superiority of the LRSDAN model in fault diagnosis performance through two publicly available datasets.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29173-29188"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Tangential Activity Recognition Based on Swin Transformer and Supervised Contrastive Learning Using Interferometric Radar","authors":"Lele Qu;Jiaqi Cong;Tianhong Yang;Lili Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3582424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3582424","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-Doppler (mD) signatures are widely used in the field of radar-based human activity recognition (HAR). However, these mD signatures tend to weaken significantly for human tangential activities, which increases the similarity between features of various activities and causes a notable decline in classification performance. To address this issue, this article proposes a human tangential activity recognition method based on a swin transformer (ST) and supervised contrastive learning (SCL) using interferometric radar. The proposed SCL-ST network integrates the feature fusion, ST encoder, and SCL framework. Specifically, a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) interferometric radar with one transmitter and two receivers is employed to capture echo data of human tangential activities. The echo data are preprocessed to generate single-channel mD spectrograms and dual-channel interferometric spectrograms. The training of the SCL-ST network is divided into two stages. Initially, the SCL-ST network is pretrained using the supervised contrastive loss. The generated mD and interferometric spectrograms are fed into the proposed SCL-ST network, which is equipped with the multilayer perceptron (MLP) projection head. The MLP projection head is capable of mapping feature vectors into a latent space, thereby enhancing the ability of the ST encoder to extract features related to diverse tangential activities. Subsequently, all parameters preceding the MLP projection head are frozen. The MLP classification head is employed to replace the projection head, and the network is then trained using cross-entropy loss to implement downstream classification tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed SCL-ST network can effectively classify different human tangential activities and achieve a recognition accuracy of 98.89%.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29189-29200"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fan Pressurization Method to Measure House Leakage Area Using Built-in Exhaust Fans and Window Openings as Reference Areas","authors":"Y. Kurihara;K. Kobayashi;K. Watanabe","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3582369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3582369","url":null,"abstract":"The fan pressurization method described in ISO 9972:2015 evaluates the air permeability of houses by measuring the effective leakage area (ELA). This method uses a specialized blower equipped with a volumetric airflow meter and a differential pressure sensor. This study proposes an alternative that utilizes a differential pressure sensor along with household exhaust fans to depressurize a house. Additionally, the known area of an open house window is used to calibrate the ELA against the corresponding geometrical area. To validate this method, the relationship between the geometric leakage area and the ELA obtained through this approach, as well as comparisons with other methods, were examined via theoretical analysis and experiments in a small container space. In a single room in an actual building characterized by substantial leakage gaps, such as those around interior doors, the total leakage area measured with a gap meter was 311.5 cm2, and the proposed method yielded the same value, demonstrating excellent agreement between the two. The proposed method was tested in a 36-year-old American-style house with a total floor area of 226.59 m2 and resulted in an ELA of 672 cm2 and a C-value of 2.96 cm2/m2. The geometrically measurable leakage area and the area estimated using the proposed method showed good agreement, confirming the reliability of the approach. Furthermore, the C-value of 2.96 cm2/m2, derived from the ELA measured in an actual house experiment, falls within the typical range for residential buildings (110 cm2/m<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{{2}}text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29880-29889"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hardware-Efficient Noise-Level Estimation for Image Denoising With FrWF and Polynomial Regression-Based Edge Detection","authors":"Anuja George;E. P. Jayakumar","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581513","url":null,"abstract":"Image noise estimation is vital in noise removal in biomedical imaging and computer vision applications. A precise calculation of the noise standard deviation is required for the image-denoising algorithms. An efficient noise estimation method is proposed using fractional wavelet filter (FrWF) and polynomial regression-based edge detection. The edge detection suggested in this study employs an adaptive edge threshold estimation based on polynomial regression and has lower hardware demands than the existing Sobel edge detection with Otsu thresholding. The