Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Removal of Zn(II) and Ag(I) by <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> CECT 4183 and Biosynthesis of ZnO and Ag/AgCl Nanoparticles for Biocidal Applications.","authors":"Antonio Jesús Muñoz, Celia Martín, Francisco Espínola, Manuel Moya, Encarnación Ruiz","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060478","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The contamination of natural waters with heavy metals is a global problem. Biosorption is an environmentally friendly and effective technology that offers advantages when metals are present in low concentrations. It also facilitates the recovery and conversion of metals, which are valuable resources. The removal capacity of Ag(I) and Zn(II) ions by <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> CECT 4183 and the ability of its cell extract to synthesize Ag/AgCl and ZnO nanoparticles were investigated. Their biocidal capacity was evaluated. The factors involved were optimized and the mechanisms were studied. The optimal conditions for Ag(I) biosorption were pH 4.5 and a biomass dose of 0.8 g/L. For Zn(II), the biomass dose was 0.2 g/L and pH 4.2. A maximum biosorption capacity (Langmuir model) of 47.43 and 65.08 mg/g, respectively, was obtained. The cell extract promoted the synthesis of Ag/AgCl and ZnO nanoparticles with average sizes below 35 nm. The ZnO nanoparticles exhibited excellent inhibitory properties against planktonic cells of five microbial strains, with MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 250 µg/mL. Their response to biofilms remained between 70% and 100% inhibition at low concentrations (125 µg/mL). The studied bacteria show potential to remove heavy metals and promote the environmentally friendly synthesis of biocidal nanoparticles.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derivation of a Freshwater Quality Benchmark and an Ecological Risk Assessment of Ferric Iron in China.","authors":"Qijie Geng, Fei Guo","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060475","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acid drainage resulting from mining operations has led to significant iron contamination in surface waters, posing serious ecological and public health hazards. Elevated iron levels in freshwater ecosystems can severely affect aquatic organisms and human health. However, there remains a considerable gap in the establishment of benchmark values and ecological risk assessments (ERAs) for iron in surface waters in China. This study collected and screened 47 acute and chronic toxicity data points of 22 species for ferric iron (Fe³⁺) from various studies and databases. Three widely utilized methodologies were applied to derive long-term and short-term water quality criteria (LWQC and SWQC, respectively) for Fe³⁺; the logistic fitting curve based on the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method was identified as the most optimal method, yielding an acute <i>HC</i>₅ of 689 μg/L and an SWQC of 345 μg/L. The LWQC of Fe³⁺ was estimated to be 28 μg/L by dividing <i>HC</i>₅ by the acute-to-chronic ratio (<i>ACR</i>), owing to the inadequacy of chronic toxicity data for model fitting. Utilizing these benchmarks, an ecological risk assessment (ERA) was conducted to compare the benchmarks with 68 iron exposure data points collected from surface waters across 30 provinces from eight river basins of China. The findings of 30% of the acute risk quotients and 83% of the chronic risk quotients raise substantial ecological concerns, primarily regarding the Yellow River Basin, Huaihe River Basin, and Songhua and Liaohe River Basin. This research provides critical insights into Fe³⁺ toxicity data collection and benchmark derivations, offering a benchmark data foundation for the remediation of surface water iron contamination and water quality management in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Reproductive Toxicity of Fomtec Enviro USP, a Fluorine-Free Firefighting Foam, to Northern Bobwhite (<i>Colinus virginianus</i>).","authors":"Anna S Longwell, Farzana Hossain, Seenivasan Subbiah, Adcharee Karnjanapiboonwong, Jamie G Suski, Todd A Anderson","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060474","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been the standard active chemicals in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs or firefighting foams) since the mid-1960s. Some characteristics of PFASs are environmental persistence and bioaccumulation. Non-fluorinated firefighting foams are an alternative to potentially reducing the ecological/environmental impact of PFAS-based AFFF. We used northern bobwhite (NOBO, <i>Colinus virginianus</i>) to test the ecotoxicity of one candidate (non-fluorinated) foam. Fomtec Enviro USP is a fluorine-free commercial AFFF used primarily for extinguishing Class B hydrocarbon fuel fires. Following a photostimulation phase to initiate egg laying, breeding pairs were exposed for 60+ days to 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.25% Fomtec in drinking water. The endpoints of the study included survival, growth, and reproductive output. Water consumption was evaluated and used to determine the average daily intake (ADI) based on Fomtec components: sodium dodecyl sulfate or SDS (0.05, 0.15, and 0.32 mg/kg/day for the 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.25% Fomtec exposures, respectively) and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether or DGMBE (0.49, 6.54, and 18.37 mg/kg/day for the 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.25% Fomtec exposures, respectively). Over the 60 days, control females laid an average of 59 ± 0.8 eggs compared to 28 ± 9 (0.01% Fomtec exposure), 51 ± 4 (0.1% Fomtec exposure), and 56 ± 2 (0.25% Fomtec exposure); the number of eggs produced per hen was affected by exposure to the lowest Fomtec concentration. Hatching success was not significantly different among treatment groups, and it was within normal reproduction parameters for quail. Our findings in this avian model help to fill data gaps for non-fluorinated foam products, many of which have little toxicological information.