Transcriptome Analyses of Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) Under Individual Exposures to CuSO4, Pendimethalin, and Glyphosate.

Pesticide usage in the integrated rice-crayfish system has aroused lots of attention all over the world. Especially in China, fish farmers often use copper sulfate and pendimethalin to remove moss from aquaculture water and glyphosate to remove weeds in and around crayfish-crab mixed culture ponds. To explore the stress response mechanism of CuSO₄, pendimethalin, and glyphosate to the hepatopancreas of Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), seven treatment groups including control, CuSO₄ (1 and 2 mg·L^-1), pendimethalin (PND, 5 and 10 μg·L^-1), and glyphosate (5 and 10 μg·L^-1) experimental groups were set up; the transcriptome responses were detected at 4, 8, and 12 days, respectively. The irregular structure and vacuoles were shown in the hepatopancreas for 2 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄ and 10 μg·L^-1 glyphosate exposures at 12 d, while narrowed hepatic sinusoids were revealed after 10 μg·L^-1 pendimethalin exposure. The pathways of ribosome, lysosome, and peroxisome were significantly enriched for differential expression genes (DEGs); in addition, tyrosine metabolism, starch, and sucrose metabolism were enriched under the stress of the three inputs. Genes in related pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycerolipid metabolism also changed, and the expression of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation changed significantly under the stress of the three inputs. Oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, metabolism, and energy supply have been significantly affected by the above herbicide exposure. High concentrations and/or long-term duration exposure may result in metabolic disorders rather than eliminate toxicity through adaptability responses.