Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Synergy of Arsenic and Graphene Oxide in Utero and Lactation Exacerbates Reproductive Disorders in Female Rat Offspring Undergoing Puberty and Maturity.","authors":"Reda H ElMazoudy, Azza A Attia, Tawfik A Saleh","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090787","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Notably, the widespread ubiquity of arsenic and graphene oxide in the environment validates the occurrence of their co-exposure, posing significant threats to target organisms, including humans. Herein, prepuberty, puberty, and maturity were investigated using anogenital distance, vaginal opening, first estrus, reproductive hormone profiles, cyclicity, sexual behaviour and pregnancy outcomes to assess the impact of exposure to arsenic and/or graphene oxide on the puberty of offspring female rats after maternal exposure during gestation and lactation periods. Zero-day pregnant Sprague Dawley females were randomly divided into four groups, each receiving a different treatment via drinking water from gestation day 0 to postnatal day 21: control group (CON, drinking water); arsenic group (ARS, 10 mg/L sodium arsenite); graphene oxide group (GOX, 0.5 mg/mL); and co-exposure group (ARS + GOX; 10 mg/L of arsenic combined with 0.5 mg/mL of graphene oxide). Individually or combined, arsenic and graphene oxide exposure increase the sexual retardation and female masculinization, as evidenced by a significant increase in anogenital distance, delay in the first estrus cycle, and prolongation in the timing of the vaginal opening. At maturity, the offspring exhibited a significant elevation of testosterone and a significant decrease in estradiol. Offspring females showed inhibited receptivity to their male mates, indicated by lower lordosis quotient and intensity. Additionally, there was an increase in the number of estrous cycles but a decrease in their duration. Moreover, an increase in implantation loss and the number of resorbed embryos, along with a reduction in viable fetuses. In conclusion, reproductive deterioration was more significant in the offspring exposed to combined arsenic and graphene oxide compared to those exposed to ARS or GOX alone, indicating that arsenic exposure is exacerbated when combined with graphene oxide during the experimental episode.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Exposure to Waterborne Pollutants and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Lebanon.","authors":"Magie Tamraz, Najib Al Ghossaini, Sally Temraz","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090792","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090792","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a complex etiology involving genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. This study investigates the association between exposure to water contaminants and the risk of developing CRC in Lebanon. Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) was calculated using exposure prevalence from environmental reports and water quality assessments. Relative risks (RR) were obtained from multiple meta-analyses and epidemiological studies to quantify the contribution of five water contaminants to CRC incidence: nitrates, mercury, arsenic, trihalomethanes (THMs), and microbial pollutants (<i>E. coli</i>). A synthetic cohort was simulated using national exposure data and probabilistic techniques, employing multivariate logistic regression models to ensure precise CRC risk and controlling for lifestyle covariates. Adjusted PAF values were calculated using regression data to determine the proportion of CRC cases attributable to each water contaminant. THMs and <i>E. coli</i> showed the strongest association with CRC, with adjusted PAF values of 25.76% and 23.65%, respectively. Exposure to nitrates, arsenic, and mercury contributed less to CRC risk (1.02%, 0.52% and 2.20%, respectively). Multivariate regression confirmed that THMs and <i>E. coli</i> remained the strongest independent predictors of CRC risk (OR = 1.37, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and (OR = 1.79, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) among water contaminants, respectively. Our model-based approach carries limitations due to reliance on indirect exposure and risk estimates, which may introduce uncertainty stemming from data gaps and underlying assumptions. This study highlights the importance of water quality management in CRC prevention as exposure to drinking water contaminants contributes meaningfully to disease burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ametryn and Clomazone Disrupt Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Rat Liver: Evidence for Inhibition of Complexes I and II and ATP Synthase.","authors":"Heberth Paulo Dos Santos Silva, Camila Ortiz, Camila Araújo Miranda, Paulo Francisco Veiga Bizerra, Carlos Manuel Palmeira, Fábio Erminio Mingatto","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090784","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ametryn (AMT) and clomazone (CLZ) are commonly used herbicides frequently detected in food and water, raising concerns about potential health risks. This study investigated whether AMT and CLZ impair mitochondrial bioenergetics, a key mechanism linked to hepatotoxicity. Mitochondria were isolated from rat liver and incubated with AMT or CLZ (50-200 µM) to assess respiration, membrane potential (Δψ), ATP production, and the activities of respiratory chain complexes and ATP synthase. Both herbicides significantly inhibited state 3 (ADP-stimulated) respiration with glutamate plus malate, without altering state 4 (basal) respiration. Concentrations above 100 µM reduced Δψ and ATP synthesis in glutamate plus malate or succinate-energized mitochondria. Enzymatic assays revealed inhibition of complex I by both herbicides, complex II by CLZ, and ATP synthase by both. These results highlight mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disruption by AMT and CLZ; however, further in situ and in vivo studies are necessary to fully understand their hepatotoxic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Mining-Affected River Sediments in the Peruvian Central Highlands.","authors":"María Custodio, Samuel Pizarro, Javier Huarcaya, Kevin Ortega, Dennis Ccopi","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090783","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal contamination in rivers is a serious environmental and public health concern, especially in areas affected by mining. This study evaluated the levels of contamination and the associated ecological and carcinogenic risks in the sediments of the Cunas River, located in the central highlands of Peru. Sediment samples were collected from upstream and downstream sections. Several metals and metalloids were analyzed, including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). The ecological risk assessment focused on ten of these elements, while carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed for seven metals selected based on their toxicological importance. The results showed that Cd and Pb concentrations were higher in the downstream section. Cd and As exceeded ecological risk thresholds. Regarding human health, As and Pb surpassed the acceptable limits for both the Hazard Index (HI) and the Potential Carcinogenic Risk (PCR). According to EPA guidelines, these values indicate a potentially significant lifetime cancer risk. The main exposure routes include direct contact with sediments and the consumption of aquatic organisms. Continuous monitoring, phytoremediation actions, and restrictions on the use of contaminated water are strongly recommended to reduce ecological and health risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of Typical PPCPs During Anaerobic Digestion and in Soil.","authors":"Min Guo, Linyue Xu, Liguo Guo, Jie Hu, Ru Liu","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090780","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Degradation is a key natural attenuation mechanism governing the fate of PPCPs during anaerobic digestion (AD) and subsequent soil exposure. Nevertheless, the combined impact of this sequential treatment (AD followed by land application) remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the degradation characteristics of nine PPCPs during mesophilic AD in three distinct soil types. The concentration changes in the nine PPCPs were monitored after 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days of anaerobic incubation at 38 °C, as well as after 0, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30 days of dark incubation at 25 °C with humidity at 75% in three soils. AD effectively removed sulfamethoxydiazine, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline (>80%). The removal efficiencies for carbamazepine, progesterone, triclosan, naproxen, and megestrol acetate were relatively poor, with the removal rates ranging from 50% to 80%, while gemfibrozil exhibited minimal degradation (<50%). The degradation behavior of nine PPCPs fits well with first-order kinetic equations. Calculated half-lives (days) in the three soils were as follows: sulfamethoxydiazine (20.39 to 23.10), carbamazepine (36.48 to 77.02), megestrol acetate (11.18 to 20.39), progesterone (6.08 to 23.90), ciprofloxacin (11.75 to 63.01), oxytetracycline (13.08 to 30.14), naproxen (7.79 to 40.77), gemfibrozil (8.45 to 30.14), and triclosan (14.75 to 46.21). The corresponding R² values ranged from 0.8882 to 0.9320 for sulfamethoxydiazine, 0.8579 to 0.9248 for carbamazepine, 0.8745 to 0.9658 for megestrol acetate, 0.9026 to 0.9560 for progesterone, 0.8147 to 0.9571 for ciprofloxacin, 0.8136 to 0.9063 for oxytetracycline, 0.8961 to 0.9156 for naproxen, 0.8802 to 0.9497 for gemfibrozil, and 0.9099 to 0.9457 for triclosan. Soil physicochemical properties significantly influenced PPCP degradation rates. Gemfibrozil warrants immediate attention due to its poor degradation; the five PPCPs presenting moderate concern-namely carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline, naproxen, and triclosan-require further risk assessment, while