{"title":"Methods for Susceptibility Analysis of Logic Gates in the Presence of Single Event Transients","authors":"R. Schvittz, P. Butzen, L. Rosa","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325252","url":null,"abstract":"New design methodologies are needed to improve the circuit robustness to deal with technology scaling issues. Traditional fault-tolerant approaches present severe overheads. Alternative solutions based on partial fault tolerance and fault avoidance are considered a possible solution to the reliability problem. An accurate evaluation of circuit reliability is fundamental to allow a reliability-aware automated design flow, where the synthesis tool could rapidly cycle through several circuit configurations to assess the best option. Most of the circuit reliability estimation methods use logic gate information as the starting point. The difference in logic gates reliability is neglected. This work proposes models capable of analyzing logic gates susceptibility in different abstraction levels. Three methods are proposed based on transistor arrangement, stick diagram, and layout of the logic gates. A 45nm standard cell library is used to validate the proposed methods. The achieved results are used to analyze ISCAS’85 benchmark circuit reliability. The obtained Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) shows a considerable reduction of almost 50% compared to the values from traditional fixed logic gate reliability.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115241331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hardware IP Protection Using Logic Encryption and Watermarking","authors":"R. Karmakar, S. Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325223","url":null,"abstract":"Logic encryption is a popular Design-for-Security(DfS) solution that offers protection against the potential adversaries in the third-party fab labs and end-users. However, over the years, logic encryption has been a target of several attacks, especially Boolean satisfiability attacks. This paper exploits SAT attack’s inability of deobfuscating sequential circuits as a defense against it. We propose several strategies capable of preventing the SAT attack by obfuscating the scan-based Design-for-Testability (DfT) infrastructure. Unlike the existing SAT-resilient schemes, the proposed techniques do not suffer from poor output corruption for wrong keys. This paper also offers various probable solutions for inserting the key-gates into the circuit that ensures protection against numerous other attacks, which exploit weak key-gate locations. Along with several gate-level obfuscation strategies, this paper also presents a Cellular Automata (CA) guided FSM obfuscation strategy to offer protection at a higher abstraction level, that is, RTL-level. For all the proposed schemes, rigorous security analysis against various attacks evaluates their strengths and limitations. Testability analysis also ensures that none of the proposed techniques hamper the basic testing properties of the ICs. We also present a CA-based FSM watermarking strategy that helps to detect potential theft of the designer’s IP by any adversary.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"41 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120854012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rapid PLL Monitoring By A Novel min-MAX Time-to-Digital Converter","authors":"Wei-Hao Chen, Chu-Chun Hsu, Shi-Yu Huang","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325217","url":null,"abstract":"For a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), the clock period variation is one important health condition indicator. In this paper, we present a rapid min-MAX period monitoring scheme for PLLs, using circuits made of only standard cells. The proposed scheme can monitor the clock period of a PLL ’s output clock signal continuously during a designated monitoring session, while reporting the minimum and maximum clock periods in a timely manner. As a result, performance hazards can be timely exposed and an alarm can be raised earlier. The most unique contribution in this work is the design of a novel min-MAX Time-to-Digital converter (TDC). We have implemented this monitoring scheme and integrated it with a cell-based PLL in a 90nm CMOS process and post-layout simulation is conducted to verify its effectiveness. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is able to detect some dangerous conditions when the PLL ’s output clock signal exhibits abnormal clock cycle times due to some online transient fault.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121142581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jong-Yun Yun, B. Nadeau-Dostie, Martin Keim, Lori Schramm, C. Dray, E. M. Boujamaa, Khushal Gelda
{"title":"MBIST Supported Multi Step Trim for Reliable eMRAM Sensing","authors":"Jong-Yun Yun, B. Nadeau-Dostie, Martin Keim, Lori Schramm, C. Dray, E. M. Boujamaa, Khushal Gelda","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325218","url":null,"abstract":"Access Memory) has many attractive properties such as small size, fast operation speed, and good endurance. However, MRAM has a relatively small TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) ratio, which means a small on-off state separation. It is a challenge to set an optimal reference resistance to reliably differentiate “1” and “0” states. Several trimming circuits were suggested in the literature to adjust a reference value and its search range. The trim setting can be controlled manually by user input; however, it consumes huge test time and requires off-chip engineering analysis to search and apply a trim setting for an individual memory array. In this paper, we will discuss the recent silicon results of fully automated trim process leveraging existing MBIST (Memory Built-in Self-Test) resources and new features to accommodate more complicated multi-step reference setting implementation through minor update of an existing MBIST circuit. The proposed MBIST solution uses a minimal number of tests to analyze massive array properties and automatically set complicated multi-step trim settings within a chip without the need for an external tester or manual adjustments.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124959450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sanabria-Borbón, N. G. Jayasankaran, S. Y. Lee, E. Sánchez-Sinencio, J. Hu, J. Rajendran
