{"title":"Advanced Outlier Detection Using Unsupervised Learning for Screening Potential Customer Returns","authors":"Hanbin Hu, Nguyen Nguyen, Chen He, Peng Li","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325225","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the extreme scarcity of customer failure data, it is challenging to reliably screen out those rare defects within a high-dimensional input feature space formed by the relevant parametric test measurements. In this paper, we study several unsupervised learning techniques based on six industrial test datasets, and propose to train a more robust unsupervised learning model by self-labeling the training data via a set of transformations. Using the labeled data we train a multi-class classifier through supervised training. The goodness of the multiclass classification decisions with respect to an unseen input data is used as a normality score to defect anomalies. Furthermore, we propose to use reversible information lossless transformations to retain the data information and boost the performance and robustness of the proposed self-labeling approach.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115628176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Selecting Close-to-Functional Path Delay Faults for Test Generation","authors":"I. Pomeranz","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325255","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of paths necessitates the selection of path delay faults for test generation. The selected path delay faults should be detectable, and associated with the longest paths of the circuit. This paper introduces a new consideration that is important for the selection of path delay faults, namely, the extent to which a path delay fault can be activated during functional operation. This is important since certain paths that cannot be activated during functional operation may not be optimized for speed. To address this issue, the paper describes a path selection procedure that uses functional broadside tests to identify functional path delay faults. The procedure selects target path delay faults that are associated with the longest paths, and are as similar as possible to functional path delay faults. Experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate the levels of similarity.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129097711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"LAIDAR: Learning for Accuracy and Ideal Diagnostic Resolution","authors":"Qicheng Huang, Chenlei Fang, R. D. Blanton","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325212","url":null,"abstract":"IC diagnosis, as a key-step of yield learning, helps to uncover the root cause of chip failure. High quality diagnosis results, measured in terms of accuracy and resolution, are crucial for physical failure analysis during fast yield ramping. Despite various existing methods for enhancing diagnosis, there is still ample room for further improvement. In this paper, a new machine learning based diagnosis method is proposed for improving both accuracy and resolution. Based on features extracted from tester and simulation data, the goal is to predict whether a defect candidate actually corresponds to the real defect. Specifically, semi-supervised learning is deployed to use unlabeled data to augment model training. In addition, a defect-level learning procedure uses characteristics from similar defects to further improve resolution. Experiments involving virtual and silicon datasets demonstrate significant improvements that include: 6.4× increase in occurrences of perfect diagnosis, and a performance that consistently outperforms other state-of-the-art diagnosis techniques.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133109928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High Defect-Density Yield Learning using Three-Dimensional Logic Test Chips","authors":"Z. Liu, R. D. Blanton","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325244","url":null,"abstract":"Test vehicles of various types that aim to identify yield detractors are essential for maturing a new semiconductor process before high volume production. Due to large number of unpredictable geometries created by place-and-route, test vehicles that focus on random logic are of the utmost importance. Prior work that utilizes a two-dimensional regular array of logic blocks has demonstrated significant superiority over conventional approaches. In this work, a third dimension is added to ensure efficient diagnosis of multiple defects that frequently occur within a high defect-density environment. Experiments demonstrate a significant improvement in perfect diagnoses over the two-dimensional LCV.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"499 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116084907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanson Peng, Mao-Yuan Hsia, Man-Ting Pang, I.-Y. Chang, Jeff Fan, Huaxing Tang, Manish Sharma, Wu Yang
{"title":"Using Volume Cell-aware Diagnosis Results to Improve Physical Failure Analysis Efficiency","authors":"Hanson Peng, Mao-Yuan Hsia, Man-Ting Pang, I.-Y. Chang, Jeff Fan, Huaxing Tang, Manish Sharma, Wu Yang","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325262","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical analysis based on layout-aware scan diagnosis has been successfully used for identifying defect root causes and reducing physical failure analysis (PFA) efforts, especially for interconnect defects. With increasing complexity and density of designs manufactured by FinFET technologies, more and more cell internal defects are observed. For such defects, the root cause deconvolution (RCD) and PFA based on layout-aware diagnosis learning become less efficient because diagnosis reports can only call out cell instances, but can’t pinpoint the defect location within the suspected cell. Cell-aware diagnosis (CAD) uses analog simulation results to accurately locate defects inside standard cells. The cell-aware RCD (RCAD) provides a comprehensive defect pareto for both cell-internal defects and interconnect defects. Both techniques can be very beneficial for PFA. In this work, we present a case study which combines these techniques to successfully identify a systematic cell internal issue caused by a sensitive layout pattern with dramatically improved PFA efficiency for recent silicon data manufactured by an advanced FinFET technology.