Toxics最新文献

{"title":"Integrated Approaches of Arsenic Remediation from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review of Microbial, Bio-Based, and Advanced Technologies.","authors":"Aminur Rahman","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090768","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arsenic-containing wastewater and soil systems are a serious hazard to public health and the environment, particularly in areas where agriculture and drinking water depend on groundwater. Therefore, the removal of arsenic contamination from soil, water, and the environment is of great importance for human welfare. Most of the conventional methods are inefficient and have very high operational costs, especially for metals at low concentrations or in large solution volumes. This review delivers a comprehensive approach to arsenic remediation, including microbiological processes, phytoremediation, biochar technologies, bio-based adsorbents, and nanomaterial-assisted techniques. All of these methods are thoroughly examined in terms of removal competence, their mechanisms, environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Phytoremediation and microbial remediation techniques are self-regenerating and eco-friendly, whereas fruit-waste-derived materials and biochar provide abundant adsorbents, and are therefore low-cost. On the other hand, nanotechnology-based approaches show remarkable effectiveness but raise concerns regarding economic feasibility and environmental safety. Additionally, this review represents a comparative analysis and discusses synergistic and hybrid systems that combine multiple technologies for enhancing the remediation performance. Future research directions are emphasized along with challenges such as material stability, regeneration, and policy integration. This review aims to guide decision-makers, research scholars, and industry stakeholders toward affordable, sustainable, and high-performance arsenic remediation techniques for practical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473819/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Experimental Toxicology and Machine Learning to Model Levonorgestrel-Induced Oxidative Damage in Zebrafish.","authors":"İlknur Meriç Turgut, Melek Yapıcı, Dilara Gerdan Koc","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090764","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Levonorgestrel (LNG), a synthetic progestin widely used in pharmaceuticals, is increasingly recognized as an emerging aquatic contaminant capable of exerting adverse biological effects beyond endocrine disruption. Acting in a xenobiotic-like manner, LNG may perturb redox homeostasis and induce oxidative stress in non-target species. To elucidate these mechanisms, this study integrates experimental toxicology with supervised machine learning to characterize tissue-specific and dose-time related oxidative responses in adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>). Fish were exposed to two environmentally relevant concentrations of LNG (0.312 µg/L; LNG-L and 6.24 µg/L; LNG-H) and a solvent control (LNG-C) for 24, 48, and 96 h in triplicate static bioassays. Redox biomarkers-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA)-were quantified in liver and muscle tissues. LNG-H exposure elicited a time-dependent increase in SOD activity, variable CAT responses, and a marked elevation in hepatic GPx, with sustained MDA levels indicating persistent lipid peroxidation. Five classification algorithms (Logistic Regression, Multilayer Perceptron, Gradient-Boosted Trees, Decision Tree and Random Forest) were trained to discriminate exposure outcomes based on biomarker profiles; GBT yielded the highest performance (96.17% accuracy), identifying hepatic GPx as the most informative feature (AUC = 0.922). Regression modeling via Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) further corroborated the dose- and time-dependent predictability of GPx responses (R² = 0.922, MAE = 0.019). These findings underscore hepatic GPx as a sentinel biomarker of LNG-induced oxidative stress and demonstrate the predictive utility of machinelearning-enhanced toxicological frameworks in detecting and modeling sublethal contaminant effects with high temporal resolution in aquatic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473863/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Gossypol Exposure on Ovarian Reserve Function: Comprehensive Risk Assessment Based on TRAEC Strategy.","authors":"Xiaoyan Sun, Jia Ying, Xuan Ma, Yunong Zhong, Ran Huo, Qingxia Meng","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090763","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the reproductive toxicity and reversibility of gossypol exposure in female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice using the Targeted Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals (TRAEC) framework. Mice treated with gossypol (20 mg/kg/day, 30 days) showed reduced body weight (35.90 ± 3.19 g vs. 30.26 ± 0.91 g, <i>p</i> < 0.001), depletion of primordial follicles (46.2 ± 4.8 vs. 27.5 ± 3.6, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and impaired oocyte maturation, with polar body extrusion decreasing from 65.9% to 22.6% at 60 μM (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). In the human granulosa-like tumor cell line (KGN), apoptosis increased to 91.1% at 20 μg/mL compared with 11.46% in controls (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Proteomic profiling identified 151 differentially expressed proteins, enriched in steroidogenesis, immune regulation, and mitochondrial metabolism. After one-month withdrawal, partial morphological recovery was observed, but endocrine function remained impaired. The TRAEC risk score of 4.68 classified gossypol as a moderate reproductive toxicant. These findings indicate that gossypol damages ovarian reserve and oocyte competence, with only partial reversibility, highlighting the need for caution in its clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome Analyses of <i>Procambarus clarkii</i> (Girard, 1852) Under Individual Exposures to CuSO₄, Pendimethalin, and Glyphosate.","authors":"Yao Zheng, Jiajia Li, Zhuping Liu, Ning Wang, Gangchun Xu","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090765","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticide usage in the integrated rice-crayfish system has aroused lots of attention all over the world. Especially in China, fish farmers often use copper sulfate and pendimethalin to remove moss from aquaculture water and glyphosate to remove weeds in and around crayfish-crab mixed culture ponds. To explore the stress response mechanism of CuSO₄, pendimethalin, and glyphosate to the hepatopancreas of <i>Procambarus clarkii</i> (Girard, 1852), seven treatment groups including control, CuSO₄ (1 and 2 mg·L^-1), pendimethalin (PND, 5 and 10 μg·L^-1), and glyphosate (5 and 10 μg·L^-1) experimental groups were set up; the transcriptome responses were detected at 4, 8, and 12 days, respectively. The irregular structure and vacuoles were shown in the hepatopancreas for 2 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄ and 10 μg·L^-1 glyphosate exposures at 12 d, while narrowed hepatic sinusoids were revealed after 10 μg·L^-1 pendimethalin exposure. The pathways of ribosome, lysosome, and peroxisome were significantly enriched for differential expression genes (DEGs); in addition, tyrosine metabolism, starch, and sucrose metabolism were enriched under the stress of the three inputs. Genes in related pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycerolipid metabolism also changed, and the expression of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation changed significantly under the stress of the three inputs. Oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, metabolism, and energy supply have been significantly affected by the above herbicide exposure. High concentrations and/or long-term duration exposure may result in metabolic disorders rather than eliminate toxicity through adaptability responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474170/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Environmental Chemical Burden with Wristbands: Implications for Kidney Health Among Women in Rural Guatemala.","authors":"Jaime Butler-Dawson, Grant Erlandson, Diana Jaramillo, Karely Villarreal Hernandez, Laura Calvimontes, Lyndsay Krisher, Miranda Dally, Stephen Brindley, Daniel Pilloni, Alex Cruz, Alison K Bauer, Richard J Johnson, Lee S Newman, Joshua Schaeffer, John L Adgate, Kim A Anderson, Katherine A James","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090761","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu) is a public health concern, particularly in agricultural communities, with multiple environmental exposures hypothesized as potential contributors. This study employed a targeted exposure assessment using personal silicone wristbands to characterize chemical exposures among women living and working in CKDu-affected regions of Guatemala. Participants wore wristbands for seven days, passively sampling air and dermal exposures. Overall, 45 wristbands were collected from 37 female participants (19 sugarcane workers and 18 community members). Of the 1530 chemicals measured using a single semi-quantitative method, 103 were detected, with an average of 27 chemicals per wristband (range: 16-40). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels were higher in community members' wristbands, whereas workers exhibited higher exposure to pesticides (i.e., pendimethalin and fipronil). Workers had worse kidney function compared to community members, with almost half of the workers having an estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR, <90 mL/min/1.73 m². Correlations were observed between kidney function markers and specific chemicals, with the strongest correlation between albumin-to-creatinine ratio and pyrene levels (ρ = 0.57, <i>p</i> < 0.01) among workers. Women in agricultural regions of Guatemala experience widespread exposure to diverse environmental chemicals, some of which may contribute to kidney function decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Multiple Risks in Regulating Reservoirs: Perspectives on Heavy Metal Contamination.","authors":"Hui Zhou, Zhiping Li, Anming Wang, Jiawei Zhu, Zongyuan Han, Yalin Zhang, Dongdong Chen","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090762","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the terminal reservoir of the South-to-North Water Diversion's Eastern Route, Dongping Lake is critical for safeguarding the northern water supply. Analysis of 33 water-sediment sites revealed the following. (1) Waterborne heavy metals (HMs) below WHO limits, confirming the good water quality. (2) Sediment HM enrichment exceeding background levels, with Cd posing high ecological risk (mean <i>E_r</i> = 135), and moderate overall pollution. (3) Speciation showed V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb predominantly in residual fractions, while Cd exhibited high bioavailability and Pb was in reducible state. Ecological risk assessment indicated that V and Cr tend not to cause environmental pollution; Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb only cause slight pollution; and Cd causes serious point-source pollution. The carcinogenic risk of surface sediments to children is not negligible. (4) Source apportionment identified industrial emissions as the primary HM contributors, with Cd deriving from agricultural runoff (phosphate fertilizers) and industrial discharges. This study offers valuable baseline information for water quality management in mega-water-transfer projects, directly supporting the Jiaodong Main Line and Yellow River Crossing operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration Behavior of Technetium-99 in Granite, Clay Rock, and Shale: Insights into Anionic Exclusion Effects.","authors":"Yunfeng Shi, Song Yang, Wenjie Chen, Aiming Zhang, Zhou Li, Longjiang Wang, Bing Lian","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090760","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the key tasks in the geological disposal of radioactive waste is to investigate the blocking ability of different host rocks on nuclide migration in the disposal site. This study conducted experimental and numerical methods to the adsorption, diffusion, and advection-dispersion behavior of ⁹⁹Tc in three types of rocks: granite, clay rock, and mudstone shale, with a focus on the influence of anion exclusion during migration. The research results found that the three types of rocks have no significant adsorption effect on ⁹⁹Tc, and the anion exclusion during diffusion and advection-dispersion processes can block small \"channels\", causing some nuclide migration to lag, and accelerate the nuclide migration rate in larger \"channels\". In addition, parameters characterizing the size of anion exclusion in different migration behaviors, such as effective diffusion coefficient (<i>De</i>) and immobile liquid region porosity (θim), were fitted and obtained.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of Novel N-[(dimethylamino)methylene]thiourea (TUFA)-Functionalized Lignin for Efficient Cr(VI) Removal from Wastewater.","authors":"Haixin Wang, Tao Shen, Yiming Wang, Zongxiang Lv, Yu Liu, Juan Wu, Tai Li, Shui Wang, Yanguo Shang","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090759","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study developed a novel adsorbent for Cr (VI) removal from wastewater by grafting N-[(dimethylamino)methylene]thiourea (TUFA) onto lignin. The resulting TUFA-functionalized lignin adsorbent AL was comprehensively characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Batch adsorption experiments systematically evaluated the influence of solution pH, contact time, temperature, initial Cr (VI) concentration, and adsorbent dosage. AL exhibited high adsorption capacity (593.9 mg g^-1 at 40 °C), attributed to its abundant nitrogen and sulfur-containing functional groups. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Equilibrium isotherm data were best described by the Langmuir model, indicating predominant monolayer chemisorption. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that Cr (VI) adsorption onto AL is spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven. The adsorption mechanism involves membrane diffusion and intra-particle diffusion processes. This work successfully synthesized a stable, effective, and low-cost adsorbent (AL) using an amine agent incorporating both nitrogen and sulfur functional groups, offering a promising approach for treating Cr (VI)-contaminated wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473888/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of Nutrient Fate and Transport Following Nanopesticide Applications in Agricultural Field Plots in Central Kentucky.","authors":"William Rud, Manuel D Montaño, Daniel N Miller, Wayne Sanderson, Carmen Agouridis, Brianna F Benner, Tiffany L Messer","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090758","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The potential benefits of nanopesticide use over standard pesticides include more precise application at reduced application rates, lower premature degradation, and decreased direct impacts to target organisms. However, field scale investigations of the fate and transport of common nanopesticides such as copper (II) hydroxide and imidacloprid combinations, remain limited. A field study evaluating nano-scale copper (II) hydroxide (Cu), standard imidacloprid (I), nanoimidicloprid (NI), and nano-scale copper (II) hydroxide and imidacloprid (CuNI) compared to control (C) plots was conducted using thirty 14.6 m² field plots to determine the impacts of nanopesticide applications on nutrient cycling and quantify the persistence of copper (II) hydroxide in soil and surface runoff during the growing season. Soil samples were taken at the beginning and end of the growing season, while water quality runoff samples were collected following eleven rainfall events. Ammonium concentrations in runoff decreased in CuNI plots by 1.74 mg N/L, while total nitrogen concentrations in runoff increased by 1.29 mg N/L in Cu plots compared to CuNI plots. Runoff orthophosphate concentrations decreased in CuNI treatments compared to all other pesticide treatments by 1.37, 1.32, and 1.30 mg P/L in Cu, I, and NI plots, respectively. Significant increases in soil copper concentrations were also observed in all plots receiving Cu. These findings emphasize the potential biogeochemical implications of using these nanopesticides on nutrient cycling in agroecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoking Topography, Nicotine Kinetics, and Subjective Smoking Experience of Mentholated and Non-Mentholated Heated Tobacco Products in Occasional Smokers.","authors":"Benedikt Rieder, Yvonne Stoll, Christin Falarowski, Marcus Gertzen, Gabriel Kise, Gabriele Koller, Sarah Koch, Peter Laux, Andreas Luch, Anna Rahofer, Tobias Rüther, Nadja Mallock-Ohnesorg, Dennis Nowak, Thomas Schulz, Magdalena Elzbieta Zaslona, Ariel Turcios, Andrea Rabenstein, Elke Pieper","doi":"10.3390/toxics13090757","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxics13090757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background:</i> Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are marketed as reduced-harm alternatives to conventional cigarettes (CCs) and are increasingly used by young adults and occasional smokers. However, their acute nicotine delivery and user experience remain insufficiently studied in occasional smokers without established cigarette or nicotine dependence. Additives such as menthol-known to reduce sensory irritation and facilitate inhalation-may further influence initiation and product appeal, particularly in naïve users. <i>Methods:</i> In a crossover study with three separate study days, <i>n</i> = 15 occasional smokers without established cigarette or nicotine dependence consumed a mentholated HTP (mHTP), a non-mentholated HTP (nmHTP), and a conventional cigarette (CC) under ad libitum conditions during a 30 min observation. We measured plasma nicotine concentrations, smoking topography, cardiovascular parameters, and subjective effects (mCEQ). <i>Results:</i> Nicotine pharmacokinetics (Cmax, AUC) were comparable across products (Cmax 7.8-8.5 ng/mL; AUC 2.3-2.8 ng·min/mL [geometric means]; no significant differences), even though participants had no prior experience with HTPs. Compared to CCs, HTPs were associated with longer puff durations (2.09 s mHTP/2.00 s nmHTP vs. 1.78 s CC), higher puff volumes (mean: 68.06/68.16 vs. 43.76 mL; total: 949.80/897.73 vs. 522.41 mL), and greater flow rates (mean 37.49/38.25 vs. 27.68 mL/s; peak 63.24/63.69 vs. 44.38 mL/s). Subjective effects did not differ significantly between products (mCEQ subscale examples: satisfaction 3.00-3.33/7; reward 2.81-3.31/7; craving reduction 5.07-5.60/7). Cardiovascular parameters such as heart rate or systolic blood pressure showed with no between-product differences (HR <i>p</i> = 0.518; SBP <i>p</i> = 0.109) and no differences in their change over time between products (HR <i>p</i> = 0.807; SBP <i>p</i> = 0.734). No differences were observed between mHTP and nmHTP. <i>Conclusion:</i> HTPs can deliver nicotine and evoke user experiences similar to CCs, even in non-dependent users. The more intensive inhalation behavior observed with HTPs may reflect compensatory use and merits further investigation. Although no menthol-specific effects were observed, methodological constraints may have limited their detectability.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}