Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Genetic Damage and Multi-Elemental Exposure in Populations in Proximity to Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold (ASGM) Mining Areas in North Colombia.","authors":"Pedro Espitia-Pérez, Lyda Espitia-Pérez, Ana Peñata-Taborda, Hugo Brango, Karina Pastor-Sierra, Claudia Galeano-Páez, Gean Arteaga-Arroyo, Alicia Humanez-Alvarez, Ruber Rodríguez Díaz, Javier Salas Osorio, Luís Armando Valderrama, Tatiana Dillenburg Saint'Pierre","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030202","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluates DNA damage and multi-element exposure in populations from La Mojana, a region of North Colombia heavily impacted by artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM). DNA damage markers from the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay, including micronucleated binucleated cells (MNBN), nuclear buds (NBUDs) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB), were assessed in 71 exposed individuals and 37 unexposed participants. Exposed individuals had significantly higher MNBN frequencies (PR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.02-1.57, <i>p</i> = 0.039). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified the \"Soil-Derived Mining-Associated Elements\" (PC1), including V, Fe, Al, Co, Ba, Se and Mn, as being strongly associated with high MNBN frequencies in the exposed population (PR = 10.45, 95% CI: 9.75-12.18, <i>p</i> < 0.001). GAMLSS modeling revealed non-linear effects of PC1, with greater increases in MNBN at higher concentrations, especially in exposed individuals. These results highlight the dual role of essential and toxic elements, with low concentrations being potentially protective but higher concentrations increasing genotoxicity. Women consistently exhibited higher MNBN frequencies than men, suggesting sex-specific susceptibilities. This study highlights the compounded risks of chronic metal exposure in mining-impacted regions and underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to mitigate genotoxic risks in vulnerable populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Environmental Pollutant Mixtures and Red Blood Cell Folate Concentrations: A Mixture Analysis of the U.S. Adult Population Based on NHANES Data, 2007-2016.","authors":"Michael Mascari, Katherine Reeves, Raji Balasubramanian, Zhenhua Liu, Nasser Laouali, Youssef Oulhote","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030200","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Folate is critical for many physiological processes, and low folate levels have been associated with a wide range of health outcomes, including chronic diseases and developmental outcomes. Many environmental chemicals are suspected to contribute to the etiology of health outcomes related to folate deficiency. However, little is known about how these pollutants influence folate levels as potential mechanistic pathways.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the individual and joint associations between a mixture of 39 pollutants and red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations in the U.S.</p><p><strong>Population: </strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used available data on 27,938 participants, aged 18-80 from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (2007-2016), with available RBC folate concentrations and 39 environmental pollutants' concentrations. We estimated covariate-adjusted independent and joint associations between environmental pollutants and RBC folate, and compared evidence from two complimentary mixture approaches: exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) and quantile-based g computation (Q-gcomp).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the ExWAS analysis, 12 environmental chemicals, including metals (cadmium, arsenic, lead, and mercury), perfluoroalkyl substances, phthalates, phenols and parabens, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, were inversely associated with RBC folate, whereas four environmental pollutants, including metals (manganese and selenium) and two phthalate metabolites, were positively associated with RBC folate. Q-gcomp showed convergent results with the ExWAS analysis; a quartile increase in the metal and PFAS mixtures was significantly associated with a decrease of -38.4 ng/mL (95%CI: -52.3, -24.4) and -48.9 ng/mL (95%CI: -57.6, -39.6) in RBC folate concentrations, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study shows that higher exposure to PFASs, metals, and PAHs are associated with lower RBC folate concentrations. However, given the cross-sectional design, we cannot make inferences about the directionality of the observed associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Risk Assessment of Metals in Groundwater in an Area of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, China.","authors":"Minghao Tian, Shihan Xue, Fujiang Hui, Weiyuan Cao, Ping Zhang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030197","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To