Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Mechanistic PBPK Modeling of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Integration of Antibody Disposition, Linker Deconjugation, and Payload Pharmacokinetics.","authors":"Kanchan Bharti, Yash Yogesh Gondegaonkar, Deepika Deepika, Vikas Kumar","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100931","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a rapidly advancing class of biological drugs used for cancer treatment. The integration of monoclonal antibodies, connected via chemical linkers, ensures the targeting potential of small-molecule payloads with cytotoxic potency. The United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) has announced its plan to phase out in vivo tests for monoclonal antibodies and other drugs with replacement from New Approach methodologies (NAMs) data. NAMs can include in vitro (cell-line and organoid testing), in silico modeling or other innovative approaches that have the capacity to predict the toxicity of compounds including ADCs. Among these proposed NAMs, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has the capacity to provide a mechanistic framework capable of integrating antibody disposition, linker deconjugation dynamics, and payload small-molecule pharmacokinetics (PK). This review provides details about ADC and the developing ADC PBPK model, covering the tissue architecture, two-pore vascular transport, model hierarchy from minimal to whole-body model, parameterization strategies, regulatory scenario, applications, limitations and their future prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products: State of the Art in Human Exposure.","authors":"Annalisa Abballe, Isotta Cursi, Valentina Marra, Noemi Milia, Silvia Valentini, Anna Maria Ingelido","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100930","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of synthetic chemicals widely used since the 1950s due to useful properties such as water resistance and durability. Their stability makes them persistent environmental contaminants, often called \"forever chemicals.\" Thousands of PFASs exist and many of them have been linked to adverse health effects. The increase in knowledge about PFASs has led to regulations on their production and use, at least to reduce their presence in the main sources of human exposure, like food and drinking water. Other sources and exposure routes have been less explored and deserve more attention for proper risk management. Indeed, many PFASs continue to be used in numerous categories of applications. Among those that have not yet received much attention in terms of consumer awareness are personal care products (PCPs) and cosmetics. Cosmetics and PCPs represent an underexplored but potentially important exposure pathway, especially through dermal contact. Studies show that PFASs are present in various products such as foundations, mascaras, sunscreens, and lotions, sometimes even when not listed as ingredients. Biomonitoring studies also indicate associations between cosmetic use and PFAS levels in human tissues. Research remains limited and inconsistent due to the diversity of PFASs, lack of standardized methods, and scarce toxicological data. This review aims to highlight our level of knowledge on the subject, as well as data gaps, to provide guidance for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Skin Sensitizing Potential of Constituents and Leachables from Wearable Devices Using GARDskin and Associated Applications.","authors":"Ravi Persaud, Andy Forreryd, Robin Gradin, Emma Anders, Johan Andersson, Per Alftrén, Henrik Johansson, Nakul Ruparel","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100928","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pre-clinical toxicological evaluation is an essential component of ensuring the safety and compatibility of wearable devices with biological systems. Along with the local endpoints of cytotoxicity and irritation, skin sensitization is a core toxicological endpoint. Testing wearable devices, which are often solid and composed of multiple components, presents new challenges for New Approach Methods. In the current proof-of-concept study, we propose a strategy for conducting risk assessment of the individual components and the leachables from wearable devices. The GARDskin Dose-Response assay (OECD TGP 4.106) was used to predict the skin sensitization potency of three acrylate monomers, two acrylamide monomers, and one reactive dye. The GARDskin Medical Device (ISO 10993-10:2021, Annex C) was used to classify MED-2000 extracts spiked with isobornyl acrylate. All chemicals were classified as skin sensitizers. The quantitative potency predictions correlated well with available data from defined approaches and produced near-identical potency rankings. Available human and animal reference data were too sparse and heterogenous to substantiate agreement in potency. Finally, the GARDskin Medical