Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Oxidative and Molecular-Structural Alterations of Spermatozoa in Swine and Ram Exposed to the Triazole Ipconazole.","authors":"Cristian Falero, Wilfredo Huanca, Luis Barrios-Arpi, Boris Lira-Mejía, Olger Ramos-Coaguila, Edith Torres, Eva Ramos, Alejandro Romero, Mariella Ramos-Gonzalez","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030176","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triazole pesticides are widely used throughout the world, but their abuse causes toxic effects in non-targeted organisms. In the present study, the cytotoxic effect of the triazole ipconazole was evaluated in porcine and ram spermatozoa. Ipconazole significantly reduced sperm viability, increased ROS levels, altered catalase and SOD enzyme activity, and caused alterations in the molecular mRNA expression of structural biomarkers (PRM1, ODF2, AKAP4, THEG, SPACA3 and CLGN) related to fertility in males, as well as the overexpression of BAX (cell death) and ROMO1 (oxidative stress) mRNA. Our results indicate that the fungicide triazole is involved in cellular, enzymatic and molecular alteration of porcine and ram spermatozoa, and is possibly a factor in the development of infertility in male mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disposable Paper Cups: A Study on Potentially Toxic Elements, Radiological Impact, and Feasibility of Valuable Elements Recovery.","authors":"Mahmoud Mohery, Ahmed Mindil, Sheldon Landsberger, Mohamed Soliman","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030179","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study characterizes single-use paper cups with respect to potentially toxic elements, radiological impact, and the potential of economic metals recovery from incineration residue. Thirty-six elements were identified in the analysis of paper cups, including naturally occurring radionuclides ⁴⁰K, Th, and U, as well as potentially toxic elements such as Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, and V using neutron activation analysis. The determined mass fractions varied significantly, with Mg, Al, and Ca present in notably high concentrations. A comparison with plastic cups revealed higher mass fractions of most elements in paper cups. The study also evaluated the potential for valuable element recovery from the incineration ash of paper cups. It demonstrated a promising potential for recovery of Cu-especially from blue and green cups-and Mg, as their mass fractions are above the ore cut-off grade. The amount of CO₂ emissions from the incineration of paper cups was estimated at 1.77 kg/kg. The activity concentrations of ⁴⁰K, Th, and U were estimated in the incineration ash, with ⁴⁰K accounting for around half of the total detected activity. The median radioactivity was 35 Bq/kg. Although the radioactivity levels are low, they should be considered due to the large volume of paper cup waste. The radiological risk was assessed using various hazard indices, indicating minimal risk to human health. The dose rate and the annual dose are well below the recommended limits, and the excess lifetime cancer risk (<i>ELCR</i>) of 2.17 × 10^-5 is well below the typical safety limit.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-Refinery of Organics into Value-Added Biopolymers: Exploring the Effects of Hydraulic Retention Time and Organic Loading Rate on Biopolymer Harvesting from a Biofilm-Based Process.","authors":"Qingna Shang, Lin Li, Yi Zhang, Xueqing Shi, Harsha Ratnaweera, Dong-Hoon Kim, Haifeng Zhang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030183","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to examine the impacts of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) on the alginate-like exopolymers' (ALEs) recovery potential from a biofilm-based process. A lab-scale moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was operated under different HRT (12.0, 6.0, and 2.0 h) and OLR (1.0, 2.0, and 6.0 kg COD/m³/d) conditions. The results demonstrated that the reduction in HRT and increase in OLR had remarkable effects on enhancing ALE production and improving its properties, which resulted in the ALE yield increasing from 177.8 to 221.5 mg/g VSS, with the protein content rising from 399.3 to 494.3 mg/g ALE and the enhanced alginate purity by 39.8%, corresponding to the TOC concentration increasing from 108.3 to 157.0 mg/g ALE. Meanwhile, to illustrate different ALE recovery potentials, microbial community compositions of the MBBR at various operational conditions were also assessed. The results showed that a higher relative abundance of EPS producers (29.86%) was observed in the MBBR with an HRT of 2.0 h than that of 12.0 h and 6.0 h, revealing its higher ALE recovery potential. This study yields crucial results in terms of resource recovery for wastewater reclamation by providing an effective approach to directionally cultivating ALEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead Causes Lipid Droplet Accumulation by Impairing Lysosomal Function and Autophagic Flux in Testicular Sertoli Cells.","authors":"Chengwei Guo, Lingqiao Wang, Ke Cui, Guowei Zhang, Yao Tan, Weiyan Chen, Yiqi Wang, Jijun Liu, Wenbin Liu, Guanghui Zhang, Ziyuan Zhou","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030175","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead (Pb) is one of the most common environmental pollutants that negatively impacts male reproductive health. Thus far, the underlying molecular mechanisms of Pb-induced reproductive toxicity are still not well understood. In this study, 64 male ICR mice were given drinking water with Pb (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/L) for 90 days. We found that exposure to 300 mg/L Pb resulted in reduced sperm quality and elevated autophagy-related protein levels in the mouse testes. Our findings indicate that the Pb hindered the autophagic clearance by impairing the lysosomes' function and then obstructing the fusion of lysosomes and autophagosomes. The autophagy cycle obstruction prevented the lipid droplets from breakdown and led to their accumulation in the Sertoli cells. In turn, the ccytotoxic effects that resulted from the interruption of the autophagy maturation stage, instead of the elongation phase, could