G. Medeiros, E. Brum, L. Poehls, T. Copetti, T. Balen
{"title":"Influence of temperature on dynamic fault behavior due to resistive defects in FinFET-based SRAMs","authors":"G. Medeiros, E. Brum, L. Poehls, T. Copetti, T. Balen","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8349697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8349697","url":null,"abstract":"FinFET technology has emerged as the most promising alternative to continue the scaling-down of technological nodes due to its superior electric properties. In parallel, the need to store more information on chip led to Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) occupying the greatest part of silicon area of Systems-on-Chips (SoCs). During manufacturing, SRAMs can be affected by resistive defects that may lead to dynamic faults, considered one of the most important causes of test escape in deep-submicron technologies. In this context, this paper proposes to analyze the impact of temperature on the dynamic faulty behavior during manufacturing tests of SRAM cells affected by weak resistive defects. In more detail, critical resistances and the number of operations necessary to sensitize faults are investigated. Additionally, the concept of Dynamic Behavior Window is presented and characterized. The proposed analysis has been performed using SPICE simulations adopting a 20nm FinFET compact model.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116892888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RTOS for mixed criticality applications deployed on NoC-based COTS MPSoC","authors":"Stefano Esposito, Serhiy Avramenko, M. Violante","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8347239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8347239","url":null,"abstract":"Network-on-chip-based multi-processor systems-on-chip are clearly the trend for next generation embedded applications. In order to enable use of such systems in a mixed-criticality context such as an avionic application, spatial and temporal partitioning should be provided between safety-critical tasks and non-safety-critical tasks. The contribution of this work is to propose a software-only partitioning scheme that exploits the routing algorithm used by the network-on-chip. The proposed approach implements the partitioning on traffic route level, overcoming the concept of strict segregation between critical and non-critical domains. As a further contribution this paper describes a software module we developed to implement the proposed partitioning scheme, thus enabling the use of commercial-off-the-shelf components in a safety critical context. The proposed module is intended to be added to a real-time operating system, to satisfy portability and certification requirements.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130009745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Probability aware fault-injection approach for SER estimation","authors":"Fábio B. Armelin, L. Naviner, R. d'Amore","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8349692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8349692","url":null,"abstract":"The Soft-Error Rate (SER) estimation is used to predict how electronic systems will respond to the transient electrical pulses induced by the ionizing radiation. SER estimation by radiation test is an accurate method, but it is expensive and requires the real device. Traditional simulation methods incorporate logical, temporal and electrical masking effects while injecting faults at the output of the device's functional elements. Nevertheless, they do not consider the probability of the ionizing radiation to produce a transient fault at the output of each class of functional element. On the other hand, studies in the stochastic computing domain deal with a probabilistic fault-injection approach. Since many concomitant faults among the elements may occur, the fault probability of each element is treated independently. This leads to the use of one Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) and a probability comparator for each functional element. However, the analysis of a single fault is usually enough for SER estimation. In this context, this work presents a different approach for probability-aware fault-injection, in which a weighted distribution of faults is defined considering the relative fault probability of each functional element. This approach enables the use of just one PRNG and a decoder for the entire device, instead of a pair ‘PRNG-comparator’ per element, leading to a significant reduction in logic blocks consumption. For the example analyzed in this study, the use of relative fault probability decreases the number of logic blocks from 875 (adopting independent fault probability) to 495.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129429260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eduardo Garcia-Espinosa, O. Longoria-Gandara, Enrique Gonzalez-Garcia, Arturo Veloz-Guerrero
{"title":"Post-silicon validation based on synthetic test patterns for early detection of timing anomalies","authors":"Eduardo Garcia-Espinosa, O. Longoria-Gandara, Enrique Gonzalez-Garcia, Arturo Veloz-Guerrero","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8347237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8347237","url":null,"abstract":"Timing anomalies in a system on a chip are one of the most common causes of functional misbehaviors. They are usually hard to find and poses a potential quality risk to the design and implementation of the system. Such anomalies might appear when high-volume validation is performed in the design, which usually takes place at advanced stages of the validation process and close to the product release qualification. In this paper, we propose a methodology to uncover potential timing problems using synthetic test patterns at the beginning of the post-silicon validation process, thus accelerating the timing bugs finding and improving the quality of the samples to be delivered to the customers.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125377709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flexible architecture of memory BISTs","authors":"R. Silveira, Qadeer Qureshi, Rodrigo Zeli","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8349666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8349666","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will present a flexible Memory Built-in Self-Test (MBIST) designed to be easily adaptable to specific memory configurations and user requirements. Its RTL code is generated by means of programming scripts that provide an easy to read code without the use of complex compiler directives. The basic architecture can be adapted to different schemes of test such as parallel, in which all the memories are tested concurrently, or sequential, in which the memories are tested one at the time.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127744145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rodrigo Travessini, P. Villa, F. Vargas, E. Bezerra
