Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Modulation of Detoxification, Immune, and Epigenetic Systems by Two Aryl Organophosphorus Flame Retardants During Early Development in Zebrafish.","authors":"Montserrat Solé, Sílvia Joly, Sergi Omedes, Isabel Forner-Piquer, Laia Ribas","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090794","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are emerging alternatives to halogenated compounds, yet their environmental toxicity remains underexplored. This study evaluated the developmental toxicity of two aryl-OPFRs, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), in zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) from 2 h to 5 days post fertilization (hpf-dpf). Survival, hatching rate, and malformations were assessed across concentrations of 250-1000 µg/L, alongside with gene expression analysis at 5 dpf (250 and 500 µg/L) targeting detoxification (<i>ces2</i>), immune responses (<i>il1β</i>, <i>casp9</i>), and epigenetic markers (<i>dnmt1</i>, <i>dnmt3</i>). In vitro enzymatic assays evaluated interactions of both aryl-OPFRs with carboxylesterase (CE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes. While no significant morphological effects were observed, TPP showed higher toxicity than TCP. Notably, TCP (500 µg/L) downregulated genes linked to metabolism and immunity. CE activity and <i>ces2</i> modulation may suggest CE as a potential biomarker for aryl-OPFR exposure. These findings, although at concentrations above the environmental ones, may be valuable for mechanistic purposes and underscore the need for further investigation in developmental toxicity given their lipophilic nature and distinct molecular responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into How Degradable Microplastics Enhance Cu²⁺ Mobility in Soil Through Interfacial Interaction.","authors":"Hongjia Peng, Bolun Yu, Zuhong Lin, Haipu Li","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090795","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incomplete degradation of degradable plastics may pose potential ecological risks, as it can generate degradable microplastics (DMPs), especially when these DMPs coexist with heavy metals in soil. Taking petrochemical-based poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and bio-based polylactic acid (PLA) as representative DMPs, this study investigated how DMPs affect the adsorption-desorption behavior of Cu²⁺ in soil and the underlying mechanisms via batch equilibrium experiments and characterization analyses. The experiments revealed that ion exchange (accounting for 33.6-34.3%), oxygen-containing functional group complexation, and electrostatic interactions were the primary adsorption driving forces, with chemical adsorption playing the main role. Compared to the soil, the PBAT and PLA had smaller specific surface areas and pore volumes, fewer oxygen-containing functional groups, and especially lacked O-metal functional groups. They can dilute soil, clog its pores, and cover its active sites. 1% DMPs significantly reduced the soil's equilibrium adsorption capacity (Q_e) (3.7-4.7%) and increased equilibrium desorption capacity (Q_De) (1.7-2.6%), thereby increasing the mobility and ecological risk of Cu²⁺. PBAT and PLA had no significant difference in effects on the adsorption, but their specific mechanisms were somewhat distinct. Faced with the prevalent, worsening coexistence of DMPs and heavy metals in soil, these findings contribute to the ecological risk assessment of DMPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Symptoms Related to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure in Chiang Mai, Thailand: Associations with Biomarkers of Exposure and Oxidative Stress.","authors":"Xianfeng Cao, Sumed Yadoung, Phannika Tongchai, Anurak Wongta, Kanokwan Kulprachakarn, Peerapong Jeeno, Pichamon Yana, Udomsap Jaitham, Wenting Li, Kai Zhou, Xiao Zhang, Jianmei Gong, Natthapol Kosashunhanan, Surat Hongsibsong","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090796","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Northern Thailand experiences seasonal surges in PM₂.₅ pollution, posing significant respiratory health risks. