Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Competitive Adsorption Mechanisms of Cu(II) and Cd(II) on Mineral–Humic Acid–Pseudomonas putida Composites: Implications for Heavy Metal Retention in Agricultural Soils","authors":"Guang Hao, Min Xiao, Shifeng Li, Dongmei Zheng, Ying Ji, Huiying Li, Xin Yang, Ruiying Bu, Wanlin Xian, Yinggang Wang","doi":"10.3390/toxics14090743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14090743","url":null,"abstract":"The fate of heavy metals in agricultural soils is governed by organo-mineral–microbial interactions, which predictive models often fail to capture. The competitive sorption mechanisms of Cd(II) and Cu(II) on montmorillonite/kaolinite composites (Mont/Kao) functionalized with humic acid (HA) and Pseudomonas putida (P. p), a model system representative of contaminated agricultural soils, were investigated. Batch experiments, XRD, FTIR, and thermodynamic analysis reveal that metal retention is a non-additive function of competing interfacial processes. Bacterial biomass dominated sorption, accounting for >50% of total metal uptake, with capacity ranked as: P. p > Mont/Kao-P. p > Mont/Kao-HA-P. p > Mont/Kao-HA > Mont/Kao. Humic acid exerts a dual, concentration-dependent role: Low levels enhanced adsorption via mineral dispersion, while high levels induced surface masking, suppressing bacterial binding sites. Competition was highly asymmetric: Cd(II) reduced Cu(II) maximum adsorption capacity by 75.5% in the Mont/Kao-HA system by preferentially occupying montmorillonite interlayer sites, whereas Cu(II) inhibited Cd(II) below pH 6. Single-metal sorption was characterized by positive ΔS° (32.96–58.89 J·mol−1·K−1), indicative of inner-sphere complexation, while negative ΔS° under competitive conditions signals a transition to outer-sphere complexation. This work provides mechanistic insights into site masking, competitive displacement, and ternary cation bridging controlling metal immobilization in organo-mineral assemblages.","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 9","pages":"743-743"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148861340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ozone Exposure Induces Pulmonary Microbiota Dysbiosis and Associated Inflammatory Responses in Mice.","authors":"Ya Wang, Laibao Zhuo, Yue Du, Yuxuan Chai, Jiayin Li, Keyang Han, Juan Li, Weidong Wu","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080736","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14080736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ozone (O₃) is a prevalent environmental pollutant that can induce oxidative stress and respiratory epithelial injury. Dysregulation of pulmonary microbiota homeostasis plays an important role in the progression of lung damage and inflammatory responses. However, there remains a lack of systematic research on the effects of O₃ exposure on pulmonary microecology and its potential association with pulmonary inflammation. In this study, twenty-three SPF-grade C57BL/6N male mice (aged 6-7 weeks) were randomly divided into a filtered air control group (<i>n</i> = 11) and an O₃ exposure group (<i>n</i> = 12). Mice in the O₃ group underwent whole-body inhalation exposure to 1 ppm O₃ for 4 h daily over 8 consecutive weeks, while control mice were maintained under identical conditions with filtered air exposure. The 1 ppm concentration (equivalent to 0.2-0.3 ppm in humans) and 8-week daily 4 h exposure regimen was selected to model the 2-month summer high-O₃ season with typical afternoon O₃ peaks. The results showed that the O₃-exposed group exhibited marked inflammatory infiltrates in the lung, as well as significantly elevated macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-<i>α</i>) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids compared with controls. Pulmonary microbiota sequencing revealed that O₃ exposure significantly elevated the Shannon index of pulmonary microbiota in mice, and four differential genera including <i>Deinococcus</i>, <i>Aerococcus</i>, <i>Enterococcus</i> and <i>Proteiniphilum</i> were identified. Correlation analysis revealed that MIP-2 was significantly correlated with <i>Aerococcus</i>. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that exposure to O₃ induces inflammation and significant changes in the microbial composition of the lungs, which provides an experimental basis for further investigating mechanisms linking microbiota dysbiosis to lung injury triggered by ambient air pollutants.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13517916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary Biomonitoring and Risk Prioritization of Traditional and Emerging Neonicotinoids in School-Aged Children, South China.","authors":"Pan Zhu, Ling-Chuan Guo, Xuan Liu, Junwei Yang, Guangning Su, Jing Deng, Xiuhua Zhong, Chaoyang Long, Jingguang Li, Shengbing Yu","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080735","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14080735","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread use of neonicotinoids (NEOs) poses a significant risk to school-aged children. However, critical knowledge gaps remain regarding their comprehensive exposure profiles and associated health risks. This study assessed the co-exposure levels and non-carcinogenic risks of 16 NEOs (including both traditional and emerging compounds) in 184 school-aged children recruited from a typical rural and urban area of South China. The sum concentrations of 16 NEOs (∑₁₆NEOs) ranged from 0.648 to 227 μg/L (median: 8.99 μg/L). The predominant compounds were clothianidin (CLO, 1.93 μg/L), <i>N</i>-desmethyl-acetamiprid (<i>N</i>-dm-ACE, 1.64 μg/L), thiamethoxam (THM, 0.792 μg/L), and dinotefuran (DIN, 0.222 μg/L). To our knowledge, this is the first report of emerging NEOs-paichongding (IPP), sulfoxaflor (SUL), and flonicamid (FLO)-in children urine, with detection frequencies of 11.4%, 68.2%, and 53.4%, respectively. Significant rural-urban disparities in urinary concentrations were observed. The metabolite-to-parent ratios (e.g., <i>N</i>-dm-ACE/ACE, 5-OH-IMI/IMI, and THCP-AM/THCP) may serve as a useful biomarker for assessing human exposure to NEOs, as it provides valuable insight into the metabolic fate of the target compounds and aids in distinguishing exposure pathways. The median estimated daily intake (EDI) values for CLO, <i>N</i>-dm-ACE, THM, and ∑₁₂NEOs were 0.127, 0.117, 0.046, and 0.696 μg/kg-bw/day, respectively. Although the hazard quotient for individual compounds was below 1 for vast majority of school-aged children, cumulative exposure assessment indicated that 1.09% of participants had a hazard quotient exceeding 1 for both IMI_eq and ∑₁₂NEOs, suggesting potential health concerns under co-exposure scenarios. Using a multi-criteria Toxicological Priority Index (ToxPi) model, CLO, THM, thiacloprid-amid (THCP-AM), and <i>N</i>-dm-ACE were identified as the high-priority compounds requiring regulatory attention in children's environmental health. This study provides the first comprehensive biomonitoring and ToxPi-based prioritization of both traditional and emerging NEOs in school-aged children in South China. The findings highlight the urgent need for continued monitoring, refined mixture risk assessment, and regulatory consideration of emerging substitutes and their metabolites, which are not adequately covered by current safety guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13517688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Microcystin-LR in Mammals.","authors":"Youngran Ku, Sooyeon Park, Changwon Yang","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080734","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14080734","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms have increased globally, likely in part due to climate change and anthropogenic eutrophication, elevating exposure of humans and other terrestrial and aquatic animals to cyanotoxins through drinking water, food chains, and recreational activities. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the most prevalent microcystin congener, is well known for its hepatotoxicity, yet accumulating evidence indicates that it also exerts reproductive and developmental toxicity in mammals. This review summarizes recent experimental and epidemiological studies indicating that MC-LR disrupts reproductive function through direct cellular injury to germ and somatic cells, dysregulation of gonadal steroidogenesis, and impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. In males, MC-LR disrupts spermatogenesis and sperm quality, while in females it impairs oocyte competence, uterine receptivity, and placental function, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Importantly, exposure during critical developmental windows can influence developmental trajectories and contribute to long-term, multi-organ dysfunction in offspring via endocrine imbalance and epigenetic reprogramming. Mechanistically, MC-LR toxicity involves convergent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory signaling, DNA damage, and chromatin remodeling. Collectively, these findings indicate that reproductive and developmental toxicity should be considered in assessments of the health risks associated with MC-LR and support the incorporation of reproductive endpoints into human health and ecological risk assessment frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13517335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Materials for the Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils: A Review.","authors":"Chenqi Peng, Bowen Wang, Han Cheng, Ning Li, Yuhong Su","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080733","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14080733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil arsenic contamination is an increasingly serious global environmental problem that poses substantial risks to environmental safety and human health. With ongoing advances in green remediation technologies, functional materials have become important for the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils because of their tailored remediation properties and potential for engineering application. This review systematically examines the remediation performance of functional materials derived from carbon-based materials, natural polymers, metals and metal oxides, and industrial solid wastes. The performance characteristics, modification approaches, and arsenic immobilization mechanisms are also summarized. Finally, recommendations and future directions for the development of functional materials for arsenic-contaminated soil remediation are provided to guide further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13517940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metal-Induced Genotoxic Damage in <i>Chelon auratus</i>: Evidence from a Coastal Gulf Ecosystem.","authors":"Cemal Turan, Aysegul Ergenler, Zeynep Ayad Koç, Funda Turan","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080732","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14080732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Estuarine and river-influenced coastal ecosystems are recognized as important sinks and channels for transfer of heavy metals into the marine environment. Continuous intake of metal pollutants could create chronic exposure situations, perhaps leading to molecular and cellular damage to resident biota, even if environmental concentrations are within regulatory limits. Thus, the incorporation of molecular and genotoxicity biomarkers into environmental monitoring programs has received growing interest, as changes in gene expression are among