conduct an environmental risk assessment for metals in the groundwater of a site in Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, we analyzed seven metals (Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, Sb, Cu, and Tl) that exhibited higher detection rates among the elements we measured. For example, in our measurement data, the average concentration of the element cobalt (Co) is less than 2 × 10^-3 μg/L, and the average concentration of the element cadmium (Cd) is less than 5 × 10^-3 μg/L. The purpose of this environmental risk assessment was to provide a scientific basis for site remediation and subsequent construction. The risk assessment was carried out using the single-factor pollution index, the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index (Pn), and potential ecological hazard index methods. Principal component analysis and correlation analyses were used to investigate the sources of metal pollution in the groundwater. The results indicated the following: (1) The average concentrations of the seven metals in the groundwater of the study area did not exceed the Class IV groundwater quality standard limits. The highest average concentration was for Zn (38.08 μg/L), indicating that metal concentrations in the groundwater were relatively low. (2) The Pn for the seven metals was below 0.7, indicating that the study area was at a non-polluted level. (3) The correlation and principal component analyses of the metals indicate that the sources of these metals may be residues from material stored in the raw material warehouse of the former iron smelting plant at the site. The results show that the level of groundwater contamination at the site falls within an extremely low range; thus, the focus on groundwater pollution can be reduced in subsequent site remediation and construction activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Ecotoxicity in Waste Leachate: A Current Status of Bioassay and Chemical Analysis.","authors":"Lia Kim, Jin Il Kwak, Youn-Joo An","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030198","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As global waste generation increases, waste toxicity has become a significant global issue. Among various hazardous properties, ecotoxicity refers to the risks that waste may pose to the environment. It is evaluated through aquatic bioassays to assess the effects of leaching contaminants, as well as through soil assessments where waste is buried. To clarify these issues, this study collected waste leaching methods from international organizations and various countries and analyzed case studies of bioassays for waste leachates. The criteria for determining the ecotoxicity of waste leachates were also reviewed, revealing inconsistencies in leaching methods across the European Union, the United States, Canada, and Asian countries. Additionally, various bioassays were applied to assess waste leachates, further contributing to inconsistencies. Given these variations, we recommend developing a unified leaching method, standardized bioassays, and consistent criteria for assessing the toxicity of waste leachates.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Effects of Exposure to Atmospheric Ozone on the Nasal and Respiratory Symptoms in Adolescents.","authors":"Yoshiko Yoda, Takeshi Ito, Junko Wakamatsu, Tomonari Masuzaki, Masayuki Shima","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030196","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Information regarding the effects of exposure to relatively low ozone (O₃) concentrations in daily life is limited. We evaluated the effects of daily O₃ exposure on nasal and respiratory symptoms in healthy students. A panel study was conducted with students (39 people) for approximately one month. They were asked to record the presence or absence of any nasal or respiratory symptoms each day. O₃ concentrations were continuously measured inside and outside the classrooms, and the maximum 1 h, maximum 8 h average, and 24 h average values were calculated for the 24 h before recording the symptoms. Additionally, personal exposure to O₃ was repeatedly measured every 24 h using passive samplers. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the association between daily symptoms and various O₃ concentrations. Increases in maximum 1 h concentrations of indoor and outdoor O₃ were significantly associated with the occurrence of nasal congestion and runny nose, respectively. These associations were more pronounced in those with a history of pollinosis or allergic rhinitis. Personal O₃ exposure per 24 h was also associated with sneezing, runny nose, and nasal congestion. This study showed that the assessment of the amount of personal exposure levels is desired to evaluate the health effects of O₃ exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Insights into the Cyto/Genoprotective Properties of Propolis and Its Constituent Galangin In Vitro.","authors":"Mateo Jakac, Irena Brčić Karačonji, Andreja Jurič, Dražen Lušić, Danijel Milinčić, Aleksandra Dramićanin, Mirjana Pešić, Nediljko Landeka, Nevenka