be alleviated by either Chloroquine or Bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, exposure to 400 μM Pb initiated the TFE3 nuclear translocation and caused the increased expression of its target genes. Then, the knockdown of TFE3 reduced the formation of the autophagosome. In addition, the use of the antioxidant NAC notably enhanced the autophagic activity and reduced the occurrence of lipid droplets in the Sertoli cells. This study demonstrated that Pb disrupted the autophagic flow, which caused lipid droplet accumulation in the TM4 cells. Consequently, focusing on the maturation stage of autophagy might offer a potential therapeutic approach to alleviate male reproductive toxicity caused by Pb exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Short-Term Traffic-Related Air Pollution Exposure on Nasal Microbiome in Young Healthy Adults: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial.","authors":"Luwei Qin, Jingqi Pan, Demin Feng, Bingqing Yu, Shunyu Li, Xingyu Liu, Yuefei Jin, Shenshen Zhu, Weidong Wu, Wenjie Yang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030180","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) remains a concern for public health. However, the exact mechanisms through which TRAP affects the respiratory system are still not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the nasal microbiome change in healthy adults after short-term exposure to TRAP, contributing to the understanding of the adverse health effects associated with TRAP. A randomized crossover controlled trial was conducted from 9 March to 30 March 2024 among college students aged 19-24 years. Twenty healthy students were recruited through a baseline questionnaire survey and randomly assigned into two groups. One group followed a crowed-testing procedure: the park portion, a three-week washout period, and then the road portion, while the other group experienced the opposite procedure. Both groups were fully exposed to either a park environment or a road environment with high traffic volume. Nasal mucus samples were collected from the participants at the end of the trial, and then 16SrRNA sequencing was performed to analyze the differences in compositional structure and diversity of the nasal microbiome when volunteers were exposed to different levels of TRAP. The α-diversity indices, including the Chao1 index (<i>p</i> = 0.0097), observed species index (<i>p</i> = 0.0089), and Faith's PD index (<i>p</i> = 0.0255), demonstrated a significant increase in the nasal microbiome of healthy adults following short-term exposure to TRAP. Visualization through a two-dimensional NMDS plot (stress value < 0.2) indicated that nasal bacterial species distribution became richer after TRAP exposure. Furthermore, the relative abundance of nasal <i>Firmicutes</i> (<i>Bacillota</i>), <i>Bacteroidota</i>, and <i>Actinobacteriota</i> phyla, especially <i>Firmicutes</i> phylum, exhibited a richer distribution after conducting the trial in the road environment with high levels of TRAP, which was shown in the significance test of signature species. Collectively, our study indicates that short-term exposure to TRAP can affect the composition of the nasal microbiota in healthy adults. These findings offer a scientific basis for understanding how TRAP causes respiratory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ozone Exposure on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality in the Elderly.","authors":"Tianyun Wang, Junlong Wang, Li Sun, Ye Deng, Yuting Xiang, Yuting Wang, Jiamei Chen, Wen Peng, Yuanyao Cui, Miao He","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030184","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ozone pollution has increased alongside China's economic development, contributing to public health issues such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. At present, the problem of an aging population is aggravated, which is worth more attention in terms of the health problems of elderly people.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study employed a distributional lag nonlinear model (DLNM) with Poisson regression to analyze the impact of ozone on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease mortality among the elderly in Shenyang, China, from 2014 to 2018. In addition, a time-series generalized additive regression model (GAM) was used to analyze the joint effect between PM_2.5 and ozone.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a positive correlation between ozone and mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the elderly. The maximum relative risk (RR) of mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for every 10 μg/m³ increase in ozone was 1.005 (95% CI: 1.002-1.008). Males (RR: 1.018, 95% CI: 1.007-1.030), individuals in unconventional marital status (RR: 1.024, 95% CI: 1.011-1.038), and outdoor workers (RR: 1.017, 95% CI: 1.002-1.031) were more vulnerable to ozone pollution. This study did not find significant differences in the impact of ozone pollution on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease mortality risks among different educational groups. Additionally, a joint effect between ozone and PM_2.5 was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirms that ozone exposure is positively associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. It emphasizes the joint effect of ozone and PM_2.5 in exacerbating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the UV Filter Octocrylene and Its Degradation Product Benzophenone on Pacific Oyster (<i>Magallana gigas</i>) Larvae: A Call for Reassessment of Environmental Hazards.","authors":"Ana Carvalhais, Romina Lippa, Isabel Benta Oliveira, Gaetano Di Lorenzo, Cláudia Mieiro, Mário Pacheco","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030177","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early life stages are pivotal to the functioning and resilience of ecological systems, displaying heightened vulnerability to environmental changes and exposure to contaminants. Octocrylene (OC), an organic ultraviolet (UV) filter, and its breakdown product benzophenone (BP) are commonly found in aquatic environments, but their impact on keystone processes determining the success or failure of the early life stages of marine