the earliest detectable responses to pollutant stress and may precede genotoxic effects, including DNA damage, at higher or prolonged levels of contaminant exposure. The present study aimed to determine the levels of heavy metals in the coastal zone where the Deliçay River flows into the Gulf of Iskenderun in the extreme northeastern Mediterranean Sea, Türkiye, and to investigate the genotoxic effects in the euryhaline ray-finned fish golden grey mullet (<i>Chelon auratus</i>). In this study, seasonal water samples (<i>n</i> = 3 per site per season) and <i>C. auratus</i> specimens (<i>n</i> = 10 per site per season; total <i>n</i> = 80) were collected from a reference site and the Deliçay estuary. Water samples were analyzed for metals (cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) and fish samples were analyzed with the micronucleus (MN) test for determining nuclear abnormalities and the comet test for DNA damage levels. The concentrations of Fe, Zn, and Pb in seawater exceeded the Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) thresholds during the summer and autumn seasons, as well as in terms of annual mean values, indicating a potential chronic ecological risk to marine organisms. From the results of the micronucleus test performed in the present study, the highest MN frequencies (10.16 ± 0.15%) and other erythrocytic nuclear anomalies [kidney-shaped (10.36 ± 0.32%), binucleated (14.20 ± 0.10%), notched (14.63 ± 0.20%), lobed (15.43 ± 0.11%), and budded (15.33 ± 0.15%)] were found along the studied coastal zone in summer season. Results of the comet test, supporting the micronucleus test results, showed the highest percentages of DNA damage determined in all seasons in the gill and liver tissues of fish sampled in the studied coastal zone. This study is the first to evaluate the effects of heavy metal-induced genotoxic stress on ecological integrity in this coastal zone using a biomarker-based approach, and the results underscore the need for comprehensive environmental monitoring and pollution reduction strategies to protect ecosystem health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13517680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coexistence of Microplastics and Heavy Metals in Lake Sediments: Interaction Mechanisms and Complex Ecological Risks.","authors":"Jiahui Mi, Junping Lu, Zhuo Li, Yongqin Jia","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080731","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14080731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lake sediments act as important sinks for heavy metals and microplastics, yet the mechanisms governing their enrichment, coexistence, and combined ecological risks remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated sediments from Daihai Lake, China, systematically characterizing the occurrence features of microplastics (morphology, size, and composition) and their associated heavy metal contents. A composite pollution risk framework (Multi Feature Potential Ecological Risk Index) was developed to evaluate microplastics-heavy metals interactions using correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. In addition, a two-dimensional pollution index was applied to assess combined ecological risks. Results showed that MP abundance ranged from 6.60 to 26.80 n·g^-1, with a decreasing trend from southwest to northeast. Microplastics were dominated by fragments, with a high proportion of small particles (<0.25 mm), and were mainly composed of polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene. The average concentrations of heavy metals in sediments were ranked as follows: Mn (863 ± 78 mg·kg^-1); Cr (124 ± 28 mg·kg^-1); Zn (86 ± 17 mg·kg^-1); Ni (43 ± 10 mg·kg^-1); Cu (36 ± 0.1 mg·kg^-1); Pb (23 ± 5 mg·kg^-1); As (15 ± 4 mg·kg^-1); and Cd (0.20 ± 0.04 mg·kg^-1). The two-dimensional comprehensive index values ranged from 124 to 1032, with an average value of 365.0, exceeding the risk threshold (>100). Approximately 70% of sampling sites exhibited high composite pollution risks. Small-sized and fibrous microplastics showed significant positive correlations with multiple heavy metals, indicating strong carrier effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13517747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics-Mediated Behavior of Potentially Toxic Elements in Plant-Soil Systems: Adsorption, Bioavailability, and Phytotoxicity.","authors":"Shaohong You, Kaiyang Ying, Songhao Zhang, Caixing Lai, Habib Ullah, Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail, Guo Yu","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080730","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14080730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) increasingly co-occur in agricultural and peri-urban soils, yet their combined effects on adsorption, mobility, bioavailability, and phytotoxicity are highly context-dependent. This review synthesizes plant-soil evidence by focusing on the interacting roles of MP polymer type, particle size and shape, aging/weathering state, soil geochemistry, dissolved organic matter, and rhizosphere processes. Across the reported studies, MP-PTE interactions show several major directions of changes: MPs may reduce PTE lability by promoting adsorption, aggregation, or sequestration within coated surfaces and soil aggregates; conversely, they may increase PTE mobility and plant exposure when reversible binding, dissolved organic ligands, pH shifts, or particle transport deliver labile PTEs to root-active zones. Dose-dependent and biphasic responses are also common, with low MP additions sometimes attenuating stress while higher doses intensify toxicity. Quantitatively, available crop studies show that intensified co-exposure can reduce plant biomass by approximately 10.2-29.3%, depending on crop species, plant organ, MP