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116093831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital Design Techniques for Dependable High Performance Computing","authors":"S. Azimi, L. Sterpone","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325281","url":null,"abstract":"As today’s process technologies continuously scale down, circuits become increasingly more vulnerable to radiation-induced soft errors in nanoscale VLSI technologies. The reduction of node capacitance and supply voltages coupled with increasingly denser chips are raising soft error rates and making them an important design issue. This research work is focused on the development of design techniques for high-reliability modern VLSI technologies, focusing mainly on Radiation-induced Single Event Transient. In this work, we evaluate the complete life-cycle of the SET pulse from the generation to the mitigation. A new simulation tool, Rad-Ray, has been developed to simulate and model the passage of heavy ion into the silicon matter of modern Integrated Circuit and predict the transient voltage pulse taking into account the physical description of the design. An analysis and mitigation tool has been developed to evaluate the propagation of the predicted SET pulses within the circuit and apply a selective mitigation technique to the sensitive nodes of the circuit. The analysis and mitigation tools have been applied to many industrial projects as well as the EUCLID space mission project, including more than ten modules. The obtained results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed tools.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"237 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116296830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"At-speed DfT Architecture for Bundled-data Design","authors":"R. Guazzelli, L. Fesquet","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325261","url":null,"abstract":"At-speed testing for asynchronous circuits is still an open concern in the literature. Due to its timing constraints between control and data paths, Design for Testability (DfT) methodologies must test both control and data paths at the same time in order to guarantee the circuit correctness. As Process Voltage Temperature (PVT) variations significantly impact circuit design in newer CMOS technologies and low-power techniques such as voltage scaling, the timing constraints between control and data paths must be tested after fabrication not only under nominal conditions but through a range of operating conditions. However, this requirement demands modifications in the control and data paths, which are not straightforward and not desirable from a commercial standpoint due to its incompatibility with conventional testing tools. Even with the available testing methodologies for asynchronous circuits in the literature – by adapting the existing techniques for synchronous or creating new ones from scratch – those methodologies usually target the control or data path. This work explores an at-speed testing approach for bundled data circuits, targeting the micropipeline template. The main target of this test approach focuses on whether the sized delay lines in control paths respect the local timing assumptions of the data paths. By adding extra controllability points in the controllers and taking advantage of scan-chain structures, this work targets to generate/stall tokens in controllers, enabling circuit verification through available scan chains.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123789389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sang-Uck Ahn, Beom-Kyu Seo, Hyun-Woo Kim, Yeoun-Sook Shin, Hyung-Tae Kim, Ghil-Geun Oh, Young-Dae Kim
{"title":"Cost-Effective Test Method for screening out Unexpected Failure in High Speed Serial Interface IPs","authors":"Sang-Uck Ahn, Beom-Kyu Seo, Hyun-Woo Kim, Yeoun-Sook Shin, Hyung-Tae Kim, Ghil-Geun Oh, Young-Dae Kim","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325235","url":null,"abstract":"In High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) IP using AC coupled configuration, due to the AC coupled configuration, it can cause unexpected issues that cannot screen fail chips. That is, external loopback test is not able to reject the fail chip, even if one of the differential positive and negative signals is abnormal status, such as pin floating or open. This paper proposes a cost effective test method can screen unexpected failure without measurement performance degradation assisted by simple circuit modification and additional test sequence.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"117 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120969446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siyuan Chen, Jinwook Jung, P. Song, K. Chakrabarty, Gi-Joon Nam
{"title":"BISTLock: Efficient IP Piracy Protection using BIST","authors":"Siyuan Chen, Jinwook Jung, P. Song, K. Chakrabarty, Gi-Joon Nam","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325210","url":null,"abstract":"The globalization of IC manufacturing has increased the likelihood for IP providers to suffer financial and reputational loss from IP piracy. Logic locking prevents IP piracy by corrupting the functionality of an IP unless a correct secret key is inserted. However, existing logic-locking techniques can impose significant area overhead and performance impact (delay and power) on designs. In this work, we propose BISTLock, a logic-locking technique that utilizes built-in self-test (BIST) to isolate functional inputs when the circuit is locked. We also propose a set of security metrics and use the proposed metrics to quantify BISTLock’s security strength for an open-source AES core. Our experimental results demonstrate that BISTLock is easy to implement and introduces an average of 0.74% area and no power or delay overhead across the set of benchmarks used for evaluation.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123690413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Robust DfT Techniques for Built-in Fault Detection in Operational Amplifiers with High Coverage","authors":"M. Saikiran, Mona Ganji, Degang Chen","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325226","url":null,"abstract":"An operational amplifier (op amp) is a fundamental block used extensively both as a stand-alone device and as a major block embedded in an SoC. To fully characterize an op amp, sophisticated analog and digital testing is required, which is expensive. Fault detection techniques have proved to reduce package cost and test cost by detecting faulty devices early in the test sequence. In this paper, a simple Design for Test (DfT) technique called intentional offset injection is proposed to detect various faults in the op amp. As our proposed method is completely digital, pure digital circuitry can be used, thereby avoiding expensive analog testing. The op amp can be tested with the proposed fault detection method during wafer probe test right after the continuity tests and the faulty devices could be discarded, thereby circumventing time-consuming analog testing. Additionally, our detection scheme can be used for power-on selftest after deployment and for online health monitoring during normal operation. We show that the proposed detection method can provide high fault coverage of 95% with modest area requirements. In this work, we also introduce a detector called digital window comparator which is used to monitor faults in the biasing circuit as well as in the Widlar current reference providing increased fault coverage.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125850201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}