suggested noise estimation technique performs competitively in terms of noise estimation accuracy when compared to earlier sophisticated algorithms. A very large-scale integration (VLSI) architecture design for the suggested noise estimation technique is also provided. The proposed design is modeled in Verilog hardware description language (HDL), simulated using Vivado 2019.1, and synthesized for TSMC 90 nm CMOS technology by Cadence Genus Synthesis Solution. The implementation of the proposed noise estimation algorithm demands an area of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$210354.62~ mu text {m}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, consumes 5.75 mW power, and has an operating frequency of 120 MHz. The suggested design is accurate and hardware-efficient which is the key highlight of this work.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29872-29879"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jieping Wu;Weilai Wang;Maode Liu;Shuangxi Xue;Guangming Yang;Xiaoqing Yang
{"title":"A Nondestructive Liquid-Level Sensor Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons Controlled by Liquid Metal Switches","authors":"Jieping Wu;Weilai Wang;Maode Liu;Shuangxi Xue;Guangming Yang;Xiaoqing Yang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581232","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a nondestructive multichannel sensor for liquid-level detection based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). A mathematical model for liquid-level sensing is established by leveraging the dispersion relationship between the permittivity and the phase shift constant. Then, liquid metal switches are integrated into the SSPP channels to dynamically control signal propagation, thereby enabling selective activation of each channel for level detection. The proposed detection theory and dynamic control method are validated through simulations. Subsequently, the designed sensors are fabricated and measured. The results demonstrate a linear relationship between the liquid level and the phase offset. The sensor is capable of penetrating nonmetallic containers for liquid-level detection, with a measurement range determined solely by the length of the component. It achieves a resolution of 0.01 mm and a detection accuracy of less than 1.28 mm. Moreover, the multichannel SSPP design enables the acquisition of more detailed level information, supporting dynamic liquid-level monitoring.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29841-29850"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Precision and Fast BOTDA Sensing Based on Super-Resolution Reconstruction Assistance","authors":"Zhihao Zhang;Xiaole Ma;Ziyang Wang;Liang Wang;Yuhao Qian;Chao Shang;Kuanglu Yu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581796","url":null,"abstract":"The sensing performance of the Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) is typically limited by the frequency sweep interval, average times of time-domain trace, and the accuracy and efficiency of Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) extraction. To enhance the accuracy and response speed of BOTDA without increasing system complexity, we proposed a BFS extraction method (SuperBFSNet) with super-resolution (SR) reconstruction assistance. This method combines SR reconstruction technology to rapidly and accurately extract BFS from low-resolution Brillouin gain spectra (BGSLR) measured under a large sweep interval. The accuracy and robustness of this method under different measurement conditions were experimentally evaluated and compared with traditional Lorentz curve fitting (LCF) and reconstruction fitting based on artificial neural network (ANN) methods. Experimental results show that when the frequency sweep interval is increased by a factor of 10, SuperBFSNet exhibits smaller measurement deviations and higher stability over a wider temperature range, with a temperature linear fitting determination coefficient of 0.9984, without sacrificing spatial resolution accuracy. Furthermore, when the number of averages is greater than 50, the average BFS uncertainty at the end of the optical fiber is 0.48 MHz. This represents a 48% improvement compared to LCF extraction of 1-MHz measured Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS), with an 85% reduction in data processing time. Simultaneously, the system measurement time and data volume are reduced to 1/10.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29150-29160"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on Power Control Strategy of Electromagnetic Energy Harvester Under Wide-Current Operating Conditions of Transmission Line","authors":"Xingming Fan;Renzhi Zhong;Guanyu Zhou;Shuo Xu;Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581394","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the energy supply problem of online equipment of transmission lines (TLs) under wide-current conditions (WCCs), the existing electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH) has insufficient energy supply under low current conditions (LCCs) and is prone to sudden output power drop and abnormal operation status due to deep saturation of the core under high current conditions (HCCs). To this end, this article proposes a power control strategy based on EMEH under WCCs. Under LCCs, the load equivalent impedance is dynamically adjusted by the improved constant voltage method (ICVM) to improve the output power of EMEH. Under HCCs, the thyristor active bypass control strategy (TABCS) is adopted to suppress core saturation and achieve precise power output limitation. Theoretical and experimental synergy shows that under LCCs, the method proposed in this article can effectively improve the output power of EMEH, and the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control strategy under 75-A bus current is 21.69% higher than that of direct power supply. Under HCCs, the control strategy proposed in this article can stably control the power output at the set value and prevent the saturation of the core.