Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Toxic Effects of p-Chloroaniline on Cells of Fungus <i>Isaria fumosorosea</i> SP535 and the Role of Cytochrome P450.","authors":"Shicong Huang, Jiahui Gao, Lin Zhou, Liujian Gao, Mengke Song, Qiaoyun Zeng","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060506","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efficient methods to remediate PCA (p-chloroaniline)-polluted environments are urgent due to the widespread persistence and toxicity of PCA in the environment. Microbial degradation presents a promising approach for remediating PCA pollution. However, the PCA-degrading fungi still have yet to be explored. This study confirmed the highly PCA-degrading efficiency of an isolated fungus, <i>Isaria fumosorosea</i> SP535. This fungus can achieve a PCA degradation efficiency of 100% under optimal conditions characterized by an initial PCA concentration of 1.0 mM, pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 25 °C. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that the toxicity of PCA resulted in roughened surfaces of <i>Isaria fumosorosea</i> SP535 hyphae, voids in the cytoplasm, and thickened cell walls. PCA addition significantly elevated the activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in both cell-free extracts and microsomal fractions in the media, suggesting the important role of the P450 system in PCA metabolization by <i>Isaria fumosorosea</i> SP535. The results provide a microbial resource and fundamental knowledge for addressing PCA pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197570/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Widespread Contamination by Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Insectivorous Wildlife from the Canary Islands: Exploring Alternative Routes of Exposure.","authors":"Beatriz Martín Cruz, Andrea Acosta Dacal, Ana Macías-Montes, Cristian Rial-Berriel, Manuel Zumbado, Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández, Ramón Gallo-Barneto, Miguel Ángel Cabrera-Pérez, Octavio P Luzardo","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060505","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in wildlife has primarily focused on apex predators, with less attention given to their potential integration into lower trophic levels and the associated exposure pathways. At the base of the terrestrial food web, invertebrates have been suggested as potential vectors of ARs to insectivorous species such as small mammals, reptiles, and birds. To explore this hypothesis, we analyzed the presence of nine anticoagulant rodenticides-including both first-generation (FGARs) and second-generation (SGARs) rodenticides-in 36 liver samples from Yemen chameleons (<i>Chamaeleo calyptratus</i>) and 98 liver samples from six non-raptorial, predominantly insectivorous bird species from the Canary Islands. Through HPLC-MS/MS analysis, only SGARs were detected in both animal groups collected between 2021 and 2024. Approximately 80% of reptiles and 40% of birds tested positive for at least one SGAR, with brodifacoum being the most frequently detected compound. In more than 90% of positive cases, it was found as the sole contaminant, while co-occurrence with other SGARs was uncommon. Additionally, most concentrations were below 50 ng/g wet weight, except for two bird specimens, suggesting heterogeneous exposure scenarios and potential variability in contamination sources across individuals. These findings provide evidence of AR integration at the base of the terrestrial food web in the Canary Islands and suggest secondary exposure via invertebrates as a plausible route of contamination. Further research directly analyzing invertebrate samples is needed to confirm their role as vectors of ARs to insectivorous wildlife in insular ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Paradox of Clean Eating: Neuroactive Dysbiosis and Pesticide Residues in Fruit- and Vegetable-Based Diets.","authors":"Ramona Alina Tomuța, Andrada Florina Moldovan, Loredana Matiș, Lavinia Maris, Timea Claudia Ghitea, Florin Banica","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060504","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Exposure to pesticide residues through food remains a critical issue in public health, especially given their potential cumulative neurotoxic effects. (2) Methods: This study investigated the presence of pesticide residues in commonly consumed vegetables, fruits, and cereals based on official laboratory reports and evaluated the intestinal microbiome profiles of individuals whose diets consisted of over 50% plant-based foods. (3) Results: Analytical results from accredited laboratories in Romania demonstrated that all tested food samples were compliant with European regulations (Regulation (EC) 396/2005), with either undetectable or below-quantification-limit pesticide residues. However, organophosphates such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon were frequently tested, indicating persistent regulatory concern due to their known neurotoxic potential. A parallel analysis of stool samples revealed significant imbalances in neuroactive gut bacteria, including consistently low levels of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and <i>Lactobacillus</i> species, and elevated levels of <i>Oscillibacter</i> and <i>Alistipes</i>, which are implicated in modulating GABA and serotonin pathways. Markers of proinflammatory activity, such as LPS-positive bacteria and histamine producers, were also elevated. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that even in diets rich in plant-based foods, microbial dysbiosis with neuroactive relevance can occur, potentially linked to environmental or dietary factors. The study underscores the need for a comprehensive evaluation of food safety and microbiome function as interconnected determinants of neurological health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of Biochar Catalyst Using Copper for Enhanced Catalytic Oxidation of VOCs.","authors":"Nan Liu, Jin Zhang, Ya-Lan Cai, Ji-Guo Zhang, Du-Juan Ouyang, Shao-Bo Wang, Qi-Man Xu, Jia-Jun Hu, Di-Ming Chen, Guo-Wen Wang, Ji-Xiang Li","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060503","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, research has increasingly focused on the introduction of non-precious metals and developing highly stable carriers to enhance catalyst performance. In this study, we successfully synthesized copper (Cu)-modified biochar catalysts utilizing a sequential approach involving enzymatic treatment, liquid impregnation, and activation processes, which effectively enhanced the dispersion