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate associations between PAHs exposure and early health biomarkers. In April 2024, 127 rural residents in Chiang Mai were recruited during a high-exposure period (mean monthly PM_2.5 = 41.7 μg/m³). Participants reporting eye irritation and pneumonia showed significantly higher 8-iso-PGF₂α levels (<i>p</i> = 0.010 and 0.012, respectively). Smokers exhibited elevated CC16 levels (130.0 ± 65.3 ng/mL) compared to non-smokers (96.3 ± 39.9 ng/mL, <i>p</i> < 0.05). CC16 was also significantly associated with self-reported symptoms, including fatigue, poor sleep quality, and activity limitation. For example, participants who reported difficulty performing daily activities (i.e., disagreed with the statement \"I can do things at home without any restrictions\") had significantly higher CC16 levels (108 ± 47 ng/mL) than those without such limitations (74 ± 35 ng/mL; <i>p</i> < 0.001). A weak but significant positive correlation was observed between respiratory rate and CC16 (R² = 0.334, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Interestingly, serum 8-iso-PGF₂α was inversely associated with diabetes (OR = 0.965; 95% CI: 0.935-0.997; <i>p</i> = 0.033), potentially indicating a compensatory or phenotype-specific oxidative stress response. In addition, CC16 levels were positively associated with diabetes (<i>p</i> = 0.022), suggesting altered epithelial responses in individuals with metabolic disease. CC16 and 8-iso-PGF₂α demonstrated significant associations with respiratory symptoms and metabolic status, suggesting their potential as early indicators for environmental health surveillance in haze-affected populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474094/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Occupational Exposure to Chemical Mixtures Induces Genomic Instability in Paint Workers.","authors":"Servet Birgin İritaş, Merve Güdül Bacanlı, Gökçe Taner, Vugar Ali Türksoy, Lütfiye Tutkun, Ömer Hınç Yilmaz, Ayşe Nurşen Başaran","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090785","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study's objective was to evaluate genotoxic effects on automotive paint workers who are exposed to a complex mixture of VOCs, heavy metals, and solvents. Biological samples, including blood, urine, and buccal epithelial cells, were collected from 80 exposed workers and 80 demographically matched control subjects. DNA damage was assessed using the alkaline COMET assay in lymphocytes and whole blood. The Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay was also employed to identify cytogenetic abnormalities. Additionally, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), hippuric acid (HA), phenol, and lead (Pb) levels were measured as biomarkers of exposure. A significant increase in DNA damage was observed in the lymphocytes and whole blood of exposed workers (<i>p</i> < 0.05) BMCyt analysis also revealed higher frequencies of micronuclei (MN), binucleated cells, condensed chromatin (CC), and karyorrhectic (KHC) and pyknotic cells (PYC) in buccal cells (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Elevated levels of urinary HA, phenol, TCA, and blood lead indicated systemic chemical exposure. DNA damage positively correlated with these biomarkers, supporting a strong link between chronic occupational exposure and genotoxicity. The findings from this study highlight the critical importance of implementing effective safety measures and consistent biomonitoring for paint workers to prevent adverse health effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung Deposition of Particulate Matter as a Source of Metal Exposure: A Threat to Humans and Animals.","authors":"Joel Henrique Ellwanger, Marina Ziliotto, José Artur Bogo Chies","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090788","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The deposition of particulate matter (PM) in the lungs is a health problem that primarily affects individuals working in mines and other highly polluted environments. People living in large cities also accumulate PM in their lungs throughout their lives due to the high levels of air pollution often observed in urban environments. In addition to the direct effects that the physical deposition of PM causes in the lungs, such as increased levels of inflammation and fibrosis, these pollutants can be associated with additional toxic effects, including genotoxicity and other molecular, cellular, and systemic alterations that can lead to the development of multiple diseases. This occurs because PM carries a number of toxic pollutants to the lungs, especially metals and metalloids such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury. Although the histopathological effects of occupational (pneumoconiosis) or environmental (anthracosis) deposition of PM in the human lungs are well described, little is discussed about how these morphological alterations can be a proxy for acute and chronic exposure to several toxic metals. Furthermore, the effects of PM-metal complexes on the health of animals, especially those living in urban environments, are often overlooked. In this context, this narrative review aims to discuss the impacts of lung-deposited PM-metal complexes on the health of multiple species, highlighting the broad effects caused by air pollution. Using the One Health approach, this article examines how environmental issues impact the health of both humans and animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Silico Forensic Toxicology: Is It Feasible?","authors":"Ivan