{"title":"‘Default’ translation","authors":"Sandra L. Halverson","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00023.hal","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00023.hal","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Investigating translation and interpreting from the perspective\u0000 of a non-computational theory of cognition requires continuing development of\u0000 the requisite theoretical constructs. As part of the ongoing elaboration of this\u0000 alternative approach, this paper proposes the construct of ‘default translation’\u0000 as a specific phase of translation production. This phase is characterized by\u0000 rapid, relatively uninterrupted production and in this paper the kinds of\u0000 knowledge accessed in this phase are outlined. The proposal is that default\u0000 translation involves primarily bilingual linguistic knowledge (including\u0000 communication norms), metalinguistic knowledge, and a specific understanding of\u0000 the translation/interpreting task. The paper suggests a means of identifying the\u0000 phase in process data. Finally, the construct is positioned relative to the idea\u0000 of ‘literal translation’ and a proposal for terminological use is given in the\u0000 concluding remarks.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130611837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The negotiation of meaning in dialogue interpreting","authors":"A. Delizée, C. Michaux","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00029.del","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00029.del","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to contribute to a better\u0000 understanding of the negotiation of meaning between the participants of a\u0000 bilingual interpreter-mediated interaction by analysing the effects of the\u0000 verbalization of the inferences by the interpreter. The conceptual tools of\u0000 Relevance Theory were applied to three interpreted excerpts of Russian-French\u0000 psychotherapeutic interactions. The results suggest that, by verbalizing\u0000 inferences, the interpreter co-creates a shared cognitive environment,\u0000 reinforces intra- and inter-discursive coherence, diminishes the cognitive\u0000 efforts of the recipient, and encourages primary parties to cooperate. The\u0000 analysis of the cognitive processes at work in the excerpts tends to show that\u0000 what has so far been treated as the interpreter’s “additions” or “expanded\u0000 renditions” enables the latter to exercise cooperative coordination of\u0000 interaction, and could therefore be more precisely called collaborative\u0000 renditions.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122919343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metacognitive self-perception in interpreting","authors":"Elena Bravo","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00025.fer","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00025.fer","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The ability of interpreters to engage in metacognitive activity\u0000 enabling them to self-assess the changing purpose of their task and subsequent\u0000 strategies can play a pivotal role in their global attainment levels. This paper argues that developing a high degree of metacognition can be key,\u0000 not only for the expert’s interpreting performance, but also for trainees’\u0000 learning processes, helping them develop a more accurate professional\u0000 self-concept and better self-regulation techniques. The study, carried\u0000 out with 199 interpreting trainees, tested a tool to assess\u0000 self-perceived metacognition levels. The measurement tool was developed on the\u0000 basis of previous relevant academic contributions to the overlapping fields of\u0000 Education, Interpreting and Psychology. According to the results of a factor\u0000 analysis, self-perceived metacognition in interpreting trainees can be defined\u0000 as a construct made up of four dimensions: self-knowledge perception,\u0000 consolidation of one’s own set of criteria, development of a macro-strategy, and\u0000 task-focused flow.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129251152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“A lot to think about”","authors":"R. Herring","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00030.her","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00030.her","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper takes a process-focused approach to investigating the dialogue interpreting task from the perspective of the task performer. It reports on a portion of a research study aimed at better understanding the cognitive and interactional processes involved in dialogue interpreting. Eight interpreters interpreted a simulated interaction and subsequently completed a retrospective process-tracing session. The results shed light on the complexities of dialogue interpreting performance as experienced by the task performer, specifically with regard to interpreters’ online monitoring of affect, behavior, cognition, and context.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132985370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asymmetrical language proficiency in dialogue\u0000 interpreters","authors":"Elisabet Tiselius, Birgitta Englund Dimitrova","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00031.tis","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00031.tis","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Language proficiency of dialogue interpreters, who typically\u0000 work in the public service sector, is an under-researched area. Unlike as in the case of conference interpreters, there is no generally accepted definition of\u0000 proficiency levels of working languages for dialogue interpreters. This article\u0000 discusses language proficiency in dialogue interpreting. It presents a\u0000 methodological problem, namely, how to define and determine a given\u0000 interpreter’s stronger and weaker working languages. We discuss different methods\u0000 for determining the individual interpreter’s stronger and weaker working\u0000 languages, such as self-assessment, demographic, socio-linguistic questionnaire\u0000 and test score (Dialang). We conclude that there is a need for more research in\u0000 this area.