and introduction efficiency of Cu onto the biochar, thereby reducing the requisite Cu loading while maintaining high catalytic activity. The experimental results showed that the toluene degradation of 10%Cu@BCL was three times higher than that of unmodified activated carbon (AC) at 290 °C. A more uniform distribution of Cu was obtained by the enzymatic and activation treatments, optimizing the catalyst's structural properties and reducing the amount of Cu on the biochar. Moreover, the transformation between various oxidation states of Cu (from Cu⁰/Cu(I) to Cu(II)) facilitated the electron transfer during the degradation of toluene. To further understand the catalytic mechanisms, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to elucidate the interactions between toluene molecules and the Cu-modified biochar surface. These findings reveal that the strategic modification of biochar as a carrier not only enhances the dispersion and stability of active metal species but contributes to improved catalytic performance, thereby enhancing its degradation efficiency for VOCs in high-temperature conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances with Pan-Cancers Associated with Sex Hormones.","authors":"Elizabeth Olarewaju, Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060501","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with potential endocrine-disrupting properties. This study examines the association between exposure to multiple PFASs and pan-cancers associated with sex hormones (PCSH) while accounting for potential non-linear relationships and interactions. We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), spanning two-year cycles from 1999 to 2012 and including 14,373 participants. Serum concentrations of six PFAS-perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDE), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA)-were assessed for their relationship with PCSH. The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Spearman and Pearson correlation analyses, and both linear and logistic regression models. Additionally, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was applied to capture potential nonlinear relationships and interactions. The initial <i>t</i>-tests showed a statistically significant difference in PFOS levels between individuals with and without PCSH (<i>p</i> = 0.0022), with higher mean PFOS levels in the PCSH group. Chi-square tests revealed a significant association between ethnicity and PCSH (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Linear and logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations for PFOS. BKMR analysis identified PFOA as having the highest posterior inclusion probability, indicating its importance in explaining PCSH risk. Univariate exposure-response analysis revealed limited individual PFAS effects. However, bivariate analysis indicated a complex U-shaped interaction pattern among many joint PFAS assessments. The overall exposure effect analysis suggested that the combined impact of all PFASs was more strongly associated with PCSH at exposure levels below the 0.5 quantile compared to higher levels. Single-variable interaction analyses highlighted PFOA and PFOS as the most interactive PFASs when evaluating their interaction with combined exposure to all other PFASs. In summary, while the initial findings suggested a positive association between PFOS and PCSH, the BKMR analysis revealed complex non-linear relationships and interactions among PFAS. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating PFASs as a mixture rather than as individual chemicals and using techniques that can capture non-linear relationships and interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in Stormwater: Sampling and Methodology Challenges.","authors":"Andres Sanchez Garcia, Huayun Zhou, Cesar Gomez-Avila, Tariq Hussain, Aryan Roghani, Danny Reible, Balaji Anandha Rao","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060502","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stormwater runoff is a significant source of microplastics to surface water. This study addresses challenges in the sampling, treatment, and characterization of microplastics in existing stormwater control measures across various regions in the United States. Stormwater sediment samples were collected via traditional stormwater sampling approaches for particulate and inorganic contamination with portable automatic samplers, analyzed using visible and fluorescence microscopy with Nile red as a selective stain, and subsequently confirmed through Raman spectroscopy. The inclusion of laboratory and field blanks enabled the identification of contamination at key steps during sample handling. The results reveal that the filtration process is a significant source of laboratory contamination, while the sampling process itself could be a primary contributor to overall sample contamination. Additionally, it was found that using green fluorescence as the sole emission wavelength may underestimate MP quantities, as some particles emit fluorescence exclusively in the red spectrum. Raman analysis revealed interferences caused by pigments and additives in plastics, along with challenges evaluating particles in the low micron range (≤10 microns), which complicates a comprehensive analysis. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of implementing strong quality assurance and control measures when assessing the levels of microplastics in the environment, including sample collection, processing, and analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source Analysis of Ozone Pollution in Liaoyuan City's Atmosphere Based on Machine Learning Models and HYSPLIT Clustering Method.","authors":"Xinyu Zou, Xinlong Li, Dali Wang, Ju Wang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060500","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Firstly, this study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the ozone (O₃) pollution in Liaoyuan City using monitoring data from 2015 to 2024. Then, three machine learning models (ML)-random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN)-are employed to quantify the influence of meteorological and non-meteorological factors on O₃ concentrations. Finally, the HYSPLIT clustering method and CMAQ model are utilized to analyze inter-regional transport characteristics, identifying the causes of O₃ pollution. The results indicate that O₃ pollution in Liaoyuan exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern, with the highest concentrations found in spring and summer, peaking in the afternoon. Among the three ML models, the random forest model demonstrates