Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Associations of Ambient Air Pollution and Road-Related Environmental Characteristics with Cardiometabolic Health: The Role of Walking.","authors":"Ester Cerin, Miguel Alvarado-Molina, Muhammad Akram, Yih-Kai Chan, Jonathan E Shaw, Luke D Knibbs, Anthony Barnett","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100920","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ambient air pollution and road environments may have contrasting associations with walking and cardiometabolic health. We examined these relationships in 4141 middle-aged and older adults from the third wave of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study. Generalized additive mixed models estimated associations of residential PM_2.5, NO₂, total and major road density, and distance to the nearest busy road with cardiometabolic indicators and walking behaviors. Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment was applied within defined test families. Cross-sectional patterns involving walking were evaluated using an FDR-adjusted joint-significance criterion. PM_2.5 was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure and non-linearly associated with systolic blood pressure; NO₂ was non-linearly associated with systolic blood pressure. Total road density was associated with lower HDL cholesterol and higher triglycerides; major road density was associated with higher triglycerides and non-linearly with HbA1c. Distance to the nearest busy road was non-linearly associated with HbA1c. Higher road densities were associated with less total walking time among walkers, whereas higher PM_2.5 and NO₂ were associated with greater participation in walking for transport. Joint-significance patterns involved waist circumference and lipids. These findings highlight the importance of considering environmental exposures and walking together but do not establish temporal ordering or causal mediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709772/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Cancer Risk Scenarios for Lebanon: Quantitative Sensitivity Analysis and a Qualitative Genetic Susceptibility Framework.","authors":"Magie Tamraz, Rihab Nasr, Sally Temraz","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100921","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100921","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Environmental exposures and biological susceptibility contribute to the complexity in cancer vulnerability, particularly in settings where comprehensive environmental monitoring and longitudinal exposure data are limited. Scenario-based modeling can provide a structured approach for exploring potential environmental cancer risks under uncertainty and identifying priorities for future research and surveillance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We developed a scenario-based environmental cancer risk framework for Lebanon incorporating three exposure domains-perchlorate contamination, nitrate/nitrite exposure, and conflict-derived environmental contamination- and a qualitative Genetic Susceptibility Index (GSI). Monte Carlo simulations with 100,000 iterations were used to propagate uncertainty in literature-derived epidemiological effect estimates for colorectal and lung cancers under alternative hypothetical scaling assumptions. The GSI was used to organize qualitative susceptibility pathways but was not incorporated as a numerical modifier in the simulations. Thyroid cancer was evaluated separately through an illustrative hypothetical sensitivity analysis using author-defined relative-effect ranges because direct epidemiological estimates linking perchlorate exposure to thyroid cancer incidence were unavailable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;For colorectal cancer, the mean simulated relative effect increased from 3.79% (95% UI: 1.90-5.70%) under the low-exposure-contrast scenario to 7.72% (95% UI: 3.83-11.71%) under the moderate scenario and 16.09% (95% UI: 7.81-24.80%) under the high scenario, which applied the full published log-relative effect. For lung cancer, corresponding mean simulated relative effects were 2.18% (95% UI: 1.01-3.36%), 4.41% (95% UI: 2.02-6.83%), and 9.03% (95% UI: 4.09-14.13%). Under the full published exposure contrast, 92.34% of colorectal cancer simulations exceeded a 10% relative-effect threshold and 94.52% of lung cancer simulations exceeded a 5% threshold. The thyroid cancer analysis produced mean simulated relative effects of 1.03%, 3.50%, and 7.51% under the low-, moderate-, and high-scenario assumptions, respectively; these outputs were conditional on the prespecified hypothetical ranges. Conclusions&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; This framework