sulfamethoxydiazine, megestrol acetate, and progesterone pose low persistence risk according to current evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474287/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in Drinking Water: A Review of Sources, Removal, Detection, Occurrence, and Potential Risks.","authors":"Ting Cai, Zhihe Tang, Tao Gu, Kun Tong, Xinwei Wang, Hao Chen, Xingnan Zhou, Zi Long, Chunmei Hao, Chunmao Chen, Rong Zeng","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090782","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of microplastics (MPs) in drinking water supply systems has become a significant environmental challenge. Although the potential impacts of MPs in drinking water on human health remain incompletely understood, the ingestion of MPs through drinking water has raised substantial public concern regarding health risks. This review synthesizes contemporary scientific advances focusing on the following: I. the sources and fate of MPs in drinking water supply chains; II. comparative assessment of removal at treatment; III. detection techniques based on microscopy, spectroscopic, and thermal methods; and IV. the potential hazards of MPs to human health. This study aims to provide novel insights into understanding the threats posed by MPs in drinking water and to facilitate the development of effective monitoring strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neglected Microplastics and Their Risks in Rivers Throughout the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.","authors":"Jian-Yun Xie, Bo Li, Qun-Po Jia, Xiao Li, Qin Zhao, Pei-Dang Fan, Chang-Qing Wang, Liu-Yi Zhang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090781","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics have become a global environmental issue, and this challenge has also emerged in river environments. In this study, the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was selected as the research area, and microplastics in water and sediments were chosen as the objects. The occurrence characteristics of microplastics were presented in rivers of the TGR through the methods of field sample collection and laboratory testing, and the risks of microplastics were evaluated using the pollution risk index (PRI) and potential ecological risk index. The results showed that the average abundances of microplastics in water and sediments of the rivers from the TGR were 15,464 particles/m³ and 1838 particles/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the main colors of microplastics in water and sediments of the TGR were black and blue, and the particle sizes were concentrated in the range of 200 to 500 μm. Polypropylene and polyethylene were the major polymers of microplastics in the water of the TGR, while the polypropylene-polyethylene copolymer was dominant in sediments. The PRIs in the water of the Yangtze River and its tributary from the TGR area were 2.45 and 1.72, respectively, and their PRIs were 2.43 and 2.01 in sediments, respectively, showing a low risk of pollution (level I). The average comprehensive potential ecological risk indices (RIs) for the Yangtze River and its tributaries were 27.28 and 18.82 in the water of the TGR, respectively, indicating low and moderate risk grades. However, there was a significantly high risk in sediment, and the average RI was 130.57 for the Yangtze River and 70.05 for the tributaries. Importantly, the neglected risks of microplastics in the river environment of the TGR area have been revealed, which provides a critical basis for the prevention and control of microplastic pollution here.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nationwide Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fishery Products.","authors":"Dong-Ju Kim, Eun-Been Oh, Jee-Hyo Moon, Jeong-Won Choi, Tae-Hwa Kim, Seok-Hee Lee, Ju-Yeon Park, Chan-Hyeok Kwon, Kee-Sung Kyung","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090778","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global production of fisheries and aquaculture products continues to increase, with the fisheries sector increasingly considered essential for global food security and nutrition. As public demand for seafood increases, implementation of safety management to minimize risks and ensure the safety of seafood products becomes important. This study was conducted to monitor 198 chemicals, comprising 161 pesticides and 37 pesticide metabolites, and to assess their risks in saltwater and freshwater fish in the Republic of Korea, based on the analysis of 471 fishery samples (298 saltwater and 173 freshwater). Among the fifteen saltwater fish species analyzed, pesticides were detected in eight species (croaker, flatfish, sea bass, flounder, snapper, yellow tail, salmon, and gizzard shad) and in all seven freshwater species (carp, catfish, crucian carp, eel, leather carp, loach, and trout). Four pesticides (ethoxyquin, lufenuron, metaflumizone, and propiconazole) were detected in saltwater fish, while nine pesticides (ethoxyquin, ipfencarbazone, isoprothiolane, lufenuron, metaflumizone, oxadiargyl, pendimethalin, phoxim, and trichlorfon) were found in freshwater fish. Ethoxyquin was the most frequently detected pesticide in both fish types, mostly in the form of its metabolite, the ethoxyquin dimer. