Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Toxicity of Four Commercial Fungicides, Alone and in Combination, on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i>: A Field Experiment.","authors":"Tommaso Campani, Ilaria Caliani, Agata Di Noi, Silvia Casini","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030209","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the sub-lethal effects of four commercial fungicides-two foliar (Amistar^®Xtra and Mirador^®) and two ear fungicides (Prosaro^® and Icarus^®)-applied alone and in combination to wheat crops on caged earthworms (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>). We measured biomarkers that included detoxification responses (glutathione S-transferase, GST), oxidative stress levels (lipid peroxidation, LPO, and catalase, CAT), DNA damage (comet assay), energy reserves (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), and immune response (lysozyme activity, LYS). The absence of significant differences in catalase and lipid peroxidation levels suggested no oxidative stress due to fungicide exposure. However, the foliar fungicide Amistar^®Xtra induced the highest GST activity and DNA fragmentation, suggesting synergistic effects between its active ingredients and undisclosed co-formulants. Similar effects observed with the Amistar^®Xtra-Prosaro^® mixture confirmed the greater toxicity of Amistar^®Xtra. This study provides novel insights into the sub-lethal effects of single and combined commercial fungicides on a standard toxicity test organism, shedding light on the ecological implications of fungicide use in agroecosystems and reinforcing the need for pesticide reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945946/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Exposure and Thyroid Hormones in Men and Non-Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Bin Zhang, Meizi Zhao, Xiangru Cong, Chunyu Liu, Chaofei Li, Yu Qiu, Sha Li, Yanying Chen, Xiaoxue Li, Penghui Li","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030214","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies have shown that per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may impact thyroid function in human health. While the consistency between PFAS exposure and thyroid health effects in pregnant women has been validated, the effects on men and non-pregnant women remains inconclusive. To address this, a meta-analysis was carried out in this paper, with 14 eligible studies retrieved from Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science that were published up to 2 June 2024, focusing on the relationship between PFAS exposure and its effect on thyroid hormone levels in the human body. The thyroid function indexes analyzed included thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4). The estimated value (β) and the corresponding confidence interval (95% CI) were extracted from the literature. A heterogeneity test was carried out, and the sensitivity analysis and publication bias of the studies were analyzed using Stata 18.0. The results revealed that in men and non-pregnant women, PFOA was positively correlated with FT3 (β = 0.011, 95% CI = 0.001, 0.02, I² = 13.4). However, no significant associations were found between exposure to other PFAS and thyroid hormones. A subgroup analysis further indicated that the correlations between PFAS exposure and thyroid hormone levels were more significant in adolescents, in both America and Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Air Pollution on Neurological Diseases: A Narrative Review on Causes and Mechanisms.","authors":"Margaret Lane, Eleise Oyster, Yali Luo, Hao Wang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030207","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Air pollution has well-documented adverse effects on human health; however, its impact on neurological diseases remains underrecognized. The mechanisms by which various components of air pollutants contribute to neurological disorders are not yet fully understood. This review focuses on key air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), carbon monoxide (CO), and diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). This paper summarizes key findings on the effects of air pollution on neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the precise biological mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, evidence suggests that multiple pathways are involved, including blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, inflammation, and the activation of microglia and astrocytes. This review underscores the role of environmental pollutants as significant risk factors for various neurological diseases and explores their mechanisms of action. By advancing our understanding of these interactions, this work aims to inform new insights for mitigating the adverse effects of air pollution on neurological diseases, ultimately contributing to the establishment of a cleaner and healthier environment for future generations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of NO₂ on Urban Air Quality and Causes of Its High Ambient Levels: Insights from a Relatively Long-Term Data Analysis in a Typical Petrochemical City in the Bohai Bay Region, China.","authors":"Xiaoshuai Gao, Cong An, Yongxin Yan, Yuanyuan Ji, Wei Wei, Likun Xue, Rui Gao, Fanyi Shang, Jidong Li, Luyao Tan, Hong Li","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030208","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ambient levels of NO₂ in urban areas in China in recent years have generally shown a downward trend, but high NO₂ concentrations still exist under certain conditions, and the causes for such phenomenon and its impact on air quality remain unclear. Taking Dongying, a typical petrochemical city in the Bohai Bay of China, as an example, this paper analyzed the influence of NO₂ on urban air quality and investigated the causes for the formation of NO₂ with high concentrations. The results indicated that higher daily NO₂ concentrations (>40 μg/m³) mainly occurred during January-April and September-December each year, and higher hourly NO₂ concentrations mainly occurred during the nighttime and morning rush hour in Dongying from 2017 to 2023. With the increase in