Kopjar","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030194","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Propolis has been well known for centuries as a natural preventive and therapeutic agent. Its numerous health benefits are mainly attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds that have a remarkable antioxidant activity. Since phenolics may exert a dual nature (pro-oxidant and antioxidant) the aim of this study was to investigate the safety profile of the ethanolic extract of propolis and the related flavonoid galangin and their ability to protect lymphocytes from irinotecan-induced cyto/genotoxicity in vitro. Isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed for 3 h to three concentrations of propolis extract and galangin corresponding to the average daily dose of 0.25 mL of extract [propolis in 70% ethanol (3:7, <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>)], as well as a five- and ten-fold higher concentration. Cyto- and genoprotective effects were tested using a cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Treatment with propolis and galangin in the selected concentrations exerted high biocompatibility with lymphocytes and diminished the level of cytogenetic damage caused by irinotecan. Propolis at the same concentration offered a stronger protective effect than single galangin. Also, apoptosis was the prevailing mechanism of cell death in our experimental conditions. These preliminary results speak in favour of future investigations of propolis using other available cytogenetic methods and cell models.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946679/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Neurobehavioral Impact of Zinc Chloride Exposure in Zebrafish: Evaluating Cognitive Deficits and Probiotic Modulation.","authors":"Madalina Ene, Alexandra Savuca, Alin-Stelian Ciobica, Roxana Jijie, Irina Luciana Gurzu, Luminita Diana Hritcu, Ionut-Alexandru Chelaru, Gabriel-Ionut Plavan, Mircea Nicusor Nicoara, Bogdan Gurzu","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030193","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zinc contamination in aquatic environments has become a growing concern due to its potential to bioaccumulate and induce neurotoxic effects in aquatic organisms. As an essential trace element, zinc plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, but excessive exposure can disrupt the gut-brain axis, leading to cognitive and behavioral impairments. Recent studies have suggested that probiotics may offer protective effects against environmental neurotoxins by modulating the gut microbiota and associated neurological functions. The zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) has emerged as a valuable model organism for studying the biological mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity and potential therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to assess the effects of probiotics on cognitive impairments induced by zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) exposure in zebrafish. Specifically, zebrafish were exposed to ZnCl₂ at concentrations of 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L for 96 h, followed by a 7-day post-exposure period to probiotics (<i>Bifidobacterium longum</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium animalis lactis</i>, <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>). ZnCl₂ exposure at these concentrations is already known to induce behavioral and neuromotor deficits resembling Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms in zebrafish models, making it a suitable model for evaluating the neuroprotective potential of probiotics. Behavioral assessments including sociability tests along with short- and long-term memory evaluations were conducted using EthoVision XT 16 software. Memory tests demonstrated that ZnCl₂ exposure impaired cognitive functions, while probiotic treatment did not significantly ameliorate these deficits. In the social behavior test, ZnCl₂ at 0.5 mg/L resulted in a marked decrease in sociability, whereas exposure to 1.0 mg/L did not induce significant changes. However, post-exposure probiotic administration following ZnCl₂ intoxication at 1.0 mg/L exhibited an anxiolytic effect on zebrafish. These findings suggest that probiotics may exhibit partial neurobehavioral benefits following zinc chloride-induced toxicity, particularly in mitigating anxiety-like behaviors rather than cognitive deficits. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which probiotics interact with the gut-brain axis in the context of heavy metal neurotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of In Vitro Toxicity Assessment Methods for Oral Cavity Tissues-From 2D Cell Cultures to Organ-on-a-Chip.","authors":"Alexandra Jităreanu, Luminița Agoroaei, Ioana-Cezara Caba, Florina-Daniela Cojocaru, Liliana Vereștiuc, Mădălina Vieriu, Ioana Mârțu","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030195","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the oral cavity comes into contact with several xenobiotics (dental materials, oral hygiene formulations, drugs, or tobacco products), it is one major site for toxicity manifestation. Multiple parameters are assessed during toxicity testing (cell viability and proliferation, apoptosis, morphological changes, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response). Due to the complexity of the oral cavity environment, researchers have made great efforts to design better in vitro models that mimic natural human anatomic and functional features. The present review describes the in vitro methods currently used to investigate the toxic potential of various agents on oral cavity tissues and their evolution from simple 2D cell culture systems to complex organ-a-chip designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Perinatal Dioxin Exposure and Circadian Clock Gene mRNA Expression in Children in Dioxin-Contaminated Areas of Vietnam.","authors":"Thao Ngoc Pham, Hoa Thi Vu, Takafumi Tasaki, Tai Pham-The, Nghi Ngoc Tran, Muneko Nishijo, Tien Viet Tran, Hai Anh Tran, Tomoya Takiguchi, Yoshikazu Nishino","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030191","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the impact of perinatal dioxin exposure (indicated by dioxin levels in maternal breast milk) on clock gene mRNA expression in buccal cells of 9-year-old children from the Da Nang birth cohort in Vietnam using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Of the 56 boys and 34 girls (67% detection rate) in whom <i>PER1</i> was detected, <i>BMAL1</i> was detected in only 16 boys and 15 girls. Dioxin levels were significantly higher in girls with <i>BMAL1</i> detection than in girls without detection. In girls, higher relative <i>BMAL1</i> expression levels were associated with greater levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and toxic equivalents of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Moreover, <i>BMAL1</i> expression levels were correlated with shorter night sleep duration on weekdays, greater sleep duration on holidays, and higher hyperactivity scores. After adjusting for maternal parity, relative <i>PER1</i> expression levels were higher in boys with higher toxic equivalents of polychlorinated dibenzofuran than those in girls. Although higher <i>PER1</i> expression levels were correlated with greater verbal aggression and hostility scores in girls, no such associations were found in boys. These findings suggest the possible existence of sex-specific effects of perinatal dioxin exposure on circadian rhythms regulated by clock genes, particularly <i>BMAL1</i>, leading to sleep and behavioral problems in later life.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945973/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Leishmaniasis: Impact on Drug Toxicity and Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products.","authors":"Heliton Patrick Cordovil Brígido, Laís Gabrielly Abreu Dos Santos, Renilson Castro de Barros, Juliana Correa-Barbosa, Paulo Victor Barbosa Dos Santos, Rayana Franciele Lopes Paz, Amanda Ramos Pereira, Kelly Cristina Oliveira de Albuquerque, Marliane Batista Campos, Fernando Tobias Silveira, Sandro Percário, Maria Fâni Dolabela","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030190","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The treatment of leishmaniasis has limitations due to drug toxicity and the increasing resistance of the parasite. In this study, we analyze the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and treatment of leishmaniasis, as well as in new therapeutic alternatives of natural origin. The evasion mechanisms against the host immune response involve surface molecules present in the parasite, which modulate oxidative stress to ensure its survival. Drug treatment requires strict monitoring to minimize adverse reactions and ensure patient safety, as mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and depletion of antioxidant defenses are associated with drug toxicity. Plant-derived products with antileishmanial activity impact the parasite's redox balance, inducing apoptosis and reducing its parasitic load. Most studies are still in preliminary stages, making in vivo assays and clinical studies essential, along with the development of accessible formulations. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis, as <i>Leishmania</i> manipulates the host's redox balance to survive. It also contributes to drug toxicity, as antimonials and amphotericin B increase reactive oxygen species, causing cellular damage. Several plant-derived compounds have demonstrated antileishmanial activity by modulating oxidative stress and promoting parasite apoptosis. Examples include alkaloids from <i>Aspidosperma nitidum</i>, lignans from <i>Virola surinamensis</i>, flavonoids from <i>Geissospermum vellosii</i>, and triterpenoids such as β-sitosterol. Although these compounds show promising selectivity, most studies remain in preliminary stages, requiring in vivo assays and clinical studies to confirm efficacy and safety, as well as the development of affordable formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}