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated based on the maximum concentrations of pesticides detected and the average consumption of fishery products by sex and age group. The hazard quotients, expressed as a percentage of acceptable daily intake (%ADI) and calculated using the EDI and ADI of the pesticides detected, were evaluated to be no more than 5.6%. These results suggest that consumption of saltwater and freshwater fish in the Republic of Korea poses a low risk to human health. This approach can be applied to pesticide residue monitoring and risk assessment in the fisheries sector, providing valuable data for evaluating contamination levels and supporting the regulation and management of chemical residues.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of ZnFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles on Development and Rhythmic Behavior of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.","authors":"Wenhao Yan, Yunfan Guo, Penghui Li, Ziyan Zhang, Jinjun Yang, Yongyan Sun","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090779","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: This study planned to determine the biological effects associated with ZnFe₂O₄-NPs exposure using <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> as an in vivo model. <b>Methods</b>: ZnFe₂O₄-NPs were hydrothermally synthesized, and the development of offspring flies were evaluated via dietary exposure to different doses of ZnFe₂O₄-NPs (0, 200, 400, 600 μg/mL). Rhythmic behaviors of parent male flies were monitored. <b>Results</b>: Internalization of ZnFe₂O₄-NPs through the intestinal barrier occurred. Oral intake of ZnFe₂O₄-NPs decreased the eclosed adult numbers and perturbed the insect developmental process. In male flies, significant upregulation of HSPs and Turandot family genes was detected, accompanied by ROS reduction and suppressed antioxidant defense responses, and exposure of ZnFe₂O₄-NPs disrupted sleep patterns of males, including a reduction in sleep duration and aggravation of sleep fragmentation. Suppressed activity levels were also found after ZnFe₂O₄-NPs exposure. Significant increased expressions of circadian genes (<i>Clk</i> and <i>Cyc</i>) were detected, alongside elevation of neurotransmitter levels and related gene expressions. <b>Conclusions</b>: Overall, ZnFe₂O₄-NPs can perturb development process via inducing heat shock and detoxification response, and disrupted rhythmic behaviors may be attributed to elevation of neurotransmitter levels and upregulated gene expressions of circadian genes. Our findings may offer valuable insights for evaluating ecological risks of metal-based nanoparticles and suggest potential applications in developing novel pest management strategies by utilizing insect behavioral and physiological responses to nanomaterials.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Retardation Factors of Cr(VI) Transport in Typical Soils of China.","authors":"Xiongbiao Qiao, Xiangyang Zhang, Dejin Zhou, Ning Sun, Zhenyu Ding, Liping Bai, Zongwen Zhang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090774","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chromium (VI) mobility in soils critically influenced groundwater contamination risks, but accurate predictions were hindered by the lack of systematic retardation factor (R) data across China's diverse soils. This study combined Bromide anion (Br^-)-tracer and Cr(VI) column leaching experiments with CXTFIT code to determine dispersion coefficients (D) and R values in seven representative Chinese soils (e.g., brown soil, black soil), with model validation against Br^- tracer data. By comparing deterministic equilibrium and two-region non-equilibrium models, the research demonstrated that the non-equilibrium approach better characterized Cr(VI) transport, revealing significant soil-dependent R variations (1.09-16.13). Particularly noteworthy was the exceptional Cr(VI) retention observed in Heilongjiang black soil (R > 10), which indicated strong immobilization capacity. As China's first systematic Cr(VI) retardation database, these findings provided essential parameters for predicting Cr(VI) mobility at contaminated sites, refining risk assessment models, and designing soil-specific remediation strategies-particularly crucial for high-retention regions. Methodologically, this work established an integrated experimental-modeling framework that addressed soil heterogeneity, while its outcomes directly supported regulatory frameworks through updated soil screening values. These findings provided scientific support for formulating region-specific soil management policies, with particular implications for environmental protection and agricultural safety in Cr(VI)-contaminated black soil regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474078/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}