organisms remains underexplored. This study aims to assess the impacts of OC and BP at environmentally realistic concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µg.L^-1), over a 24 h exposure period, on larvae of the Pacific oyster (<i>Magallana gigas</i>). A multiparametric approach was employed, examining DNA integrity, embryo-larval development and swimming velocity. The results showed that DNA integrity and swimming velocity were not affected by OC or BP; however, both compounds increased developmental abnormalities in D-shaped larvae in all concentrations tested. Considering the robustness of morphological parameters, often assumed as irreversible, and their critical influence on larvae survival, these findings suggest that environmentally relevant concentrations of OC and BP may threaten the success of oyster larvae, potentially impacting the population's long-term stability and, ultimately, raising ecological health issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Retrospective Predicted Concentration of PM_2.5 in Upper Northern Thailand Using Machine Learning Models.","authors":"Sawaeng Kawichai, Patumrat Sripan, Amaraporn Rerkasem, Kittipan Rerkasem, Worawut Srisukkham","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030170","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to build, for the first time, a model that uses a machine learning (ML) approach to predict long-term retrospective PM_2.5 concentrations in upper northern Thailand, a region impacted by biomass burning and transboundary pollution. The dataset includes PM₁₀ levels, fire hotspots, and critical meteorological data from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2020. ML techniques, namely multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), multiple linear regression (MLR), decision tree (DT), and random forests (RF), were used to construct the prediction models. The best ML prediction model was selected considering root mean square error (RMSE), mean prediction error (MPE), relative prediction error (RPE) (the lower, the better), and coefficient of determination (R²) (the bigger, the better). Our study found that the ML model-based RF technique using PM₁₀, CO₂, O₃, fire hotspots, air pressure, rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, wind direction, and wind speed performs the best when predicting the concentration of PM_2.5 with an RMSE of 6.82 µg/m³, MPE of 4.33 µg/m³, RPE of 22.50%, and R² of 0.93. The RF prediction model of PM_2.5 used in this research could support further studies of the long-term effects of PM_2.5 concentration on human health and related issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to Nanoplastics During Pregnancy Induces Brown Adipose Tissue Whitening in Male Offspring.","authors":"Zhaoping Shen, Kai Tian, Jiayi Tang, Lin Wang, Fangsicheng Zhang, Lingjuan Yang, Yufei Ge, Mengna Jiang, Xinyuan Zhao, Jinxian Yang, Guangdi Chen, Xiaoke Wang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030171","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants with potential health impacts, particularly on metabolic disorders. However, the mechanism by which gestational exposure to PSNPs induces obesity in offspring remains unclear. This study, focused on the whitening of brown adipose tissue (BAT), aims to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms by which prenatal exposure to PSNPs promotes obesity development in mouse offspring.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Pregnant dams were subjected to various doses of PSNPs (0 µg/µL, 0.5 µg/µL, and 1 µg/µL), and their offspring were analyzed for alterations in body weight, adipose tissue morphology, thermogenesis, adipogenesis, and lipophagy. The findings revealed a notable reduction in birth weight and an increase in white adipocyte size in adult offspring mice. Notably, adult male mice exhibited BAT whitening, correlated with a negative dose-dependent downregulation of UCP1 expression, indicating thermogenesis dysfunction. Further investigation revealed augmented lipogenesis evidenced by the upregulation of FASN, SREBP-1c, CD36, and DGAT2 expression, coupled with the inhibition of lipophagy, indicated by elevated levels of mTOR, AKT, and p62 proteins and reduced levels of LC3II/LCI and Lamp2 proteins in male offspring.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that gestational PSNP exposure plays a role in the development of obesity in offspring through the whitening of brown adipose tissue, which is triggered by lipogenesis and lipophagy inhibition, providing a novel insight into the metabolic risks associated with gestational PSNPs exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Biochar on the Availability of Trace Elements in Different Types of Soil.","authors":"Shuaihui Ma, Shuai Ma, Weiqin Yin, Shengsen Wang, Haijun Sheng, Xiaozhi Wang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030169","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the effects of biochar on the availability of trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in soils with different properties, biochar derived from wheat straw (WSBC) and peanut shells (PSBC) was added to red and yellow-brown soils for pot experiments. The results showed that WSBC and PSBC significantly increased the red and yellow-brown soils' organic matter (SOM) and available potassium (AK), C, and C/N, especially with WSBC in red soil. The total and available amounts of trace elements in red and yellow-brown soil decreased after biochar was applied, where the effect of WSBC on the available of Fe, Mn, and Zn was greater than that of PSBC and the effect on the available contents of Fe, Mn, and Zn was less than that of PSBC. WSBC and PSBC decreased the contents of Fe, Mn, and Zn in the grains in both soils, while they increased the content of Cu in the grains. According to the results of a canonical correlation analysis, there was a competitive relationship between Mn and Cu in the grains. Fe and Zn in the grains were negatively correlated with AP in red soil and positively correlated with AP in yellow-brown soil. This study evaluates the effect of biochar on soil nutrient cycles, ultimately maximizing the application of biochar in the field of agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}