Device assay correctly classified the spiked extract as skin sensitizing. In conclusion, the GARDskin assay and associated applications are well adapted to address the testing requirements for wearable devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective Removal of Azithromycin from Aqueous Solution Using Coconut Husk Derived Boric Acid-Modified Biochar.","authors":"Snigdha S P Mouna, Md Al-Amin, Mohammad Mohinuzzaman, Md Shahadat Hossain, Abdulaziz Almuntashiri, M M Rahman, Mohammad Mahbub Kabir","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100927","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The occurrence of azithromycin in aquatic environments highlights the need for effective remediation approaches. In this study, three boric acid-modified coconut husk biochars prepared using nominal H₃BO₃ precursor concentrations of 0.1%, 2%, and 5% were evaluated for azithromycin adsorption from aqueous solution. The materials exhibited different adsorption performances under the investigated conditions, with 5% B-CB showing the highest Langmuir-predicted maximum adsorption capacity (<i>q_max</i>) of 170.45 mg g^-1, followed by 2% B-CB (158.84 mg g^-1) and 0.1% B-CB (136.92 mg g^-1). The equilibrium data were best statistically represented by the Langmuir model among the isotherm models evaluated. Kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model provided a better statistical description of the adsorption kinetics, with 5% B-CB showing the highest goodness-of-fit (R² = 0.99), compared with 0.96 and 0.95 for 0.1% and 2% B-CB, respectively. The positive ΔH° values of 11.08, 6.74, and 6.19 kJ mol^-1 for 0.1%, 2%, and 5% B-CB, respectively, indicated an endothermic adsorption process under the investigated conditions. FTIR analysis indicated qualitative changes in surface functionalities consistent with boric acid-modified coconut husk biochar following H₃BO₃-assisted modification; however, the actual boron content of the final biochars was not quantitatively determined. Furthermore, 5% B-CB retained measurable adsorption capacity over five adsorption-desorption cycles, and its fixed-bed performance was evaluated under the investigated operating conditions. Overall, the results indicate that azithromycin adsorption performance varied with the nominal H₃BO₃ precursor concentration, with 5% B-CB exhibiting the highest adsorption capacity among the materials investigated under the experimental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of a Potential Food Additive Mixture and Health Risk Assessment Using the Modified Reference Point Index (mRPI).","authors":"Veronika Karnel, Ulrike Mayerhofer, Antonia Griesbacher, Michael Tscherner, Johann Steinwider","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100929","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food additives (FAs) are intended to be used to improve the quality of food. Within the European Union, more than 300 FAs are currently authorized. Due to their intensive use, humans consume several different FAs daily. The amount and consumption of FAs themselves are influenced by their individual consumption patterns and brand loyalty. Although humans ingest mixtures of several FAs, the substances are still assessed on an individual basis. This study investigated potential cumulative health risks from FA mixtures using currently available toxicological, occurrence and food-consumption data. Forty-two relevant FAs and food additive groups were selected, as their estimated intake exceeded 50% of their corresponding acceptable daily intake (ADI) and they are authorized in relevant food categories. Toxicological data were screened for FAs, and their endpoints for liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity and hematotoxicity were identified. Based on the availability of toxicological and analytical data, a mixture of 18 FAs was considered. A potential health concern was identified for kidney toxicity (mRPI: 1.8-10.8, refined mRPI: 0.3-1.6) and developmental toxicity (mRPI: 13.6-56.1, refined mRPI: 0.9-3.1). The main risk drivers were steviol glycosides (E 960 a-d), contributing to 40% of nephrotoxicity risks and 18% of developmental toxicity risks, and glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625), contributing to 40% of developmental toxicity risks. The study demonstrates the applicability of the mRPI as a screening and prioritization tool for FA mixtures and highlights the need for improved occurrence and co-exposure data.