daily NO₂ concentrations, the daily air pollution levels showed a general increasing trend from 2017 to 2023. The occurrence of high NO₂ values in Dongying was affected by the combination of unfavorable meteorological conditions, local emissions and regional transports, and localized atmospheric chemical generation. High-pressure and uniform-pressure weather patterns in 2017-2022, along with land-sea breeze circulation in 2022, contribute to high NO₂ concentrations in Dongying. Boundary layer heights (BLH) in spring (-0.43) and winter (-0.36), wind direction in summer (0.21), and temperature in autumn (-0.46) are the primary meteorological factors driving NO₂-HH (High hourly NO₂ values), while BLH (-0.47) is the main cause for NO₂-HD (High daily NO₂ values). The titration reaction between NO with O₃ is the main cause for NO₂-HH in spring, summer and autumn, and photochemical reactions of aromatics have a significant influence on NO₂-HD. NOx emissions from the thermal power and petrochemical industry in Dongying and air pollution transports from western and southwestern Shandong Province (throughout the year) and from the Bohai Sea (during spring and summer) had serious adverse impact on high NO₂ values in 2022. The results of the study could help to provide a scientific basis for the control of NO₂ and the continuous improvement of air quality in Dongying and similar petrochemical cities.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Thalassophryne maculosa</i> (Batrachoididae: Thalassophryninae) as a Bioindicator of Mercury-Induced Genotoxicity.","authors":"Mauro Nirchio Tursellino, Nicola Noemi Coppola, Juan Ignacio Gaviria Montoya, Juan Antonio Gómez","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030206","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental monitoring requires reliable bioindicators to assess the genotoxic effects of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the marine fish <i>Thalassophryne maculosa</i> was evaluated as a bioindicator of genotoxicity through the application of the micronucleus test. Fish were exposed to varying concentrations of mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 µg HgCl₂/g body weight) over different time intervals (24, 48, 72, and 96 h). A dose- and time-dependent increase in nuclear abnormalities, including micronuclei, was observed, with significant chromosomal damage detected at 0.25 and 0.5 µg HgCl₂/g body weight. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of <i>T. maculosa</i> to mercury exposure, even at concentrations below regulatory safety thresholds, emphasizing its suitability as a bioindicator for detecting genotoxic contamination in coastal ecosystems. This study provides critical insights into the ecological risks posed by mercury and highlights the potential of <i>T. maculosa</i> to enhance environmental monitoring programs, particularly in regions vulnerable to heavy metal pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Use of Diagnostic Genes in Integrated Monitoring with a Laboratory and Field Study on Flounder (<i>Platichthys flesus</i>).","authors":"Michelle C Giltrap, Michael J Leaver, Kelly White, James G Wilson, Atiqur Rahman, Adrian Maguire, Aidan D Meade, Janina Baršiene, Craig D Robinson","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030203","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For many years, there has been increasing concern about the effects of the presence of hazardous substances in the environment. The chemical and biological effect (BE) monitoring of these pollutants has proven difficult due to low environmental concentrations, variable bioavailability, and the generalised nature of ecological responses to these substances. The over- or under-expression of key genes has proven to be useful in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity of contaminants. This study uses a quantitative PCR array to detect the changes in gene expression in flounder livers after exposure to both laboratory- and field-based contaminants. The model contaminants included 17β-estradiol (E2), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), a commercial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB, Arochlor), perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA), and lindane. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate relationships between higher-organisational-level biomarkers, supporting parameters, and genes. A scoring system enabled the visualisation of biological effect responses and contaminants in field samples. Although gene expression was useful for inferring the pathways of toxicity in this organism, we recommend that this array be used in combination with existing and recommended higher-level biomarkers and should not be used as a replacement for traditional biomarkers currently used in monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic Pollution and Its Ecological Risks in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea.","authors":"Wenchao Wei, Yun Zhang, Licheng Wang, Qiao Xing, Jun Xiang, Yuquan Zhang, Qifei Peng, Yongfu Chen, Yufeng Hu, Yini Ma, Ling Mo","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030205","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>China is facing increasing marine microplastic pollution. Despite the fact that the South China Sea is the largest marine area in China, the ecological danger and present state of microplastic contamination in this region have not been systematically and comprehensively investigated. This study analyzed the abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in different environmental media and biological samples from the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea, and then the ecological risk assessment of microplastic pollution in this area was conducted. The findings indicated that the quantities of sediments, soil, water, fish, and birds were 41.56 ± 19.12 items/kg, 92.94 ± 111.05 items/kg, 2.89 ± 1.92 items/L, 2.57 ± 2.12 items/ind, and 1.702 ± 1.50 items/ind, respectively. By evaluating the pollution load index (PLI), polymer hazard index (PHI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI), the PLI of the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea as a whole indicated that the hazard level was slightly polluted, the PHI was at a high-risk level, and the PERI samples were at no risk, except for the soil and seawater, which were at a medium-risk level.