demonstrates how alternative exposure-contrast assumptions can influence the distribution of literature-derived relative effects in a data-limited setting. By combining quantitative exposure-contrast sensitivity analysis with a qualitative genetic susceptibility framework, the approach may support environmental health planning, surveillance prioritization, and the design of future population-based studies in Lebanon. The thyroid cancer results illustrate model behavior under author-defined hypothetical assumptions and do not constitute epidemiological estimates of perchlorate-associated thyroid cancer risk. The findings are exploratory and should not be interprete","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety Evaluation of <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>: Acute and 26-Week Repeated-Dose Oral Toxicity Studies in Rats.","authors":"Jungbin Song, Hocheol Kim","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100919","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i> root is widely used in traditional medicine and functional foods, but information on its long-term toxicity remains limited. This study evaluated the acute and 26-week repeated-dose oral toxicity of <i>S. baicalensis</i> root extract (SBE) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats under Good Laboratory Practice conditions. In the acute study, SBE was administered once at 2500 or 5000 mg/kg, followed by 14 days of observation. In the repeated-dose study, SBE was administered at 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg/day for 26 weeks, followed by a 4-week recovery period. No mortality occurred in either study. Acute administration caused only transient, non-adverse clinical signs, and the minimum lethal dose was >5000 mg/kg. Repeated administration at 2000 mg/kg/day increased relative liver weight and urinary ketone grades in both sexes, while absolute liver weight and serum triglycerides increased in females. These findings were considered treatment-related but non-adverse, without corroborating clinical, serum biochemical, or histopathological evidence of organ injury. The no-observed-effect level and no-observed-adverse-effect level were 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day, respectively, and no target organ of toxicity was identified. These findings provide preclinical safety information for acute and long-term oral exposure to SBE.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fe³⁺-Substituted Sr₆YAl(BO₃)₆ Red Pigments Designed Without Pb, Cd, or Hg: Colour Performance, Chemical Stability, and Elemental Release Screening.","authors":"Jiajun Feng, Qimiao Huang, Junyuan Liang, Yuyuan Chen, Qiuhua Huang, Zihong Jiang, Peixuan Chen, Jian Kang, Xiang Li","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100914","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Red inorganic pigments traditionally rely on Pb-, Cd-, Hg-, or Cr(VI)-based colourants that carry avoidable hazard and exposure risks. Here, a family of Sr₆YAl_1-xFe_x(BO₃)₆ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) pigments was prepared by solid-state reaction using Fe³⁺ as the chromophore and no Pb-, Cd-, Hg-, Cr(VI)-, or As-containing precursors. X-ray diffraction shows that the trigonal Sr₆YAl(BO₃)₆-type framework (space group R-3) is retained as a single phase throughout the series; on the basis of isovalent charge, six-coordinate geometry and matched ionic radii, Fe³⁺ substitutes for octahedral Al³⁺ to form a continuous solid solution, and SEM-EDS mapping confirms a broadly homogeneous, single-phase Fe-containing borate. Increasing Fe content strengthens visible absorption and moves the colour from white to a light reddish-orange (warm tan), with the x = 1 end member giving <i>L</i>* = 69.69, <i>a</i>* = 10.08, <i>b</i>* = 12.79 and <i>C</i>* = 16.28. The colour is essentially unchanged in water and dilute acetic acid, shows a moderate shift in alkaline media (Δ<i>E</i>* = 8.05-10.21), and changes markedly only in 0.1 mol L^-1 HCl (Δ<i>E</i>* = 15.07). Elemental release was screened by immersing 1.00 g of powder in 50 mL of water (H1), 0.01 mol L^-1 acetic acid (H2) or 0.1 mol L^-1 HCl (H3) for 24 h at room temperature, with each leachate read three times by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Water and dilute acid gave similar, modest release, whereas HCl mobilized substantial B, Sr and Y (530.72, 4639.42 and 470.54 mg L^-1, i.e., up to 41.87%, 45.15% and 27.08% of the nominal inventory) but very little Fe (0.156 mg L^-1, only ≈0.014% of the Fe inventory, and below detection in H1 and H2). The Fe chromophore is thus effectively immobilized even when the borate framework is attacked, decoupling colouration from chromophore leaching. The pigments demonstrate