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"34 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130198629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A systems theory perspective on the translation\u0000 process","authors":"M. Carl, A. Tonge, I. Lacruz","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00026.car","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00026.car","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The translation process has often been described as a sequence\u0000 of three steps, source text (ST) analysis, source-target transfer, and target\u0000 text (TT) generation. We propose a radically different view, in which the human\u0000 translation process consists of a hierarchy of interacting word and phrase\u0000 translations systems which organize and integrate as dissipative structures.\u0000 Activation of word (or phrase) translation systems is a non-selective subliminal\u0000 process in the translator’s mind not restricted to one language. Depending on\u0000 the entropy (i.e., the internal order) of the word translation systems, a human\u0000 translator spends more or less time and energy during the translation process,\u0000 which can be measured in the form of gaze patterns and production duration.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"127 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113999800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acting upon background of understanding rather than\u0000 role","authors":"Michaela Albl-Mikasa","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00028.alb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00028.alb","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Research into dialogue interpreting has thus far focused on its\u0000 interactional dimension. Only recently have cognitive approaches been\u0000 introduced. This article uses the situated cognition and functional pragmatics\u0000 paradigms to explain how a broad and holistic understanding of the (healthcare)\u0000 set-up in which dialogue interpreting assignments take place enables\u0000 interpreters to develop an awareness of the purpose-orientation of medical\u0000 professionals’ (inter)action plan. This understanding forms part of an\u0000 inferential mental backdrop that allows interpreters to go from bottom-up\u0000 drifting to gaining top-down control over their task. On the basis of a corpus\u0000 of 19 interpreter-mediated doctor-patient encounters, the article suggests that\u0000 it is acting upon an integral background of understanding as inferential basis\u0000 (rather than role) that empowers dialogue interpreters to perform\u0000 successfully.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128475351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The opportunities of epistemic pluralism for Cognitive Translation\u0000 Studies","authors":"Álvaro Marín García","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00021.mar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00021.mar","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the object of study of Cognitive Translation Studies (CTS)\u0000 expands to encompass social and cultural aspects of multilingual communicative\u0000 events, scholars face the challenge of combining research methods and analytical\u0000 perspectives to investigate cognitive phenomena. While plurality has been so far\u0000 considered transitory, eventually converging on a unified theory of translation,\u0000 I propose to adopt a functional assessment framework for competing models in\u0000 order to endorse epistemic pluralism. The development of cognitive translatology\u0000 as an emergent tradition combining multifarious approaches presents a new\u0000 epistemological landscape in which epistemic pluralism can be embraced, fostered\u0000 and practiced for the benefit of producing new knowledge. Far from being a\u0000 relativist stance defending that all systems of knowledge are equally useful or\u0000 appropriate, pluralism entails an assessment framework, which I introduce, so\u0000 that we can improve our empirical designs and streamline our theoretical\u0000 frameworks.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116116388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Six-second rule revisited","authors":"A. Szarkowska, L. Bogucka","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00022.SZA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00022.SZA","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The most famous rule on the speed of subtitles is the six-second rule. In this study we investigate if the\u0000 six-second rule is too slow for contemporary viewers. We also address the question of whether subtitle processing depends on the\u0000 speech rate of film dialogues and on viewer’s proficiency in the language of the film soundtrack. With these questions in mind, we\u0000 tested 53 Polish viewers watching English videos at two different speech rates (slow and fast), subtitled into Polish in\u0000 accordance with the six-second rule. We examined participants’ reading patterns and comprehension and asked them to assess\u0000 subtitle speed and the congruity of subtitles with the dialogue. Analysing people’s eye movements enabled us to measure that\u0000 viewers were looking at subtitles for only about 30% of the subtitle display time. We found that the film speech rate affected\u0000 comprehension: faster dialogues, implying more text condensation in subtitles, resulted in lower comprehension compared to slow\u0000 speech rates. Viewers more proficient in the language of the film soundtrack spent less time gazing at subtitles than those who\u0000 had only elementary knowledge of the language.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121376319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using experimental approaches to study translation","authors":"Anna Hatzidaki","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00018.HAT","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00018.HAT","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the last few years, the study of the cognitive processes that underlie the translating act is well under way in\u0000 the field of translation studies (TS). Yet considering the potential of this research area, translation behaviour and how it is\u0000 affected and modulated by linguistic and psycholinguistic factors is still underinvestigated. The main culprit of this holdback\u0000 appears to be fuzziness over what experimental methods are expected to deliver and how sometimes\u0000 they are actually used. The present discussion article outlines these aspects, draws attention to methodological issues commonly\u0000 encountered when an experimental approach is adopted, and suggests ways to overcome the challenges posed by this promising line of\u0000 research.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130087900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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