{"title":"Schmitt Trigger-Based Key Provisioning for Locking Analog/RF Integrated Circuits","authors":"A. Sanabria-Borbón, N. G. Jayasankaran, S. Y. Lee, E. Sánchez-Sinencio, J. Hu, J. Rajendran","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325209","url":null,"abstract":"Analog/RF performance locking techniques insert configurable components to obfuscate the biasing or the design parameters of the secured analog block. The locked circuit meets the specifications only under a specific configuration decided by the correct common key, shared by all chip instances of the same design. Key provisioning enables the design of distinct user keys for individual chip instances. This area has received little research attention, and a naive approach yields large area overhead when increasing the key size. We propose a new approach based on a Schmitt trigger (ST) circuit with configurable hysteresis. The proposed key provisioning is compatible with existing analog locking techniques and has a constant area overhead regardless of key size. This approach is tested with three analog/RF circuits to demonstrate its area scalability and effectiveness on security.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130515444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Knowledge Transfer for Diagnosis Outcome Preview with Limited Data","authors":"Qicheng Huang, Chenlei Fang, R. D. Blanton","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325214","url":null,"abstract":"Logic diagnosis aims to identify defects in falling integrated circuits (ICs) and thus plays an essential role in yield learning. Previous research has demonstrated that diagnosis outcome (defect number, resolution, etc.) can be accurately predicted using features derived from the data collected from failing ICs. This capability allows practitioners to better allocate resources during yield learning. However, a significant number of diagnosis must be conducted to obtain sufficient training data for building an accurate prediction model. To reduce the data collection cost, we utilize some prior knowledge through transfer learning. Specifically, a prior model is constructed from a correlated dataset and then adapted to very limited training samples from the current design of interest. Experiments performed using real industrial examples demonstrate that transfer learning can significantly improve prediction performance and save training data when a suitable prior knowledge exists.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130034618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arjun Chaudhuri, Jonti Talukdar, Fei Su, K. Chakrabarty
{"title":"Functional Criticality Classification of Structural Faults in AI Accelerators","authors":"Arjun Chaudhuri, Jonti Talukdar, Fei Su, K. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325272","url":null,"abstract":"The ubiquitous application of deep neural networks (DNNs) has led to a rise in demand for artificial intelligence (AI) accelerators. This paper studies the problem of classifying structural faults in such an accelerator based on their functional criticality. We analyze the impact of stuck-at faults in the processing elements (PEs) of a $128 times 128$ systolic array designed to perform classification on the MNIST dataset using both 32-bit and 16-bit data paths. We present a two-tier machine-learning (ML) based method to assess the functional criticality of these faults. We address the problem of minimizing misclassification by utilizing generative adversarial networks (GANs). The two-tier ML/GAN-based criticality assessment method leads to less than 1% test escapes during functional criticality evaluation.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131020640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew Stern, Dhwani Mehta, Shahin Tajik, Farimah Farahmandi, M. Tehranipoor
{"title":"SPARTA: A Laser Probing Approach for Trojan Detection","authors":"Andrew Stern, Dhwani Mehta, Shahin Tajik, Farimah Farahmandi, M. Tehranipoor","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325222","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated circuits (ICs) fabricated at untrusted foundries are vulnerable to hardware Trojan insertion. Trojans can be inserted into design files by modifying existing functionality or inserting additional circuitry into unused areas. Checking for the existence of Trojans either requires design-level modification or a complex test process. Unfortunately, the detection confidence using existing techniques is low, while they require a significant increase in verification effort, making them inapplicable to complex circuits due to aggressive time-to-market constraints. On the other hand, for a high confidence detection of Trojans, an exhaustive inspection may be required using destructive reverse-engineering techniques. However, such methods are quite expensive, render the device unusable, and are very time-consuming. In this work, we propose SPARTA, a non-destructive laser probing approach for Trojan detection, which detects sequential hardware Trojans by comparing clock activity within a fabricated IC with the original clock tree created in the design phase. SPARTA does not require any golden samples, but rather the golden design. SPARTA is based upon creating a 2-dimensional frequency map of the backside silicon using electro-optical frequency mapping (EOFM), which exposes the activity of clocked elements in the IC. The measurements are then compared with the expected sequential activity based on the original clock tree identified in the IC to detect all additions, subtractions, or modifications to sequential elements with sub-micron spatial resolution and its efficiency is demonstrated on a 28nm device.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115351810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen He, S. Traynor, Gayathri Bhagavatheeswaran, H. Sánchez
{"title":"Stress, Test, and Simulation of Analog IOs on Automotive ICs","authors":"Chen He, S. Traynor, Gayathri Bhagavatheeswaran, H. Sánchez","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325224","url":null,"abstract":"Automotive ICs (Integrated Circuits) demand extremely high reliability and quality requirements. On the advanced technology nodes to enable autonomous driving with exploding amount of input/output (IO) data, more and more analog IO pads have been implemented on the automotive ICs, which pose a unique challenge on how to effectively and safely stress them to meet automotive Zero Defect (ZD) requirement. In this paper, we present a stress, test and simulation methodology on analog multi-voltage IOs in which the stress conditions are determined by circuit level reliability simulation while silicon stress results are used to correlate to the simulation models. Silicon results on 16nm FinFET automotive microprocessor are discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116354666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data-driven fault model development for superconducting logic","authors":"Mingye Li, Fangzhou Wang, S. Gupta","doi":"10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC44778.2020.9325220","url":null,"abstract":"Superconducting technology is being seriously explored for certain applications. We propose a new clean-slate method to derive fault models from large numbers of simulation results. For this technology, our method identifies completely new fault models – overflow, pulse-escape, and pattern-sensitive – in addition to the well-known stuck-at faults.","PeriodicalId":251504,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123625850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}