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety Assessment of Cassava Pulp-Derived Dietary Fiber: Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Evaluation.","authors":"Naiyana Nontamart, Kakanang Posridee, Parin Suwannaprapha, Rungrudee Srisawat, Ratchadaporn Oonsivilai","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060473","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study rigorously evaluated the safety profile of dietary fiber extracted from cassava pulp, a promising functional food ingredient, through acute and 28-day sub-acute oral toxicity assessments in Wistar rats. This research hypothesized that cassava pulp fiber would exhibit minimal toxicity across a range of doses. In the acute study, rats received single oral doses of 175, 550, or 2000 mg/kg, while the sub-acute toxicity study involved daily doses of 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg, with satellite groups included for reversibility assessment. Comprehensive monitoring encompassed clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food intake, hematological and biochemical parameters, relative organ weights, and detailed histopathological examination. Remarkably, no treatment-related mortality or overt clinical signs of toxicity were observed in either study. The LD₅₀ was higher than 2000 mg/kg for the acute study and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 2000 mg/kg for the acute study and 1000 mg/kg for the sub-acute toxicity study, indicating a high margin of safety. While statistically significant alterations were noted in some hematological, biochemical, and relative organ weight parameters, these changes were not considered toxicologically relevant. Notably, histopathological changes in the lungs were observed across all groups, including controls, warranting further investigation. These findings suggest that cassava pulp fiber is well tolerated at high oral doses, supporting its potential for safe application in food and nutraceutical formulations. However, the observed lung alterations necessitate further research to elucidate their etiology and clinical significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Different Nicotine Sources on Exercise-Driven Immune Responses of Peripheral Blood Monocytes.","authors":"Paul N Axt, Theresa Mohr, Armin Steffen, Kirstin Plötze-Martin, Nele Jagodzinski, Sabine Bohnet, Daniel Drömann, Karl-Ludwig Bruchhage, Klaas F Franzen, Ralph Pries","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060472","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco smoking is closely associated with pro-inflammatory immunological alterations, whereas regular physical exercise is well known to lower systemic inflammations and related immune cell activities. The combined effects of smoking, nicotine pouch use, vaping, and exercise on individual immunological responses remain incompletely understood, especially in view of alternative nicotine delivery systems. In this study, we analyzed the immediate impact of different nicotine sources on exercise monocyte subsets in 16 human subjects using a four-arm cross-over design. Distribution of circulating CD14/CD16 monocyte subsets and expression of the monocytic checkpoint molecule PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand-1) were analysed via whole blood flow cytometry measurements. Plasma cytokines were evaluated using membrane-based cytokine arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Data revealed significant distributions of circulating monocytes subsets in response to nicotine consumption and physical stress. In contrast, exercise-driven increased monocytic PD-L1 was clearly attenuated following the consumption various nicotine delivery systems. Furthermore, significantly increased plasma growth hormone levels were detected in response to physical stress in combination with cigarette consumption. Our data clearly illustrates a significant influence of nicotine consumption on the cellular characteristics of circulating monocyte subsets and on proper exercise-driven immune responses within a short period of time, which makes the widespread trivialization of alternative nicotine sources questionable.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Parameter Variations Generated by Pumping on LNAPL Migration in the Aquitard: An Analytical and Experimental Study.","authors":"Yue Su, Yong Huang, Huan Shen, Xiaosong Dong, Xiaochang Sun, Zhimin Fu","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060471","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The parameter variations in the aquitard have an important influence on the migration laws of contaminants in the aquitard. In order to study the influence of dynamic changes in parameters during pumping on the migration laws of Light Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) in the aquitard, the one-dimensional consolidation and groundwater flow equations for the aquitard were employed to derive the governing equations for the migration of LNAPL in the aquitard. A self-designed experimental platform was developed to investigate the effects of the pore water pressure, consolidation deformation, and pumping rate on LNAPL migration during pumping. The laboratory experimental results indicated that during pumping, the migration behavior of LNAPL in the aquitard typically exhibited a trend toward the pumping well and the overlying aquifer. The closer to the pumping well, the greater the change in the pore water pressure, the greater the amount of consolidation deformation, the earlier the state of densification, and the slower the migration rate of LNAPL in the aquitard. The nearer to the bottom of the aquitard, the larger the amount of consolidation deformation in the aquitard and the slower the migration rate of LNAPL in the aquitard. Also, the pumping rate had an important influence on groundwater flow movement and contaminant migration. The characteristics of parameter variations in the aquitard and laws of LNAPL migration during pumping were systematically studied and analyzed; these research results can provide a reference for the prediction and remediation of LNAPL in