type, dose, and PTE identity, whereas antagonistic or neutral responses are also reported under other exposure conditions. The strongest evidence currently exists for Cd and As, but this review also considers Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Hg to represent chemically distinct cationic, metalloid, and redox-sensitive PTEs. Overall, MPs should not be treated only as passive contaminant carriers; they act as dynamic reactivity modifiers that can function as sinks, vectors, or indirect regulators of PTE bioavailability depending on soil and rhizosphere boundary conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13517782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Ambient PM_2.5 Exposure and Premature Mortality Across of Türkiye.","authors":"Nebile Özmen, Volkan Duran, Fatma Şencan, Yasin Paşa, Mehmet Ali Çelik","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080728","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14080728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is the leading environmental risk factor for premature mortality worldwide, yet comprehensive province-level evidence quantifying its health burden across Türkiye remains limited. This study investigated the spatial relationship between long-term PM_2.5 exposure and all-cause attributable mortality across all 81 Turkish provinces in 2022 using province-level annual mean PM_2.5 concentrations and World Health Organisation (WHO) AirQ+ estimates of PM_2.5-attributable deaths among adults aged ≥30 years, assuming a counterfactual concentration of 5 µg/m³. The association between PM_2.5 exposure and mortality was evaluated using Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, a log-log elasticity model, and population-weighted regional and exposure-quartile comparisons, while national temporal indicators for 2010-2023 were reported solely as supplementary context for the primary single-year 2022 cross-sectional analysis. The population-weighted annual mean PM_2.5 concentration was 27.0 µg/m³, exceeding the WHO Air Quality Guideline by a factor of 5.4, and all 81 provinces exceeded the recommended threshold. The bivariate OLS model accounted for 41% of the between-province variation in attributable mortality rates (OLS slope = 3.23 additional deaths per 100,000 population for each 1 µg/m³ increase in PM_2.5; 95% CI: 2.37-4.10; R² = 0.41; <i>p</i> < 0.001), while the log-log elasticity model indicated that a 1% increase in PM_2.5 concentration was associated with a 0.80% increase in the attributable mortality rate (95% CI: 0.65-0.95). The attributable fraction of natural-cause mortality increased progressively from 8.8% in the lowest exposure quartile to 24.6% in the highest. Nationwide, an estimated 68,440 premature deaths, representing 14.2% of all natural-cause deaths among adults aged ≥30 years, were attributable to PM_2.5 exposure. These findings quantify a steep, spatially graded PM_2.5-attributable mortality burden across Türkiye. As the attributable estimates derive from the WHO AirQ+ concentration-response function, the gradient describes the magnitude and spatial distribution of the modelled burden rather than an independently estimated exposure-response relationship, and on that basis the results support the adoption of WHO-aligned air-quality standards and accelerated decarbonization strategies to reduce the national health burden attributable to ambient air pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13517430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Behavioral Impacts of Heavy Metals and Rare Earth Elements on Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Larvae.","authors":"Muhammad Baqir Khan, Minh-Quan Tran, Petrus Siregar, Szu-Chieh Wang, Ming-Der Lin, Chung-Der Hsiao","doi":"10.3390/toxics14080729","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14080729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metals (HMs) and rare earth elements (REEs) increasingly co-occur in environmental waste streams and soils, yet their comparative neurotoxic mechanisms and sublethal effects on invertebrate decomposers remain poorly understood. This study used black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, <i>Hermetia illucens</i>) to perform a comparative behavioral and transcriptomic assessment of 23 HMs and 16 REEs across two acute exposure concentrations. High-throughput video tracking and phenomic analysis showed HMs produced broader disruption than REEs, with low-concentration HMs inducing locomotor suppression, thigmotaxis, reduced fractal dimension and entropy, progressing to severe motor inhibition and rigid low-entropy states. In contrast, REEs showed a biphasic profile, shifting from selective locomotor suppression with preserved organization at low concentrations to hyperactive, fragmented, high-entropy movement with increased thigmotaxis at high concentrations. PCA and hierarchical clustering integrated endpoints into four neurobehavioral fingerprints segregating metal class and concentration, with partial overlap of high-concentration REEs with HMs along a shared high-toxicity axis. Transcriptomic profiling showed that cobalt as a representative HM activated DNA damage and cell-cycle pathways, perturbed energy signaling, and suppressed neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, whereas samarium as a representative REE downregulated xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione metabolism, and synaptic vesicle cycling. These findings demonstrate distinct concentration-dependent neurotoxic modes of action for HMs and REEs and establish BSFL behavioral phenomics integrated with transcriptomics as a mechanistically informative platform for ecological risk assessment in contaminated waste systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13517398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}