DEET Metabolite and Hearing Loss in United States Adults.

IF 4.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Toxics Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI:10.3390/toxics13090801

Rae T Benedict, Gregory M Zarus, Franco Scinicariello, Henry G Abadin, Roberta Attanasio

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Hearing loss (HL) causes numerous challenges for individuals. N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is a common ingredient in insect repellants and some sunscreens. M-(diethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid (DCBA) is a DEET metabolite measured in the urine of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. This study examines potential associations between HL and urinary DCBA in U.S. adults. Speech-frequency hearing loss (SFHL) was defined as an average hearing threshold above 25 dB across four frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz). In comparison, high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL) was based on the average threshold above 25 dB at three higher frequencies (3, 4, and 6 kHz) in the better hearing ear. Hearing loss severity was categorized as normal (≤25 dB), mild (26-40 dB), and moderate or worse (≥41 dB). Higher DCBA exposure was significantly associated with increased odds of high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL). Participants in the highest exposure quartile had greater odds of HFHL (aOR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.14-4.81), with a dose-response trend (p < 0.05) confirmed in sensitivity analyses controlling for chronic conditions and inflammation. Multinomial models further showed elevated odds of both slight/mild (aOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05-4.42) and moderate/worse HFHL (aOR = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.10-7.37), supporting the robustness of the association. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HL being associated with a DEET metabolite in a nationally representative cross-sectional sample.

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避蚊胺代谢物与美国成年人听力损失

听力损失（HL）给个人带来了许多挑战。N，N-二乙基间甲苯酰胺（DEET）是驱蚊剂和一些防晒霜的常见成分。M-（二乙基氨基甲酰）苯甲酸（DCBA）是在全国健康与营养调查参与者尿液中检测到的避蚊胺代谢物。本研究探讨了HL与美国成人尿DCBA之间的潜在联系。语音频率听力损失（SFHL）被定义为四个频率（0.5,1,2和4 kHz）的平均听力阈值超过25 dB。相比之下，高频听力损失（HFHL）是基于听力较好的耳朵在三个较高频率（3、4和6 kHz）超过25 dB的平均阈值。听力损失严重程度分为正常（≤25 dB）、轻度（26-40 dB）和中度或更严重（≥41 dB）。较高的DCBA暴露与高频听力损失（HFHL）的几率增加显著相关。最高暴露四分位数的参与者患HFHL的几率更高（aOR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.14-4.81），在控制慢性疾病和炎症的敏感性分析中证实了剂量-反应趋势（p < 0.05）。多项模型进一步显示轻度/轻度HFHL （aOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05-4.42）和中度/重度HFHL （aOR = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.10-7.37）的发生率升高，支持了相关性的稳健性。据我们所知，这是在全国代表性横断面样本中首次报道HL与避蚊胺代谢物相关。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Toxics Chemical Engineering-Chemical Health and Safety

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

10.90%

发文量

681

审稿时长

6 weeks

期刊介绍： Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304) is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies related to all aspects of toxic chemicals and materials. It publishes reviews, regular research papers, and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in detail. There is, therefore, no restriction on the maximum length of the papers, although authors should write their papers in a clear and concise way. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files or software regarding the full details of calculations and experimental procedure can be deposited as supplementary material, if it is not possible to publish them along with the text.