{"title":"Concurrent Error Detection in Embedded Digital Control of Nonlinear Autonomous Systems Using Adaptive State Space Checks","authors":"Md Imran Momtaz, C. Amarnath, A. Chatterjee","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325229","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of pervasive autonomous systems such as self-driving cars and drones has raised questions about their safety and trustworthiness. This is particularly relevant in the event of on-board subsystem errors or failures. In this research, we show how encoded Extended Kalman Filter can be used to detect anomalous behaviors of critical components of nonlinear autonomous systems: sensors, actuators, state estimation algorithms and control software. As opposed to prior work that is limited to linear systems or requires the use of cumbersome machine learned checks with fixed detection thresholds, the proposed approach necessitates the use of time-varying checks with dynamically adaptive thresholds. The method is lightweight in comparison to existing methods (does not rely on machine learning paradigms) and achieves high coverage as well as low detection latency of errors. A quadcopter and an automotive steer-by-wire system are used as test vehicles for the research and simulation and hardware results indicate the overhead, coverage and error detection latency benefits of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128244500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renjian Pan, Zhaobo Zhang, Xin Li, K. Chakrabarty, Xinli Gu
{"title":"Unsupervised Root-Cause Analysis for Integrated Systems","authors":"Renjian Pan, Zhaobo Zhang, Xin Li, K. Chakrabarty, Xinli Gu","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325268","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing complexity and high cost of integrated systems has placed immense pressure on root-cause analysis and diagnosis. In light of artificial intelligent and machine learning, a large amount of intelligent root-cause analysis methods have been proposed. However, most of them need historical test data with root-cause labels from repair history, which are often difficult and expensive to obtain. In this paper, we propose a two-stage unsupervised root-cause analysis method in which no repair history is needed. In the first stage, a decision-tree model is trained with system test information to roughly cluster the data. In the second stage, frequent-pattern mining is applied to extract frequent patterns in each decision-tree node to precisely cluster the data so that each cluster represents only a small number of root causes. In additional, L-method and cross validation are applied to automatically determine the hyper-parameters of our algorithm. Two industry case studies with system test data demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art unsupervised root-cause analysis method.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122240123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Memory repair logic sharing techniques and their impact on yield","authors":"B. Nadeau-Dostie, L. Romain","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325280","url":null,"abstract":"Techniques for sharing memory repair logic amongst memories are described. The techniques allows reducing silicon area and loading time of repair information upon power up. The impact on yield is predicted using two different methods based on defect density and clustering or past silicon experience.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117154274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mhamdi, P. Girard, A. Virazel, A. Bosio, A. Ladhar
{"title":"A Learning-Based Cell-Aware Diagnosis Flow for Industrial Customer Returns","authors":"S. Mhamdi, P. Girard, A. Virazel, A. Bosio, A. Ladhar","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325246","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnosis is crucial in order to establish the root cause of observed failures in Systems-on-Chip (SoC). In this paper, we present a new framework based on supervised learning for cell-aware defect diagnosis of customer returns. By using a Naive Bayes classifier to accurately identify defect candidates, the proposed flow indistinctly deals with static and dynamic defects that may occur in actual circuits. Results achieved on benchmark circuits, as well as comparison with a commercial cell-aware diagnosis tool, show the effectiveness of the proposed framework in terms of accuracy and resolution. Moreover, the proposed flow has been experimented and validated on industrial circuits (two test chips and one customer return from STMicroelectronics), thus corroborating the results achieved on benchmark circuits.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"60 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121571298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lizhou Wu, Siddharth Rao, M. Taouil, E. Marinissen, G. Kar, S. Hamdioui
{"title":"Characterization, Modeling and Test of Synthetic Anti-Ferromagnet Flip Defect in STT-MRAMs","authors":"Lizhou Wu, Siddharth Rao, M. Taouil, E. Marinissen, G. Kar, S. Hamdioui","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325258","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the manufacturing defects in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which are the data-storing elements in STT-MRAMs, and their resultant faulty behaviors are crucial for developing high-quality test solutions. This paper introduces a new type of MTJ defect: synthetic anti-ferromagnet flip (SAFF) defect, wherein the magnetization in both the hard layer and reference layer of MTJ devices undergoes an unintended flip to the opposite direction. Both magnetic and electrical measurement data of SAFF defect in fabricated MTJ devices is presented; it shows that such a defect reverses the polarity of stray field at the free layer of MTJ, while it has no electrical impact on the single isolated device. The paper also demonstrates that using the conventional fault modeling and test approach fails to appropriately model and test such a defect. Therefore device-aware fault modeling and test approach is used. It first physically models the defect and incorporate it into a Verilog-A MTJ compact model, which is afterwards calibrated with silicon data. The model is thereafter used for fault analysis and modeling within an STT-MRAM array; simulation results show that a SAFF defect may lead to an intermittent Passive Neighborhood Pattern Sensitive Fault (PNPSF1i) when all neighboring cells are in logic ‘1’ state. Finally, test solutions for such fault are discussed.