Toxics最新文献

{"title":"The Silent Invaders: Microplastic Accumulation, Impacts, and Monitoring Approaches.","authors":"Grigorios L Kyriakopoulos, Antonis A Zorpas, Vassilis J Inglezakis, Rocío Rodríguez-Barroso","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030192","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental pollution caused by microplastics (MPs) has evolved into a global concern; however, the knowledge about MP accumulation in the environment, potential impacts, and monitoring approaches is limited [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Risks, Genotoxicity, and Oxidative Stress in Healthcare Workers.","authors":"Ayşe Coşkun Beyan, Esra Emerce, Gamze Tuna, Gül Hüray İşlekel","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030189","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background/Objectives Using genotoxicity tests and oxidative stress indicators, the study evaluated the relationship between healthcare workers' (HCWs) exposure to chemical risks. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative damage and genotoxic effects of sub chronic or long-term volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure in HCWs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pathology workers (Group 1), cleaning workers (Group 2), and medical secretaries (Group 3) were categorized, and VOCs and alkaline dust were measured for Groups 1 and 2 using appropriate occupational hygiene methods. Genotoxicity was assessed using alkaline comet and micronucleus (MN) assays. Oxidative stress indicators were analyzed in first-morning urine samples through liquid chromatography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 90 HCWs participated in the study. The mean R-cdA levels were 0.05 ± 0.02 for medical secretaries, 0.07 ± 0.03 for cleaning workers, and 0.06 ± 0.07 nmol/mmol creatinine for pathology workers (<i>p</i> = 0.040). The mean tail intensity (%) was 16.33 ± 10.68 (Group 1), 18.9 ± 7.4 for cleaning workers, and 14.1 ± 6.5 for medical secretaries (<i>p</i> = 0.020).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Implementing occupational hygiene measures in the working environment has effectively reduced occupational risks. The lack of significant differences in genotoxicity and oxidative stress parameters between the exposed and control groups supports the notion that the exposure limit values are protective.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Lead in Fruit Grown in the Vicinity of Tailings Dams of a Mine in Zacatecas, Mexico.","authors":"Verónica Ávila Vázquez, Miguel Mauricio Aguilera Flores, Agali Naivy Veyna Robles, Lilia Elizabeth Solís Lerma, Omar Sánchez Mata, Sergio Miguel Durón Torres","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030188","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study analyzed the lead concentrations in fruit grown near tailings dams of a mine in Zacatecas (Mexico) using electrochemical techniques. A 3 × 4 factorial design, with three levels of apple tree distance (low, medium, and high) and four levels of apple tree part (stem, leaf, pulp, and peel), was performed to predict the pathway for contamination (foliar or radicular). Samples of each apple tree part, soil, and irrigation water were collected. The lead concentrations were determined by anodic stripping voltammetry. The results showed lead concentrations of 172 ppm and 0.012 ppm for the soil and irrigation water, which were discarded as sources of contamination since they were below the allowable limits by the Mexican standards (400 ppm and 2 ppm, respectively). However, lead concentrations in the stem and leaf ranged from 6.6 ppm to 30.7 ppm, and pulp and peel exceeded 300 times the allowable limit by the <i>Codex Alimentarius</i> (0.1 ppm). The apple tree part was a significant factor in the experimental design. Hence, it was predicted that the pathway for contamination is by foliar absorption. The fruit is highly contaminated by its proximity to the mine. Therefore, mitigation actions must be performed to avoid health risks for the consumers of this fruit.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946040/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Personal Care and Consumer Product Chemicals with Long-Term Amenorrhea: Insights into Serum Globulin and STAT3.","authors":"Ziyi Li, Xue Song, Daniel Abdul Karim Turay, Yanling Chen, Guohong Zhao, Yingtong Jiang, Kun Zhou, Xiaoming Ji, Xiaoling Zhang, Minjian Chen","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030187","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemicals in personal care and consumer products are suspected to disrupt endocrine function and affect reproductive health. However, the link between mixed exposure and long-term amenorrhea is not well understood. This study analyzed data from 684 women (2013-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) to assess exposure to eight polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), 15 phthalates (PAEs), six phenols, and four parabens. Various statistical models for robustness tests and mediation analysis were used to explore associations with long-term amenorrhea and the role of serum globulin. Biological mechanisms were identified through an integrated strategy involving target analysis of key chemicals and long-term amenorrhea intersections, pathway analysis, and target validation. Results showed that women with long-term amenorrhea had higher exposure levels of Perfluorodecanoic acid, Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), Perfluorononanoic acid, n-perfluorooctanoic acid (n_PFOA), n-perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, and