{"title":"In search of directionality effectsin the translation processand in the end product","authors":"B. Whyatt","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00020.WHY","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00020.WHY","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article tackles directionality as one of the most contentious issues in translation studies, still without\u0000 solid empirical footing. The research presented here shows that, to understand directionality effects on the process of translation\u0000 and its end product, performance in L2 → L1 and L1 → L2 translation needs to be compared in a specific setting in which more factors\u0000 than directionality are considered—especially text type. For 26 professional translators who participated in an experimental\u0000 study, L1 → L2 translation did not take significantly more time than L2 → L1 translation and the end products of both needed\u0000 improvement from proofreaders who are native speakers of the target language. A close analysis of corrections made by the\u0000 proofreaders shows that different aspects of translation quality are affected by directionality. A case study of two translators\u0000 who produced high quality L1 → L2 translations reveals that their performance was affected more by text type than by\u0000 directionality.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130059723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Schaeffer, Sandra L. Halverson, S. Hansen-Schirra
{"title":"‘Monitoring’ in translation","authors":"M. Schaeffer, Sandra L. Halverson, S. Hansen-Schirra","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00017.SCH","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00017.SCH","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We assume that visual feedback from the written trace during translation plays an important role in monitoring the\u0000 emerging translation. In this study, 44 participants translated with and without visual feedback from the target text (TT).\u0000 Numerous measures were used to explore the differences between the texts that were created in the two conditions and the\u0000 characteristics of the task performance in the two conditions. The impact of ST-TT semantic and syntactic relationships showed\u0000 that there were differences on two of three behavioural measures across conditions. In the comparison of features of the\u0000 translation process, findings show that ST reading times were longer without visual feedback, while increased translational choice\u0000 (implying more monitoring) affected eye movements on the source text (ST) in the same way in both conditions. We found that,\u0000 without visual feedback, when faced with more translational options, translators read the ST less linearly. Participants were more\u0000 likely to look at the TT screen or read the TT the longer they read the ST and the more the more translational options the ST\u0000 offered, even if the TT window was blank.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122206296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Written alternative translation solutions in the translation process","authors":"Claudine Borg","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00019.BOR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00019.BOR","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Alternative translation solutions (ATSs) are a core and abundant element of the translation process. Despite being\u0000 a recurrent topic in translation process research (TPR), the majority of previous studies deal with verbal ATSs while written ATSs\u0000 remain an underresearched aspect. This article focuses on written ATSs and their role in the translatorial decision-making\u0000 process. Drawing mainly on research into translatorial decision-making and TPR, it investigates 188 written ATSs present in the\u0000 first draft of a Maltese literary translation from French produced by an experienced translator. Various categorisation systems\u0000 were created to analyse the textual data. The results indicate that written ATSs are a complex phenomenon worth exploring further\u0000 as they seem to be a shared behaviour by many translators.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132903164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chinese scholarship in Cognitive Translation Studies","authors":"Sanjun Sun, Kairong Xiao","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00024.SUN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00024.SUN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the last two decades, cognitive translation studies in China has been gaining momentum, which is spurred by\u0000 three lines or perspectives of inquiry: psychology (especially cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics), cognitive linguistics,\u0000 and translation process research (TPR). Despite the limited numbers of researchers in the first two lines, their increasing number\u0000 of monographs reflects their influence. Also, while the first two lines have distinctive Chinese characteristics, TPR has been\u0000 quite parallel to its Western counterpart. This paper offers a survey of Chinese researchers in the three lines, mainly including\u0000 those in the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. It briefly presents dissertations, publications and current lines of\u0000 work. As many of the researchers publish in Chinese only, this paper provides a window for looking at the Chinese research scene\u0000 in cognitive translation studies.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"325 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133436913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Iconic culture-specific images influence language non-selective translation activation in bilinguals","authors":"Keerthana Kapiley, R. Mishra","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00010.KAP","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00010.KAP","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Two experiments using the visual-world paradigm examined whether culture-specific images influence the activation of translation\u0000 equivalents during spoken-word recognition in bilinguals. In Experiment 1, the participants performed a visual-world task during\u0000 which they were asked to click on the target after the spoken word (L1 or L2). In Experiment 2, the participants were presented\u0000 with culture-specific images (faces representing L1, L2 and Neutral) during the visual world task. Time-course analysis of\u0000 Experiment 1 revealed that there were a significantly higher number of looks to TE-cohort member compared to distractors only when\u0000 participants heard to L2 words. In Experiment 2, when the cultural-specific images were congruent with the spoken word’s language,\u0000 participants deployed higher number of looks to TE-cohort member compared to distractors. This effect was seen in both the\u0000 language directions but not when the culture-specific images were incongruent with the spoken word. The eyetracking data suggest\u0000 that culture-specific images influence cross-linguistic activation of semantics during bilingual audio-visual language\u0000 processing.