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114385977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assuring Security and Reliability of Emerging Non-Volatile Memories","authors":"Mohammad Nasim Imtiaz Khan, Swaroop Ghosh","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325231","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of Silicon roadmap, keeping the leakage power in tolerable limit has become one of the biggest challenges. Several promising Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) offering high-density, high speed, and competitive reliability/endurance while eliminating leakage issues are being investigated. On one hand, the above-desired properties make emerging NVM suitable candidates to assist or replace conventional memories in memory hierarchy as well as to infuse compute capability to eliminate Von-Neumann bottleneck. On the other hand, their unique features such as high and asymmetric read/write current and persistence bring new threats to data security while compute-capability imposes new fundamentally different security challenges. Some of these memories are already deployed in full systems and as discrete chips. Therefore, it is utmost important to investigate the security issues of NVMs spanning the application space. This work makes pioneering contributions to this challenge through a holistic approach- from devices to circuits and systems using a combination of design and test methodologies to develop secure and resilient NVMs. The proposed attacks and countermeasures are validated on test boards using commercial NVM chips. Finally, this research has been tied to education by converting the test boards to design a modular and reproducible self-learning cybersecurity kit which has been piloted to train graduate and undergraduate students and K-12 teachers.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"326 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132712428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fong-Jyun Tsai, Chong-Siao Ye, Kuen-Jong Lee, Shi-Xuan Zheng, Yu Huang, Wu-Tung Cheng, S. Reddy, M. Kassab, J. Rajski, Chen Wang, Justyna Zawada
{"title":"Prediction of Test Pattern Count and Test Data Volume for Scan Architectures under Different Input Channel Configurations","authors":"Fong-Jyun Tsai, Chong-Siao Ye, Kuen-Jong Lee, Shi-Xuan Zheng, Yu Huang, Wu-Tung Cheng, S. Reddy, M. Kassab, J. Rajski, Chen Wang, Justyna Zawada","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325219","url":null,"abstract":"As the complexity of industrial integrated circuits continue to increase rapidly, test data compression has now become a de facto technology for large designs to reduce the overall test cost. During the design for test (DFT) planning, it is critical to understand the impact of using different numbers of input/output test channels on test coverage, test cycles, and test data volume. In this paper, two approaches to predict the test pattern counts and test data volumes with different input channel counts are presented, one with the compression tool able to generate channel-scaling patterns and the other without this capability. The results can be used to determine the scan test configuration that results in the smallest or near smallest test data volume. Experiments on industrial circuits show that the average error rates of pattern count prediction for most circuits are less than 10% for both approaches. The error rates of the predicted smallest data volumes are all less than 3.5%. The total ATPG run time can be reduced by a factor of more than 10X compared to the currently used trial-and-error approach.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132741754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haiying Ma, Ligang Lu, Haitao Qian, Jing Han, Xin Wen, Fanjin Meng, Rahul Singhal, Martin Keim, Yu Huang, Wu Yang
{"title":"Fast Bring-Up of an AI SoC through IEEE 1687 Integrating Embedded TAPs and IEEE 1500 Interfaces","authors":"Haiying Ma, Ligang Lu, Haitao Qian, Jing Han, Xin Wen, Fanjin Meng, Rahul Singhal, Martin Keim, Yu Huang, Wu Yang","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325251","url":null,"abstract":"Complex application specific SoC are being developed for hardware support artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Such a complex SoCs are integrating a large number of on-chip and off-chip memories, numerous cores and interfaces including in our case a hierarchy of embedded TAPs, as well as security measures and Design-For-Test (DFT) structures. In this case-study paper, we demonstrate using IEEE 1687-2014 (IJTAG) to integrate all these different components into a single, unifying methodology. From this, we derive the benefits of workflow efficiency and fast silicon bring-up. For example, we can report that silicon bring-up of the DFT of the entire SoC was completed in about 4 days, and other bring-up aspects of the Soc were also completed in very little time.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114617989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine Intelligence for Efficient Test Pattern Generation","authors":"Soham Roy, S. Millican, V. Agrawal","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325250","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines machine intelligence’s (MI) ability to enhance automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) by reducing backtracks. In lieu of a conventional heuristic to decide backtracing directions, this study uses an artificial neural network (ANN) trained through PODEM on hard-to-detect faults. Training data contains topological data, testability measures, and backtracking history, and when trained on this data, the ANN guides backtracing in directions unlikely to backtrack. When trained with a single feature (e.g., COP), ATPG performance is comparable to conventional PODEM, and using multiple features further reduces backtracks and ATPG CPU time.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125198560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cesar A. Sánchez-Martínez, P. López-Meyer, E. Juárez-Hernández, Aaron Desiga-Orenday, Andrés Viveros-Wacher
{"title":"High Speed Serial Links Risk Assessment in Industrial Post-Silicon Validation Exploiting Machine Learning Techniques","authors":"Cesar A. Sánchez-Martínez, P. López-Meyer, E. Juárez-Hernández, Aaron Desiga-Orenday, Andrés Viveros-Wacher","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325238","url":null,"abstract":"Post-Silicon system margin validation consumes a significant amount of time and resources. To overcome this, a reduced validation plan for derivative products has previously been used. However, a certain amount of validation is still needed to avoid escapes, which is prone to subjective bias by the validation engineer comparing a reduced set of derivative validation data against the base product data. Machine Learning techniques allow to perform automatic decisions based on already available historical data. In this work, we present an efficient methodology implemented with Machine Learning to make an automatic risk assessment decision for derivative products, considering a large set of parameters obtained from the base product. The proposed methodology yields a high performance on the risk assessment decision, which translates into a significant reduction in time, effort, and resources.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117335077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}