contaminated sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Impact of Vaping.","authors":"Francesco Petrella, Paola Faverio, Andrea Cara, Enrico Mario Cassina, Lidia Libretti, Sara Lo Torto, Emanuele Pirondini, Federico Raveglia, Francesca Spinelli, Antonio Tuoro, Elisa Perger, Fabrizio Luppi","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060470","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The term 'vaping' refers to the use of electronic cigarettes or other devices to inhale a variety of heated and aerosolized substances. Vaping has been promoted as a less harmful and potentially oncogenic alternative to nicotine cigarettes, particularly to help heavy smokers quit. While vaping products do not produce the same carcinogenic substances-such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-generated by the combustion of tobacco, and while their fluids lack tobacco-related carcinogens like nitrosamines, it is now well established that they still generate harmful and potentially oncogenic byproducts. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the potential oncogenic effects of vaping fluids, including direct chemical action, epithelial-mesenchymal transition induction, redox stress, mitochondrial toxicity, and DNA damage. In addition to cancer risk, there have been reports of adverse effects on cardiovascular health, reproductive function, and non-oncologic lung injuries. These include exogenous lipoid pneumonia, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with proven alveolar injury, and vaping-associated bronchiolitis obliterans. The aim of this review is to examine vaping devices, their potential role in lung carcinogenesis, vaping-associated lung injury, and other clinical implications, including impacts on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory diseases, and also pregnancy and fetus health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Metal Oxidation State in Cu, CuO, and Cu₂O Nanoparticles Plays a Key Role in Toxicity to Sea Urchin <i>Arbacia lixula</i>, <i>Paracentrotus lividus,</i> and <i>Sphaerechinus granularis</i> Embryos.","authors":"Ivana Čarapar, Lara Jurković, Dijana Pavičić-Hamer, Andrej Jaklin, Maja Dutour Sikirić, Bojan Hamer, Daniel Mark Lyons","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060469","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Copper-based nanoparticles (as Cu₂O) are a key component in marine antifouling paints and, as coatings degrade, release nanoparticles that can affect a wide range of non-target organisms. This study investigates the impact of Cu₂O nanoparticles on the early development of urchins <i>Arbacia lixula</i>, <i>Paracentrotus lividus</i> and <i>Sphaerechinus granularis</i>, and benchmarks their toxicity against similarly sized Cu and CuO nanoparticles and ionic copper. Concentration-dependent toxicity was noted for all forms of copper at concentrations in the 1 to 5000 µg L^-1 range. EC₅₀ values after Cu₂O exposure indicated that <i>A. lixula</i> (99 µg L^-1) was generally more sensitive than the other two species, with EC₅₀ values of 371 µg L^-1 and 606 µg L^-1 noted for <i>S. granularis</i> and <i>P. lividus</i>, respectively. The same trend across species was noted for both Cu and CuO, although these nanoparticles generally showed higher EC₅₀ values, indicating lower toxicity compared to Cu₂O. LC₅₀ values qualitatively parallel the corresponding EC₅₀ values, with Cu₂O consistently the most toxic, while Cu was less harmful, and CuO did not reach LC₅₀ at any concentration. Again, greatest lethality was noted in <i>A. lixula</i>. While copper ion release from Cu was much greater than from CuO and Cu₂O, the latter showed similar or greater toxicity to developing embryos compared to Cu. This indicates that copper ions are not the sole driver of toxicity of Cu₂O, but there may also be a contribution derived from Cu₂O redox activity within cells or at membranes that negatively impact oxidative stress defence mechanisms and metabolic pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subacute Inhalation Exposure of Mice to Ozone Induces Damage to Various Organs.","authors":"Peiwen Wang, Yuan Lu, Kuikui Lu, Daxiao Xie, Min Ling, Luoding Lu, Weiyong Chen, Yu Wu, Qizhan Liu, Qian Bian, Tian Xiao","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060468","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ambient ozone (O₃) pollution, which has become a global problem, is associated with damage to various biological systems, as determined by many studies. However, there is limited experimental evidence regarding the systemic damage induced by O₃ exposure, and there are few associated studies on mice. In the present investigation, we constructed a subacute C57BL/6J female mouse model involving exposure to 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 ppm O₃ for 28 days (3 h/day). Body weights, pulmonary function, hematology, serum biochemistry, inflammatory factors, and injuries to various organs were assessed for O₃-exposed mice. After O₃ exposure, especially to 2 ppm O₃, mice showed a loss of body weight, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, respiratory and nervous system injuries, an inflammatory response, and pathological changes, which supported the data reported for epidemiology studies. In addition, the IL-6 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the lungs, the livers, the kidneys, and the brains were increased, which indicated that IL-6 was associated with the damage to various organs induced by O₃ exposure. The present report highlights the pathological injury to various organs and provides a basis for further studies of the molecular mechanisms associated with O₃ exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Metabolism and Toxicological Mechanisms.","authors":"Qi Wang, Youbo Zhang, An Zhu","doi":"10.3390/toxics13060464","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13060464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics is a cornerstone of pharmacology and toxicology, governing the efficacy, safety, and environmental impact of therapeutic agents [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}