the best predictive performance (R² = 0.9043). Feature importance identifies NO₂ as the primary driving factor, followed by meteorological conditions in the second quarter and land surface characteristics. Furthermore, regional transport significantly contributes to O₃ pollution, with approximately 80% of air mass trajectories in heavily polluted episodes originating from adjacent industrial areas and the sea. The combined effects of transboundary precursors and O₃ transport with local emissions and meteorological conditions further increase the O₃ pollution level. This study highlights the need to strengthen coordinated NO_X and VOCs emission reductions and enhance regional joint prevention and control strategies in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metal Contamination in Yogurt from Lebanon: Evaluating Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Concentrations Across Multiple Regions.","authors":"Sandra Sarkis, Rayan Kashmar, Nikolaos Tzenios, Maha Hoteit, Tony Tannous, Joseph Matta","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060499","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The toxicity of metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) makes heavy metal contamination in food products a major health concern. The aim of this study is to measure the levels of Pb and Cd in yogurt samples that were collected from 11 distinct Lebanese locations and determine their compliance with the legal limits set by the European Commission (0.02 mg/kg for Pb and 0.005 mg/kg for Cd). A total of 165 yogurt samples were examined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Interestingly, the findings showed that 10.9% of samples had Pb concentrations over the allowable limit; the highest amounts were observed in Baalbeck-Hermel (0.118 mg/kg), North Area (0.125 mg/kg), and South Lebanon (0.115 mg/kg). In addition, the highest detected concentrations of Cd were found in North Area (0.094 mg/kg), Baalbeck-Hermel (0.076 mg/kg), and Akkar (0.042 mg/kg), with 14.5% of samples above the limit. The results show regional differences in contamination, which are probably caused by industrial emissions, agricultural activities, and environmental pollution. To better understand the potential health implications, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Pb and Cd through yogurt consumption was calculated and compared to international health-based guidance values. Although the EDI values suggest a low risk from yogurt alone, the findings highlight the importance of cumulative exposure and emphasize the necessity of regular monitoring and stricter implementation of food safety laws to decrease exposure to heavy metals through dairy intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of Low-Molecular-Weight Diesel Fractions (C₁₀-C₁₆ Alkane) Drives Cd Stabilization and Pb Activation in Calcareous Soils from Karst Areas.","authors":"Yiting Huang, Yankui Tang, Zhenze Xie, Jipeng Wu, Jiajie Huang, Shaojiang Nie","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060496","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influence of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) on the transport and transformation of heavy metals may limit bioremediation efficiency. The mechanisms by which PHC degradation intermediates control heavy metal distribution in calcareous soils from karst areas require further exploration. This study systematically investigated how compositional changes in diesel fuel during aging regulated the fate of Cd and Pb in calcareous soils. The results demonstrated that the low-molecular-weight fractions of diesel fuel (C₁₀-C₁₆) were preferentially degraded. This degradation process altered zeta potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and pH, thereby promoting Cd stabilization through electrostatic attraction and speciation transformation. Particularly, reducible Cd content showed a strong positive correlation with C₁₆ content (<i>r</i> = 0.88, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Furthermore, the degradation of C₁₀-C₁₆ fractions caused Pb transformation from residual to bioavailable fractions by stimulating microbial activity. Residual Pb content was positively correlated with C₁₀-C₁₆ fractions (<i>r</i> = 0.55, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Notably, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and CaCO₃ content in calcareous soils enhanced Cd and Pb adsorption, thereby weakening the interactions between these metals and C₁₀-C₁₆ fractions. Consequently, multiple linear regression (MLR) models relying exclusively on C₁₀-C₁₆ degradation parameters showed poor fitting coefficients for Cd/Pb mobility. The present work provides scientific guidance for heavy metal bioremediation in calcareous soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Grown in Soils Irrigated with Paper Mill Effluent.","authors":"Mohssen Elbagory, Amal Zayed, Nagwa El-Khateeb, Sahar El-Nahrawy, Alaa El-Dein Omara, Ibrahim Mohamed, Marwa Yasien Helmy Elbyaly, Mahmoud El-Sharkawy, Jogendra Singh, Ana Dzaja, Boro Mioč, Ivan Širić","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060497","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unregulated irrigation with partially industrial effluents may lead to heavy metal contamination in crops and pose significant human health risks, especially in developing countries like India. Therefore, the present study aimed to quantify six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in soil and wheat irrigated with paper mill effluent, assess plant responses, and evaluate associated health risks for consumers. For this, a field study was conducted across ten sites (five effluent-irrigated, five borewell-irrigated as control), analyzing soil and wheat tissues for metal concentrations and calculating risk indices including bioaccumulation factor (Bf), translocation factor (Tf), Dietary Intake of Metals (DIM < 1), Health Risk Index (HRI < 1), and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ < 1). Results indicated high concentrations of Cd and Cr in effluent-irrigated soils and wheat tissues (root > stem > leaves > grains) compared to control sites, with some values exceeding permissible limits. Although the THQ values for heavy metals were below 1, indicating a low immediate health risk, concentrations of Cd and Cr in both soil and crop tissues exceeded acceptable safety standards. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the need for effluent treatment and policy interventions to mitigate agricultural contamination from the use of industrial effluents and protect public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}