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Known PFAS: Emerging Analytical Strategies for Resolving the Hidden Fluorinated Chemical Space.","authors":"Faisal Ahmed, Elif Yakamercan, Mahmut S Ersan","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100924","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occur as complex mixtures in natural and engineered systems, yet routine monitoring captures only a small fraction of the broader PFAS chemical space. Across waters, solids, and biota, measurements of total and extractable organofluorine frequently exceed the fluorine accounted for by targeted PFAS, revealing substantial unidentified organofluorine fractions that may contain unidentified PFAS, precursors, transformation products, and other fluorinated compounds. This review critically evaluates the occurrence, analytical characterization, transformation, and detection of unknown PFAS across environmental and engineered systems. We critically synthesize current knowledge on (i) the occurrence, sources, and major environmental reservoirs of unknown PFAS; (ii) complementary analytical strategies for constraining and identifying the unknown fraction, including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based suspect and non-target screening, ion mobility HRMS, organofluorine mass-balance approaches (EOF/AOF/TF), total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assays, Bayesian-assisted precursor inference, and fluorine-specific techniques; and (iii) current analytical uncertainties. Finally, we identify research priorities including standardized fluorine mass-balance protocols, expanded open HRMS and collision cross-section libraries, automated annotation workflows, improved quantification strategies for compounds lacking authentic standards, and hazard-informed approaches that better align monitoring and regulation with the chemical complexity and unidentified fraction of PFAS contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric Semi- and Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compounds: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Zichen Ma, Yuanyuan Ji, Chunmei Geng, Hong Li, Xiaoli Wang, Wen Yang","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100925","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Semi-volatile and intermediate-volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) represent a chemically complex class of atmospheric organics that contribute substantially to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and may pose health risks. This review synthesizes recent advances in S/IVOC measurement, ambient concentrations and composition, spatiotemporal variations, SOA formation, and health effects. Online techniques provide high-time-resolution measurements, whereas offline GC-MS and GC×GC-MS offer superior capabilities for compound separation and identification. However, unresolved complex mixtures, sampling artifacts, limited standards, and variable instrumental responses remain major challenges. Field observations reveal pronounced differences in S/IVOC levels and composition among industrial, urban, traffic-influenced, and background environments, while seasonal and diurnal patterns vary across sites. Evidence from field observations, source-emission studies, chamber experiments, and model simulations indicates that S/IVOCs are important SOA precursors, although quantitative estimates remain subject to considerable uncertainties arising from precursor coverage, yield parameters, oxidation conditions, gas-particle partitioning, emission inventories, and model parameterizations. Current health evidence is largely confined to compounds with established toxicity data, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas unresolved components and oxidation products remain poorly characterized. Overall, our synthesis suggests that the key challenge in current S/IVOC research is to reduce uncertainties across measurement, ambient characterization, SOA contribution, and health-risk assessment through standardized measurements, coordinated long-term observations, improved emission and aging representations, and broader toxicological characterization.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrochar from Spent Coffee Grounds: Characterization and Application for Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solutions Under Static and Dynamic Conditions.","authors":"Sihem Dadi, Hanen Nouri, Beatriz Ledesma, Silvia Román, Salah Jellali, Mejdi Jeguirim, Monia Guiza","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100926","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, spent coffee grounds (SCGs) waste is converted into an activated hydrochar (AHC) through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 180 °C followed by steam activation at 850 °C for 1 h. The AHC was firstly characterized and then tested for phenol removal from synthetic aqueous solutions in both batch and column modes. Characterization results show that the AHC is an amorphous material rich in numerous functional groups and has interesting textural properties, with a surface area and a total pore volume of 219.2 m² g^-1 and 0.156 cm³ g^-1, respectively. These promising properties permit the AHC to successfully remove phenol from aqueous solutions under wide-batch experimental conditions with an adsorption capacity of 226.4 mg g^-1. Moreover, this process was found to be spontaneous, endothermic, and favorable, involving