source-level elimination of regulated toxic metals together with strong chromophore retention; the non-standardized extraction provides a conservative release-potential screen rather than a regulatory compliance determination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent Impacts of Straw and Biochar on Organic Carbon Fraction Allocation and CO₂ Emissions in Coastal Saline Soil.","authors":"Weijia Li, Haiyang Pang, Liang Yu, Fan Wei, Peng Gao, Luqin Sun, Guanhong Wang, Jie Ji, Xiao Li","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100917","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How homologous straw and biochar alter soil carbon fractions and associated microbial processes in coastal saline soils remains unclear. A 120-day microcosm experiment compared reed (<i>Phragmites australis</i>) straw and its biochar at equal mass rates of 1%, 5%, and 9% of dry soil mass. Both amendments increased the soil organic carbon (SOC) and reduced electrical conductivity. At 9%, straw increased the particulate organic carbon share of SOC to 78.2%, decreased the bacterial oligotroph/copiotroph ratio from 1.82 to 0.86, and raised potential hydrolytic enzyme activities to 4.3-9.1 times the control levels. Across straw treatments, cumulative CO₂ emissions were 375.0-1645.9% higher than in the unamended control. Biochar maintained operationally defined mineral-associated organic carbon dominance (62.1-68.0% of SOC), with weaker hydrolytic responses and cumulative CO₂ emissions 58.0-102.2% above the control levels. Exploratory structural equation models showed that lower bacterial oligotroph/copiotroph ratios were associated with higher hydrolytic enzyme activity under straw. Under biochar, higher fungal Basidiomycota/Ascomycota ratios were associated with higher polyphenol oxidase activity. Both enzyme indicators were positively associated with cumulative CO₂ emissions in their respective models. These findings demonstrate contrasting carbon fraction distributions and respiratory responses to homologous amendments, with implications for carbon management in coastal saline soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extractable Potentially Toxic Elements Across Soil Profiles in East Kazakhstan: Depth Patterns and Soil-Property Associations.","authors":"Zhanar Abilda, Dias Daurov, Rakhim Kanat, Iskander Isgandarov, Zagipa Sapakhova, Ainash Daurova, Maxat Toishimanov, Kabyl Zhambakin, Malika Shamekova","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100918","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vertical distribution of operationally extractable potentially toxic elements may vary substantially among soil profiles, limiting the value of surface-only assessment. This study examined ammonium acetate buffer (AAB)-extractable Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in 486 soil samples from 133 profiles in the East Kazakhstan Region. Samples were obtained from four depth intervals: 0-5, 5-20, 20-50, and 50-100 cm. Soil-property analyses as core properties were assessed across 0-100 cm, nutrients across 0-50 cm, and humus and exchangeable cations within 0-20 cm. Depth-related patterns and associations with soil properties were evaluated using non-parametric tests, Spearman correlations, linear mixed-effects models, redundancy analysis and pooled percentile screening. Metal concentrations were strongly right-skewed and varied markedly among profiles. From 0-5 to 50-100 cm, median concentrations declined from 55.2 to 4.5 mg kg^-1 for Zn, 5.7 to 1.7 mg kg^-1 for Cu, 2.5 to 1.4 mg kg^-1 for Cd, and 3.9 to 1.2 mg kg^-1 for Pb. Depth-only mixed-effects models confirmed negative average depth trends for all four metals, alongside substantial between-profile heterogeneity. Sand content showed positive associations with all four metals across the analysed depth scopes; available P₂O₅ was positively associated with all four in the 0-50 cm models, while humus was positively associated with Zn, Cd, and Pb in the upper 20 cm. Observations at or above the pooled P90 and P95 thresholds were most frequent near the surface, although P95-level observations also occurred at 50-100 cm. These findings show that depth-related median declines coexist with substantial profile-specific heterogeneity and support depth-resolved monitoring of AAB-extractable metals in polymetallic mining and metallurgical landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposed Method for Mass Spectrometric Measurement of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Deslorelin.","authors":"Christine Wei, John P Buchweitz, Rinosh Mani, Dalen Agnew, Andreas F Lehner","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100913","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deslorelin (C₆₄H₈₃N₁₇O₁₂) is a peptide GnRH agonist drug with monoisotopic mass 1281.64 Da applied as a drug-releasing implant in veterinary medicine for promoting ovulation and male/female contraception. Despite relative safety, it is suspected of reproductive toxicity and potential harm to unborn or breast-fed children. The compound was designed for high potency and prolonged half-life making it difficult to measure quantitatively in serum. A deslorelin LC-MS/MS method relies on detecting unmetabolized undegraded intact peptide, a crucial consideration since certain metabolites are thought to have activity. We propose a method for analyzing deslorelin indirectly by cleaving a unique portion of the carboxy terminus containing the modified proline ProNHEt (N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidine carboxamide), which can be removed by Clostridiopeptidase specific for arginine bonds. ProNHEt can be extracted from digested serum, reacted to an N-t-butyldimethylsilyl derivative and analyzed by GC-MS/MS. Settings were optimized for detectability to <1 ppb, and derivatization gave maximum yields by adjustment of solvent, reaction time, temperature and additives. MALDI-TOF applied to deslorelin revealed binding by copper. The proposed method can be used to measure deslorelin in serum samples from various zoo and small animals. Detection of deslorelin by examination of released ProNHEt is proposed to have applicability to other GnRH superagonists such as triptorelin and deslorelin breakdown products that exhibit the ProNHEt structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manganese Transport and Sediment Remobilization in a Tidal Estuary: Parameter Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis.","authors":"Hong-Ming Liu, Wen-Cheng Liu, Wei-Che Huang, Chih-Chieh Young","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100916","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100916","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tidal estuaries are characterized by complex hydrodynamic processes, while heavy metal transport is governed by multiple interacting physical mechanisms. These complexities introduce uncertainties in key model parameters and may compromise the reliability of model predictions. This study developed a three-dimensional hydrodynamic-heavy metal transport model (SCHISM-HM) for tidal estuaries and applied it to the Danshuei River estuarine system in Taiwan to systematically investigate manganese transport mechanisms, parameter sensitivity, and prediction uncertainty. The model was validated against field observations collected in 2020. The simulated hydrodynamic variables, including water level, velocity, and salinity, showed good agreement with observations, with skill scores (&lt;i&gt;SS&lt;/i&gt;) exceeding 0.8. For total manganese concentrations, the mean absolute error (&lt;i&gt;MAE&lt;/i&gt;) ranged from 0.001 to 0.006 mg/L, the root mean square error (&lt;i&gt;RMSE&lt;/i&gt;) from 0.001 to 0.008 mg/L, and the &lt;i&gt;SS&lt;/i&gt; from 0.909 to 0.999, demonstrating the capability of SCHISM-HM to reproduce the complex hydrodynamic conditions and heavy metal transport processes in the Danshuei River estuary. Sensitivity analysis revealed that both the partition coefficient (&lt;i&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) and suspended sediment settling velocity (&lt;i&gt;w&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) were negatively correlated with total manganese concentrations in the water column. Increasing &lt;i&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; from 0.1 to 0.4 L/mg resulted in reductions in peak total manganese concentrations of 32.03-93.75% across the monitoring stations. Conversely, decreasing &lt;i&gt;w&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; from 7.0 to 3.0 m/day increased total manganese concentrations at downstream stations by up to 382.08%. These results indicate that &lt;i&gt;w&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; exerts a stronger influence on total manganese concentrations than &lt;i&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, highlighting the critical role of suspended sediment transport in controlling heavy metal distributions. Model uncertainty was further quantified by integrating Monte Carlo simulation with Bayesian inference. The posterior distributions of both &lt;i&gt;K&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;w&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; were best represented by normal distributions, with correlation coefficients (&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;) exceeding 0.997. Uncertainty in simulated total manganese concentrations was predominantly associated with peak-concentration periods and exhibited