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fipronil Triggers Immunotoxicity Through Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Mitochondrial Apoptosis in Thymocytes.","authors":"Jui-Fang Kuo, Yai-Ping Hsiao, Yao-De Wang, Hsin-Pei Weng, Chia-Chi Wang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030204","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fipronil (FPN), a widely used pesticide, is associated with significant immunotoxic effects, particularly impacting thymocyte survival and immune homeostasis. This study explores the mechanistic pathways underlying FPN-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Short-term FPN exposure (1-10 mg/kg) notably suppressed the expression of both anti-apoptotic (<i>Bcl-2</i>, <i>Bcl-6</i>, <i>Mcl-1</i>) and pro-apoptotic (<i>Bnip3</i>, <i>Bim</i>) genes in thymic tissues in vivo. Additionally, in isolated primary thymocytes, FPN directly decreased the expression of <i>Bcl-2</i>, <i>Bcl-6</i>, <i>Mcl-1</i>, and <i>Bnip3</i> expression, coupled with a significant increase in pro-apoptotic <i>Bim</i> expression in a dose-dependent manner. FPN treatment directly led to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, reduced cellular metabolic activity, and depleted intracellular calcium and glutathione (GSH) levels, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Annexin V/PI staining confirmed that FPN induced late-stage apoptosis and necrosis in primary thymocytes. These findings elucidate the immunotoxic effects of FPN on thymocytes, highlighting its detrimental impact on immune system integrity, thymic development, and T cell maturation through oxidative damage and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Assessment of Short- and Long-Term Effects of Triadimenol Fungicide on <i>Danio rerio</i> Erythrocytes Using the Micronucleus and Erythrocyte Nuclear Abnormality Assays.","authors":"Pinar Goc Rasgele","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030199","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triadimenol is a systemic fungicide widely used in agriculture to manage plant diseases, especially fungal infections. This study aims to evaluate the short-term (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) and long-term (10, 20, and 30 days) genotoxic effects of different concentrations of triadimenol on zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) erythrocytes using micronucleus (MN) and erythrocyte nuclear abnormal (ENA) assay. Fish were treated with 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/L concentrations of triadimenol for short and long-term periods. After the treatment period, blood was collected with heparin syringe, smears were prepared, the preparations were fixed and stained. For MN assay in short-term treatments, statistically significant MN formation was found at all concentrations of triadimenol for 24 h treatment, at the highest triadimenol concentration for 48 h, at 1.5 and 3 mg/L concentrations for 72 h, and at 3 mg/L concentrations for 96 h, compared to the negative control. In long-term treatments, significant increases in MN formation were observed at all concentrations of triadimenol for 10 and 20 days of treatment compared to the negative control. Mortality occurred at 3 and 6 mg/L concentrations in the 30-day treatment. The most frequently detected abnormalities included echinocytes and binuclear cells. For ENA assay, abnormalities such as echinocytes, binuclear cells, segmented cells, and kidney-shaped nuclei were detected in fish erythrocytes treated with different concentrations of triadimenol. All concentrations of triadimenol caused an increase in the total abnormality level in <i>Danio rerio</i> erythrocytes at all treatment times. These increases were concentration dependent for both short-term and long-term treatments. In conclusion, this study emphasized the potential genotoxic risks of triadimenol fungicide for aquatic organisms in both short-term and long-term treatments and the need for further ecotoxicological evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Microplastics on Selected Earthworm Species.","authors":"Marek Klimasz, Anna Grobelak","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030201","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics currently pose a serious threat to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The high mobility of particles and their diversity in size, material and shape lets them spread widely. Further complicating matters is the ever-expanding plastics industry and modifications to its manufacturing processes. To date, many cases of negative, often toxic effects of microplastics on various species such as fish, birds and mammals have been documented. The methodology for measuring and determining the effects of microplastics on soil organisms is still an area of little understanding and certainly requires further study. In our conducted experiment, we reported the effects of selected microplastics in soil (polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyamide and a mixture of these plastics) at concentrations of 0.1% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> and 1% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> at two time intervals, one and three months, on five different earthworm species, identifying the species-related microplastic response. This study investigated the effects of different microplastics on biological parameters such as survival and respiration and biochemical parameters such as effects on glutathione s-transferase (GST), a marker of detoxification and adaptive response in earthworm species <i>Eisenia andrei</i>, <i>Eisenia fetida</i>, <i>Lumbricus terrestris</i>, <i>Apporectoda caliginosa</i> and <i>Dendrobena veneta.</i> The choices of species and the types of microplastic selected are intended to map the occurrence of microplastic contamination in the soil and determine the adaptation of earthworms to changing environmental conditions, considering their ecological significance and functional diversity in soil ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}