physical and chemical mechanisms. Furthermore, even in column mode, the AHC retains a strong ability to remove phenol, with an adsorbed amount of 42.3 mg g^-1 observed for the lowest flow rate (14 mL min^-1). The phenol breakthrough curves (BTCs) from the column were best fitted with a Thomas model, indicating that limitations of external and intraparticle mass-transfer of phenol are relatively small. Finally, the phenol-loaded AHC can be efficiently regenerated with hot water for at least two cycles. Indeed, the average adsorption efficiencies in the second cycle were evaluated to be 97.7% and 72.7% of those measured in the first cycle, in batch and column modes, respectively. These promising technical results should be consolidated with a detailed life-cycle assessment study in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of PM_2.5-Bound Heavy Metals in Wintertime Laibin, Guangxi, China.","authors":"Rui Qu, Jingying Mao, Jian Gao, Kuiquan Duan, Yuanguan Gao, Haisheng Li, Chuan Nong, Jiahui Lu, Hexiao Chen","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100923","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PM_2.5-bound heavy metals are of concern because of their persistence, toxicity, and inhalation-related carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic effects. Concentrations, emission sources, and inhalation health risks of these pollutants were investigated during a winter campaign lasting 42 days in 2025 in Laibin, China. The mean PM_2.5 concentration was 47.6 μg/m³, with nominally higher nighttime levels associated with lower wind speeds and a shallower nocturnal boundary layer. The total concentration of nine measured heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, V, Cu, Sb, Cd, and Co) averaged 363.0 ng/m³, dominated by Zn, Cr, and Ni. Enrichment factors indicated severe Cd enrichment, significant Ni enrichment, and moderate enrichment of V, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn, suggesting anthropogenic influence, especially for Cd and Ni. PMF analysis preliminarily resolved three major sources in the daily run: mixed non-ferrous metal smelting and coal combustion source (43%), traffic (23%), and industrial combustion (34%). In the separate daytime and nighttime runs, industrial combustion was the largest source in both periods, whereas traffic increased at night. Non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) values were below 1 for all populations (children > adult males > adult females), and carcinogenic risks (CR) slightly exceeded 1 × 10^-4 under winter exposure scenarios, with Cr as the main contributor. These results provide a winter-only baseline; precautionary Cr controls are suggested for winter pollution episodes, and multi-season monitoring is needed for comprehensive air quality strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Workers' Behavior and Hygienic Parameters Related to Blood Lead Levels: A Cross-Sectional Biomonitoring Study in an Italian Automotive Plant.","authors":"Loreta Tobia, Riccardo Mastrantonio, Mario Muselli, Giorgia Nobili, Danilo Cottica, Vincenza Cofini, Stefano Necozione, Leila Fabiani","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100922","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Occupational lead exposure is a relevant health concern, but the relationships between lead exposure, biomarkers, and individual, occupational, and hygienic characteristics remain incompletely understood. This study investigated associations between blood lead (Pb) and zinc-protoporphyrin (ZnPP) levels and occupational, clinical, individual, lifestyle, and hygiene-related characteristics in 464 exposed workers. Occupational and individual data were collected and statistically analyzed to identify associations between biomarkers and categorical or continuous variables. Blue-collar and maintenance workers showed significantly higher blood Pb levels than white-collar workers (11.07 and 10.42 vs. 4.81 µg/dL). Unadjusted analyses showed higher blood Pb levels among forklift users and workers in production units 1 and 2. No statistically significant differences in ZnPP were observed across the occupational categories examined. Female sex, non-smoking status, and longer hair were associated with lower Pb levels. Exploratory multivariable analyses identified associations of ZnPP with hypertension and physical activity, but the model explained only 3.65% of its variance. As expected, due to the low concentrations of xenobiotics detected, a weak association was observed between blood Pb and ZnPP. Overall, the findings suggest modest associations between biomarker levels and select individual/occupational characteristics (such as hair length and forklift use). Given the low proportion of explained variance, these exploratory observations should be interpreted with caution and warrant further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709819/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}