Šoša","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090790","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In silico forensic toxicology refers to the emerging application of computational models based on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs), molecular docking, and predictions regarding Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) as used to predict the toxicological behavior of various substances, particularly in medico-legal contexts. These computational models replicate metabolic pathways, providing insights into the metabolism of substances in the human body, while the results of this approach effectively reflect the necessary compounds, reducing the need for direct laboratory work. This review aims to evaluate whether forensic settings and in silico methods present a cost-effective strategy for investigating unknown substances, aiding in toxicological interpretations, and steering laboratory process analyses. Additionally, financial considerations, such as break-even analysis and Bland-Altman plots, were conducted, indicating that forensic labs conducting over 625 analyses each year can achieve cost efficiency by integrating in silico strategies, thus making them a viable alternative to conventional methods in high-throughput settings. Recent studies have emphasized how machine learning enhances predictive accuracy, thereby boosting forensic toxicology's capacity to effectively evaluate toxicity endpoints. In silico methods are essential for cases involving novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) or unclear toxicological findings. They are also useful as a supporting method in legal contexts, as they uphold expert testimonies and reinforce evidence claims. The future of forensic toxicology is likely to see the increased implementation of AI-powered techniques, streamlining toxicological investigations and enhancing overall accuracy in forensic evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examination of DNA Methylation Patterns in Children Born Premature with Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure.","authors":"Olivia E Gittens, Alonzo T Folger, Xue Zhang, Lili Ding, Nehal A Parikh, E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090789","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) has been associated with significant alterations in DNA methylation (DNAm), an epigenetic mechanism with potential functional consequences to child development. This pilot study aimed to investigate differential DNAm patterns in preterm children with and without prenatal TSE using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) to interrogate a wider array of sites than in more common approaches, namely microarrays. Buccal swabs were collected from 16 two-year-old children (7 with TSE, 9 without), and DNAm was quantified at over 1.3 million CpG sites. To identify differential DNAm, univariable analyses were first performed and followed by Bayesian beta-binomial hierarchical regression models for sequence count data including adjustment for potential confounders. False Discovery Rate correction was used to account for multiple comparisons. Significant differential methylation was observed at CpG sites within intronic regions of the <i>CALN1</i> and <i>LINGO1</i> genes and the distal intergenic region of the <i>TBL1XR1</i> gene. These findings suggest that prenatal TSE may influence epigenetic regulation in genes involved in neurodevelopment. This study demonstrates the importance of RRBS in identifying novel DNAm changes associated with prenatal TSE and highlights the need for larger studies to validate and expand upon these preliminary findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mercury Exposure, Gene Expression, and Intelligence Quotient in Afro-Descendant Children from Two Colombian Regions.","authors":"Javier Galvis-Ballesteros, Margareth Duran-Izquierdo, Juan Valdelamar-Villegas, Lucellys Sierra-Marquez, Jesus Olivero-Verbel","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090786","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of mercury (Hg) on biological systems is well documented; however, the long-term effects of low-level exposure in children remain unclear, particularly with respect to oxidative stress and cognitive outcomes. This study evaluated Hg exposure and its associations with the gene expression and intelligence quotient (IQ) in two Afro-descendant child populations in Colombia. Hair total mercury (T-Hg) was quantified in 163 children under 7 years old, along with their sociodemographic data. Significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) were found in fish consumption and mean hair T-Hg concentrations between children from Mahates (2.66 ± 0.30 meals/week; 0.32 ± 0.03 µg/g) and Zanjón (1.24 ± 0.09 meals/week; 0.24 ± 0.01 µg/g). The gene expression analysis revealed higher SOD1 expression in Mahates. The mean IQ scores were higher in Zanjón (74.7) than those in Mahates (71.7). Overall, Spearman's correlation analysis showed no significant associations (<i>p</i> > 0.05) between T-Hg and the measured variables. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear separation between populations: Mahates, associated with a higher mercury burden and the upregulation of stress-response genes, and Zanjón, characterized by a better cognitive performance and lower mercury exposure. These findings suggest that despite the low overall exposure and non-significant bivariate correlations, the communities displayed distinct profiles, highlighting the value of integrated molecular-cognitive biomonitoring and motivate longitudinal studies addressing co-exposures and socioeconomic confounding.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Distribution Characteristics of Benzene-Based Pollutants in a Retired Industrial Park and Their Influence Factors: Soil Properties and Microbial Communities.","authors":"Lei Wang, Weizhen Chen, Xuejun Tan, Li Xie","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090791","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the transformation of industrial enterprises in China, the relocation of numerous factories has led to the emergence of retired industrial parks with serious pollution. This study investigated the contamination of benzene-based pollutants (BBPs) in soil and their relationship with soil texture, physicochemical properties, and microbial communities at a former factory site in Shanghai. The results indicated that benzene and toluene were the main pollutants in the region, accounting for 25.7-36.1% and 7.6-10.2% of the total pollutants, respectively. The horizontal contamination distribution pattern of BBPs at different sampling points were clearly related to the functional zoning of the area. Sampling points close to workshops and bathrooms possessed higher contamination levels of BBPs than those close to warehouses and office buildings. With the increase in sampling depth, the gradually rising soil density and soil porosity ratio reduced the adsorption capacity of soil for BBPs, thereby promoting the volatilization and release of BBPs in deeper soil layers to a certain extent, resulting in a \"shallow > deep\" trend for the content of BBPs. The abundance of norank_f__norank__o_norank__c__Bathyarchaeia in the soil may be the main functional microorganisms affecting the distribution of BBPs. Styrene and chlorobenzene exhibited significant correlations with microbial communities, primarily involving bacteria (Desulfobacterium, Thermincola, and Trichlorobacter) and archaea (including norank_f_Nitrosopumilaceae, norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_Nitrososphaeria, and Methanocella). This study identifies and analyzes the BBP contamination characteristics in a typical retired industrial park in Shanghai, providing valuable references for risk assessment and microbial remediation of such contaminated areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of the Effect of Commonly Used Pesticides on Cervical Contractions in Pregnant Cows, In Vitro.","authors":"Michal Hubert Wrobel","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090793","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organochlorine insecticides (DDTs), organophosphate insecticides (malathion), carbamate insecticides (carbaryl and thiram), pyrethroid (cypermethrin and fenvalarate) insecticides, and herbicides (glyphosate and atrazine) were selected for this study because they disrupt cervical and myometrial function in the bovine oestrous cycle. However, their potential to affect reproductive success in cattle during pregnancy has not been directly confirmed. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the investigated pesticides on cervical contractions in pregnant cows. Cervical strips from cows at 4-6 months of gestation were treated with the eight singular pesticides (used at non-toxic, environmental dose) or oestradiol (E2) under two different conditions (37.5 °C for 24 h and 4 °C for 48 h), which were applied to assess pesticide effects under both physiological and prolonged-exposure settings. The strength of the contractions was then measured. The findings of the study demonstrated that both the carbamates and glyphosate increased the force of cervical strip contractions to a greater extent than cypermethrin. In contrast, fenvalerate was observed to induce a state of cervical relaxation, analogous to the effects of E2, while DDT, malathion and atrazine exerted no effect on cervical motor function during the period of pregnancy under investigation. These preliminary findings indicate a potential impact of pesticides on cervical function during pregnancy, but should be interpreted with caution as they are based on isolated tissue at a single concentration. Further in vivo and dose-response studies are needed to confirm their biological and clinical relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}