Perfluoromethylheptane sulfonic acid isomers. Logistic regression with different adjustments consistently found significant associations between elevated PFAS concentrations and increased long-term amenorrhea risk, confirmed by Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. Mediation analysis revealed that serum globulin partially mediated the relationship between PFAS exposure and long-term amenorrhea. Network and target analysis suggested that PFHxS and n_PFOA may interact with Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3). This study highlights significant associations between PFAS exposure, particularly PFHxS and n_PFOA, and long-term amenorrhea, with serum globulin and STAT3 serving as mediators in the underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Landwehr, K.R.; Larcombe, A.N. Comment on \"Karthikeyan et al. Concordance between In Vitro and In Vivo Relative Toxic Potencies of Diesel Exhaust Particles from Different Biodiesel Blends. <i>Toxics</i> 2024, <i>12</i>, 290\".","authors":"Subramanian Karthikeyan, Dalibor Breznan, Errol M Thomson, Erica Blais, Premkumari Kumarathasan","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030186","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This reply aims to address the comments made by Landwehr and Larcombe [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stomata as the Main Pathway for the Penetration of Atmospheric Particulate Matter Pb into Wheat Leaves.","authors":"Ke Zhang, Yujing Liang, Chuang Ma, Haopeng Guo, Fuyong Liu, Aihua Gao, Nan Liu, Hongzhong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030185","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The absorption of atmospheric particulate matter lead (APM-Pb) by wheat leaves is the primary source of Pb in wheat grains, yet the mechanisms of how wheat leaves absorb Pb remain unclear. In this study, spraying Pb(NO₃)₂ (Treatment T1) and spraying PbS (Treatment T2) were used as soluble and insoluble Pb, respectively, to evaluate the primary pathways of APM-Pb absorption by wheat leaves, as well as the translocation and accumulation patterns of Pb within the wheat plant. The results showed that both soluble and insoluble Pb can be absorbed by wheat leaves. Compared to the control group (CK), the treatment of T1 and T2 significantly increased Pb concentration in both leaves and grains, as well as the Pb accumulation rate in grains (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) technology visually confirmed the distribution of particulate Pb in the stomatal region, demonstrating that solid-state Pb can penetrate the leaves through stomata. From the greening stage (GS) to the late filling stage (FS2), the leaves' cell sap contained the highest proportion of Pb, indicating that Pb within the cell sap possesses the greatest capacity for translocation. Concurrently, a significant increase in grain Pb concentration during this period indicated that the migration of Pb to cell sap after penetrating the leaves is subsequently translocated to the grains (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Compared to the jointing stage (JS), the proportion of the ethanol and water extraction states of Pb significantly decreased in FS2 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating that Pb is more readily translocated to the grains during this period. Moreover, in FS2, Pb concentration in leaves and grains in the T2 treatment reached 76.5% and 63.9% that of T1, respectively. Since PbS can only be absorbed through stomata, it can be inferred that stomata are the primary pathway for wheat leaves to absorb APM-Pb. Therefore, Pb absorbed through the stomatal pathway and accumulated in the cell sap fraction is most likely to be translocated to the grains during the filling stage. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of Pb absorption and translocation in wheat, emphasizing the critical role of stomata in the uptake of APM-Pb. It offers a new direction for breeding wheat varieties resistant to APM-Pb pollution, which is of significant importance in agricultural practices aimed at reducing heavy metal contamination in crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on Karthikeyan et al. Concordance between In Vitro and In Vivo Relative Toxic Potencies of Diesel Exhaust Particles from Different Biodiesel Blends. <i>Toxics</i> 2024, <i>12</i>, 290.","authors":"Katherine R Landwehr, Alexander N Larcombe","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030174","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biodiesel exhaust toxicology is a difficult field of study, for which there is a paucity of literature, despite decades of research into the subject [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Could Mussel Populations Be Differentially Threatened by the Presence of Microplastics and Related Chemicals?","authors":"Filipe Borges, Rosa Freitas, Ana L Patrício Silva, Dulce Lucy Soliz Rojas, Gema Paniagua González, Montserrat Solé","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030181","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mussels serve as indicators of anthropogenic chemical pollution; however, the effects of microplastics and plastic-related chemicals on their health performance remain an emerging issue. In this study, mussels were exposed to a polyamide (PA; 5 μg/L) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP; 1 μg/L) for 28 days. The exposures to the two contaminants were performed independently or in combination and lasted 28 days. The results showed that the independent exposure altered enzyme activities more