{"title":"Processor core profiling for SEU effect analysis","authors":"Rodrigo Travessini, P. Villa, F. Vargas, E. Bezerra","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8347235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8347235","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the analysis of a fault injection campaign in the CPU registers of the LEON3 softcore processor. The faults are injected through the use of simulation scripts that force a bit flip while the processor is running a set of three different workloads. The study is restricted to single bit upsets (SBU) and investigates the effects of the injected faults and how they propagate to the CPU core boundaries. The obtained results show that the majority of the failures are due to faults injected in only a small number of the processor registers. Furthermore, in this study, it is proposed a partial triple modular redundancy approach to protect only the CPU's most sensitive registers, achieving a 99.25% SBU tolerance with only a marginal increase in area.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":"os-45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127782766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability evaluation on interfacing with AXI and AXI-S on Xilinx Zynq-7000 AP-SoC","authors":"F. Benevenuti, F. Kastensmidt","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8347233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8347233","url":null,"abstract":"This work is set in the context of fault tolerance and reliability of critical cyber-physical systems (CPS) based on state-of-art commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) SRAM-based FPGA devices and, in special, the all programmable system-on-chips (AP-SoC) that are a class of devices combining a general purpose processing system (PS) with custom programmable logic (PL). In SRAM-based FPGAs the Single Event Upsets (SEU) are unavoidable and may alter the contents of storage elements such as flip-flop and, of interest to this work, the configuration memory (CRAM). We analyze the case of Xilinx Zynq-7000, which is based on multi-core ARM processor that, ultimately, provides as one of its major communication interface the ARM Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI). In this context, we analyze reliability of communication interfaces between the embedded processor and the programmable logic and the different hardware modules on each side. For this, we deal with both (1) the development of experimental procedures and tools for fault injection on SRAM-based FPGAs and (2) the development of bottom-up reliability models that would allow estimating system level reliability by aggregating individual reliability from the different hardware modules and communication interfaces obtained from those experimental procedures and tools. In this scenario, fault injection contributes with fine grain reliability evaluation of each component module.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":"240 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132742196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amit Karel, F. Azaïs, M. Comte, J. Gallière, M. Renovell
{"title":"Impact of process variations on the detectability of resistive short defects: Comparative analysis between 28nm Bulk and FDSOI technologies","authors":"Amit Karel, F. Azaïs, M. Comte, J. Gallière, M. Renovell","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8349696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8349696","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a detailed analysis of the impact of process variations on the detection of resistive short defects in 28nm Bulk and FDSOI (Fully Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator) technologies. Two types of short defects are considered for our investigation, i.e. resistive short to either ground terminal (GND) or power supply terminal (VDD). A comparative study is presented for both Regular-VT devices (FDSOI-RVT and Bulk-LR) and Low-Vt devices (FDSOI-LVT and Bulk-LL). The study is performed under nominal and low power supply operating conditions, and the possibility of using the Body Biasing option offered by the FDSOI technology is also considered. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations, defect detectability ranges are quantified for each implementation and the impact of process variations on the achieved detectability ranges is commented.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":" 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113950862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IJTAG compatible analogue embedded instruments for MPSoC life-time prediction","authors":"J. Pathrose, Ghazanfar Ali, H. Kerkhoff","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8349691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8349691","url":null,"abstract":"Decreasing reliability of nanometer CMOS technologies with each technology generation is a bottleneck for development of dependable Cyber Physical Systems. This paper presents two analogue health monitors, namely IDDT and temperature along with their integration to the IJTAG network for MPSoC life-time prediction. The monitors are integrated as embedded instruments in a MPSoC. A technique for dynamic synthesis of the analogue front-end for the IDDT instrument and an architecture for integrating analogue embedded instruments into an IJTAG network is introduced in this paper. The embedded instruments have been designed in TSMC 40nm CMOS technology.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127077464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A hardware-based approach for SEU monitoring in SRAMs with weak resistive defects","authors":"G. Pinto, G. Medeiros, F. Vargas, L. Poehls","doi":"10.1109/LATW.2018.8349667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LATW.2018.8349667","url":null,"abstract":"CMOS technology scaling has made the increase of transistor density in Systems-on-Chip (SoC) possible. In addition, the necessity of storing more and more information has resulted in the fact that Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) have become great part of the SoC's silicon area. This miniaturization brings up several benefits, among them an increase of system performance. However, some undesirable behaviors, that did not exist or that were negligible, now became reality. Manufacturing process variation has introduced new types of defects, such as: (1) Resistive-Open defects and (2) Resistive-Bridge defects, which depending on their size can cause static or dynamic faults. Indeed, the circuit's sensibility to environmental noise is another challenge related to technology scaling. In more detail, the interference can damage the circuit behavior and cause Single Event Upsets (SEUs), affecting the circuit's reliability. Given these circumstances, this work proposes a hardware-based methodology able to detect resistive defects as well as to monitor defective cells in field aiming to detect SEUs. The fundamental idea is to use part of the hardware introduced to perform the manufacturing test to also detect bit-flips during the circuit's lifetime. Note that only SRAM cells with weak resistive defects are monitored, since the cells with strong defects that propagate static faults are isolated after manufacturing test. The proposed work has been validated and evaluated through SPICE simulations adopting an SRAM array modeled with a commercial 65nm CMOS technology library.","PeriodicalId":236190,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 19th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS)","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127023390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}