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131425069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Processing of grammatical metaphor","authors":"Arndt Heilmann, T. Serbina, Stella Neumann","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00009.HEI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00009.HEI","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates cognitive effort invested in the translation and reading of grammatical metaphor. It is based on the\u0000 results of two experiments conducted using the methods of keylogging and eyetracking. To test differences in processing, we\u0000 devised a number of metaphorical and congruent stimuli integrated into a popular-scientific text. In this paper cognitive effort,\u0000 operationalized through a number of pause and gaze measures, is examined by means of linear-mixed regression modelling. Our\u0000 results show no difference in processing effort between congruent and metaphorical stretches of text.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130940762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gamer emotions in laughter","authors":"Minako O’Hagan, Marian Flanagan","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00013.OHA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00013.OHA","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study is motivated by the assumption that today’s function-oriented game localisation approach has room for improvement by\u0000 incorporating an affect-oriented approach. It draws on the concept of “affective framing” in a game with humour as “emotionally\u0000 competent stimuli”. Laughter as emotion data were collected from German, Japanese and Irish participants playing in their native\u0000 language relevant versions of the US-origin casual game Plants vs. Zombies. This small-scale\u0000 empirical study, combined with gamer interviews and gameplay trajectory, reveal evidence of specific functions of gamer emotions\u0000 across all three groups, most often as a relief during game play, facilitating the gamer’s ability to retain engagement by\u0000 accessing the emotional function of humour. The data suggest that affective framing through humour that is made culturally\u0000 relevant is deemed more important for the German group than the other groups. This group negatively perceived cultural stereotypes\u0000 in the game, whereas the Irish group perceived cultural associations positively. The focus on user emotions brings the neglected\u0000 affective dimension to the fore and towards affect-oriented game localisation as interdisciplinary research.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"68 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125382601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alternations in contact and non-contact varieties","authors":"H. Kruger, G. Sutter","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00011.KRU","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00011.KRU","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Multifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis (MuPDAR) method (Gries & Deshors\u0000 2014) represents an influential methodological advance in studying variation in contexts where linguistic choices in a\u0000 “peripheral” variety (learner language, New Englishes) are studied in relation to the “central” variety. In this article we\u0000 demonstrate how the method may be extended to study how varieties produced in settings of language contact (including translation)\u0000 differ from non-contact varieties, particularly with respect to the degree of lexicogrammatical explicitness. We use the method to\u0000 determine how (dis)similar the factors governing that-omission are in two different types of contact varieties,\u0000 namely South African translated (trans-SAE) and South African non-translated English (SAE), in relation to British (GBE) English.\u0000 The results show that the choices made in the contact varieties can be predicted to a reasonable extent, although South African\u0000 translators and South African non-translators have a higher and lower inclination respectively to use explicit\u0000 that compared to GBE non-translators. Based on the findings, we re-evaluate the explanations proposed for the\u0000 increased explicitness of translated language through the frame of language contact, outlining the advantages of\u0000 multifactorial methods over the frequency-based methods favoured in earlier studies.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128518182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paula Cifuentes-Férez, Purificación Meseguer Cutillas
{"title":"Can self-esteem and creative intelligence foster accuracy and creativity in professional translators?","authors":"Paula Cifuentes-Férez, Purificación Meseguer Cutillas","doi":"10.1075/TCB.00015.CIF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/TCB.00015.CIF","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over this last decade translation process research has provided evidence for the importance of studying translators and\u0000 interpreters’ individual differences so as to gain a better understanding of the cognitive processes involved in translation and\u0000 the potential impact of the translator’s personality and emotions on translation performance. Drawing on previous research on the\u0000 impact of self-esteem and creativity on translation, the present paper describes an experiment to measure the effect of\u0000 self-esteem and creative intelligence on the written translation performance of a sample of 44 Spanish professional translators.\u0000 The results reveal that (a) the more creative translators are, the more creative translations they produce; and (b) the higher\u0000 translators’ self-esteem is, the lower the scores for accuracy.","PeriodicalId":191154,"journal":{"name":"Translation, Cognition & Behavior","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131481785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}