significantly than the combined one. Exposure to the PA significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) inhibited the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) by 43.5% and the neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by 40.6%, while TCP specifically inhibited carboxylesterase (CE) activity by 38.5%, all in respect to the solvent control. When both pollutants were combined, most biomarker responses were similar to control levels. To further investigate if the mussels' response to contaminants (here, chemical compounds only) could be population-specific, a comparative study between Atlantic and Mediterranean mussels was included. Firstly, baseline detoxification defenses were contrasted in the digestive glands of each mussel population, followed by an assessment of in vitro responses to a wide range of plastic additives. The results revealed that Mediterranean mussels expressed higher baseline activities for most detoxification enzymes, although the in vitro sensitivity to the targeted chemicals was similar in both populations. Of all the plastic additives tested, TCP significantly inhibited CE activity both in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro screening also indicated that other plastic additives could act as strong inhibitors of CE. However, additional in vivo exposures in mussels are needed to confirm CE suitability as a biomarker of these chemical exposures. All together, these results also suggest critical population-level differences in susceptibility to microplastic pollution, highlighting a need for targeted conservation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatially Resolved Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology Reveal Extract D Nephrotoxicity Mechanisms in <i>Pleuropterus multiflorus</i> Thunb.","authors":"Haiyan Jiang, Ying Wang, Xiaoyan Duan, Shushu Guo, Xiaoyu Fan, Tianyu Zhou, Jie Li, Jiuming He, Jianbo Yang, Hongtao Jin","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030182","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a traditional Chinese medicine, the adverse hepatotoxicity effects of <i>Pleuropterus multiflorus</i> (Thunb.) Nakai (PM) have been documented. However, nephrotoxicity has been neglected as studies related to kidney toxicity mechanisms are limited. Our previous research reported that extract D [95% ethanol (EtOH) elution, PM-D] in a 70% EtOH PM extract showed more significant hepatotoxicity than other extracts. In the current study, PM-D was continuously administered to mice for 7 days at a dose of 2 g/kg (equivalent to a human dose of 219.8 mg/kg), which increased renal biochemical indexes and caused pathological kidney injury, suggesting renal toxicity. Therefore, network pharmacology and spatially resolved metabolomics were conducted to explore nephrotoxicity mechanisms underpinning PM-D. Network pharmacology indicated that <i>BCL2</i>, <i>HSP90</i>, <i>ESR1,</i> and <i>CTNNB1</i> genes were core targets, while the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)/signaling pathway was significantly enriched. Spatially resolved metabolomics indicated heterogeneous metabolite distribution in the kidney, further indicating that PM-D nephrotoxic metabolic pathways were enriched for α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, carnitine synthesis, and branched-chain fatty acid oxidation. Our comprehensive analyses highlighted that nephrotoxicity mechanisms were related to oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by disordered energy metabolism, lipid metabolism issues, and imbalanced nucleotide metabolism, which provide a platform for further research into PM nephrotoxicity mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Start in Pediatric Ages: Ultrafine Particulate Matter and Industrial Nanoparticles Are Key in the Early-Onset Neurodegeneration: Time to Invest in Preventive Medicine.","authors":"Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas, Angélica González-Maciel, Rafael Reynoso-Robles, Fredy Rubén Cejudo-Ruiz, Héctor G Silva-Pereyra, Andrew Gorzalski, Ricardo Torres-Jardón","doi":"10.3390/toxics13030178","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13030178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Billions of people are exposed to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) levels above the USEPA's annual standard of 9 μg/m³. Common emission sources are anthropogenic, producing complex aerosolized toxins. Ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) and industrial nanoparticles (NPs) have major detrimental effects on the brain, but the USA does not measure UFPM on a routine basis. This review focuses on the development and progression of common neurodegenerative diseases, as diagnosed through neuropathology, among young residents in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). MMC is one of the most polluted megacities in the world, with a population of 22 million residents, many of whom are unaware of the brain effects caused by their polluted atmosphere. Fatal neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's) that begin in childhood in populations living in air polluted environments are preventable. We conclude that UFPM/NPs are capable of disrupting neural homeostasis and give rise to relentless neurodegenerative processes throughout the entire life of the highly exposed population in MMC. The paradigm of reaching old age to have neurodegeneration is no longer supported. Neurodegenerative changes start early in pediatric ages and are irreversible. It is time to invest in preventive medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}