pronounced spatial variability. In particular, the Taipei Bridge station, where river cross-sectional contraction enhances hydrodynamic forcing and sediment remobilization, exhibited the largest 90% confidence interval width (0.118 mg/L) and a relatively high probability of exceeding the water quality standard. Overall, the results demonstrate that bed sediment erosion and suspended sediment transport are key processes governing manganese dynamics in the Danshuei River estuary. The proposed modeling and uncertainty-analysis framework provides a quantitative basis for water pollution management ","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds in San Joaquin Valley Families.","authors":"Aalekhya Reddam, Marley Zalay, Rosemary Castorina, Asa Bradman, Daniel Sultana, Elizabeth Noth, Anabelle Garza, Debra Manzo Garcia, Tim Tyner, Jazmarie LaTour, Peyton Jacob, Josephine Alvaran DeGuzman, Jianwen She, Stephanie Jarmul","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100915","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The San Joaquin Valley in California has some of the nation's worst air quality. Health effects from elevated outdoor air pollution may be compounded by poor indoor air quality due to use of certain consumer products or individual activities. The BiomSPHERE study measured air pollution-related urinary exposure biomarkers in residents of Stockton and Fresno, California. Urine samples were collected from 64 adult-child pairs in 2023. Metabolites of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in urine. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demographics and potential exposure sources. Metabolites of all PAHs (fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene) and four VOCs (acrolein, acrylonitrile, crotonaldehyde, and propylene oxide) were detected in >85% of the samples. 2-Hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP) was the only PAH metabolite that had higher concentrations in BiomSPHERE adults and children compared with nationally representative levels reported by the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Concentrations of 2-NAP were significantly correlated (<i>p</i> < 0.05) between adults and children, suggesting a common exposure source. Concentrations of 2-NAP were also significantly higher among Hispanic/Latino participants and among participants who recently used cleaning products, air fresheners, and scented personal care products (<i>p</i> < 0.05). For non-smoking adults, metabolites of the VOCs acrolein, acrylonitrile, and propylene oxide were significantly higher in BiomSPHERE compared with NHANES. Further research is needed to identify the sources of elevated 2-NAP and VOC urinary metabolite concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radon Exposure: A Comprehensive Review of the Health Risks and Therapeutic Potentials.","authors":"Fengdi Jiang, Yifan Liu, Xiaotao Xie, Mingyu Wang, Jian Tong, Bengui Ye, Jihua Nie, Shuyu Zhang","doi":"10.3390/toxics14100912","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics14100912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) and remains a significant environmental health hazard. Radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer worldwide, and lung cancer remains the only health outcome firmly established to be caused by radon exposure. Possible associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hematological disorders, skin diseases, and other conditions remain under investigation. This review explores the broad spectrum of health risks associated with radon exposure, including its biological effects at histopathological, cellular, and molecular levels, with a focus on unique radiation effects such as the bystander effect and inverse dose-rate effect. Despite its harmful effects, radon has also been investigated for potential therapeutic effects under controlled exposure conditions, although the strength of clinical evidence varies across indications. Known as radon therapy, it has been investigated primarily for rheumatic and musculoskeletal disorders, while evidence for neurological disorders and cancer-related applications remains largely experimental or limited. The biological mechanisms of radon therapy, including its regulation of oxidative stress, immune modulation, and redox balance, are discussed. The effects of radon on human health, whether harmful or therapeutic, are highly dependent on factors such as dose, exposure duration, and individual susceptibility. This review concludes by highlighting key areas for future research to refine our understanding of both the risks and therapeutic applications of radon.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149273404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}