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29851-29860"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconstruction of Bridge Lateral and Longitudinal Displacements Based on a Corrective Time Decomposition and Splicing Method","authors":"Kai Li;Tao Zhao;Xinhao Pan;Jianqing Wu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3580887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3580887","url":null,"abstract":"Bridge displacement is one of the most important parameters for assessing the health of bridges. Current bridge displacement monitoring is mainly based on direct measurement and displacement reconstruction methods. Direct measurement methods can only guarantee accuracy up front, so they cannot be applied over the long term. Displacement reconstruction methods are primarily used for vertical displacement. They are challenging to apply directly to transverse and longitudinal displacement. Therefore, this study proposed a new displacement reconstruction method, corrective time decomposition and splicing (CTDaS), for long-term monitoring of lateral and longitudinal bridge displacements. It utilizes a variety of environmental data and displacement measurements from the early stages of monitoring to reconstruct bridge displacements. The proposed method consists of a time decomposition-splicing networks (Dec-SpcNets) model of displacement reconstruction and output optimization. The Dec-SpcNet extracts the features of the final time step in displacement and improves the accuracy of reconstructing displacement. Furthermore, a sliding weighted average was used to correct the output of the method. The method performance is validated based on the collected data of a continuous girder bridge. The results showed the average errors of 0.22 mm in lateral displacement and 1.85 mm in longitudinal displacement. The proposed method is also compared with the state-of-the-art methods to demonstrate its superiority. Further analysis based on Dec-SpcNet compares the criticality of each factor. The proposed method served as an effective application for monitoring bridge lateral and longitudinal displacements in the long term, which will further contribute to the health condition assessment of the bridge.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29809-29819"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo Lin;Xiaobo Zhang;Jinchan Zhu;Zhenyu Ma;Zhiyu Chen;Xiaosong Li;Zhengyu Chen;Xinxi Yu;Ping Wang
{"title":"A Comprehensive Multisnapshot Joint Estimation Algorithm for Sound Source Localization","authors":"Bo Lin;Xiaobo Zhang;Jinchan Zhu;Zhenyu Ma;Zhiyu Chen;Xiaosong Li;Zhengyu Chen;Xinxi Yu;Ping Wang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3581242","url":null,"abstract":"Fully utilizing measurement data can enhance the sound source localization performance, in addition to increasing observation dimensions. However, most existing studies simply use the entire measurement data once for localization, which obviously fails to fully exploit the valuable information contained in each measurement data. To address these issues, this article proposes a comprehensive multisnapshot joint Newtonized orthogonal matching pursuit (COMP-MJNOMP) algorithm. We first enhance the fault tolerance of atom selection by the comprehensive orthogonal matching pursuit (COMP) algorithm to maximize the likelihood of ensuring that all sound sources fall in a significantly reduced reconstruction target area, thus overcoming the issues of excessive computational resources and correlation confusion caused by finer grid spacing in the original space. Subsequently, we implement the proposed multisnapshot joint Newtonized orthogonal matching pursuit (MJNOMP) algorithm for joint estimation of sound sources based on the data of multiple random subarrays, thereby fully leveraging each measurement data to enhance the localization performance. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the original greedy algorithms [multisnapshot orthogonal matching pursuit (MOMP) and multisnapshot Newtonized orthogonal matching pursuit (MNOMP)] and achieves more efficient localization compared to the advanced deconvolution Newtonized orthogonal matching pursuit deconvolution approach for the mapping of acoustic sources (NOMP-DAMAS) algorithm. The proposed algorithm exhibits a notable improvement in localization precision while also demonstrating superior robustness against noise. Furthermore, it can maintain excellent localization capability across a wide frequency range.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 15","pages":"29099-29110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}