Journal of Veterinary Science最新文献

{"title":"Isolation and characterization of feline endometrial mesenchymal stem cells.","authors":"Mi-Kyung Park, Kun-Ho Song","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recently, there has been a growing interest in stem cells for human medicine. Limited feline endometrial mesenchymal stem cell (fEM-MSC) research in veterinary medicine necessitates reporting for future feline disease research and therapy.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to isolate fEM-MSCs from feline endometrial tissues and evaluate their morphology, proliferative ability, differentiation ability, and immunophenotype.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Feline endometrial tissues were obtained from the ovariohysterectomies of healthy cats and isolated using an enzymatic method. The morphology and proliferative ability of the isolated cells were assessed using a doubling time (DT) assay from passages 3 to 6 (P3 - P6). We measured pluripotency gene expressions of cells in P2 using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To investigate MSC characteristics, a trilineage differentiation assay was conducted in P4, and cells in P4 were immunophenotyped using flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>fEM-MSCs showed a typical spindle-shaped morphology under a microscope, and the DT was maintained from P3 to P6. fEM-MSCs could differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes, and expressed three pluripotency markers (OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG) by qRT-PCR. Immunophenotypic analysis showed that the fEM-MSCs were CD14 ^-, CD34 ^-, CD45 ^-, CD9⁺, and CD44⁺.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, the feline endometrium was a novel source of MSCs, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation method and characteristics of fEM-MSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140870643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peste des petits ruminants virus infection induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis via IRE1-XBP1 and IRE1-JNK signaling pathways.","authors":"Shuyi Yuan, Yanfen Liu, Yun Mu, Yongshen Kuang, Shaohong Chen, Yun-Tao Zhao, You Liu","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious and fatal disease of sheep and goats. PPR virus (PPRV) infection induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR). The activation of UPR signaling pathways and their impact on apoptosis and virus replication remains controversial.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the role of PPRV-induced ER stress and the IRE1-XBP1 and IRE1-JNK pathways and their impact on apoptosis and virus replication.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The cell viability and virus replication were assessed by 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, immunofluorescence assay, and Western blot. The expression of ER stress biomarker GRP78, IRE1, and its downstream molecules, PPRV-N protein, and apoptosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) and STF-083010 were respectively used to inhibit ER stress and IRE1 signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of GRP78, IRE1α, p-IRE1α, XBP1s, JNK, p-JNK, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax and PPRV-N were significantly up-regulated in PPRV-infected cells, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated. Due to 4-PBA treatment, the expression of GRP78, p-IRE1α, XBP1s, p-JNK, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, and PPRV-N were significantly down-regulated, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly up-regulated. Moreover, in PPRV-infected cells, the expression of p-IRE1α, p-JNK, Bax, and PPRV-N was significantly decreased, and the expression of Bcl-2 was increased in the presence of STF-083010.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PPRV infection induces ER stress and IRE1 activation, resulting in apoptosis and enhancement of virus replication through IRE1-XBP1s and IRE1-JNK pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140865613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical evaluation and surgical intervention for diaphragmatic eventration mimicking peritoneopericardial hernia in a cat.","authors":"Min-Jung Ko, Kyoung-Min Song, Hun-Young Yoon","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 2-year-old spayed female British Shorthair cat presented with an increased frequency and duration of cough since infant period. Based on radiographic, ultrasonographic, and computed tomography findings, peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia was considered so that repair surgery was planned. During celiotomy, lax diaphragm was identified instead of defect. Transabdominal diaphragmatic plication was performed to resolve lax diaphragm and to prevent recurrence by overlapping relatively normal part of diaphragm. Diagnosed with diaphragmatic eventration postoperatively, the cat showed improvement in clinical signs and imaging results. Transabdominal diaphragmatic plication is a suitable treatment; the patient maintained normally during a 14-month follow-up period.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140850225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gross, organoleptic and histologic assessment of cadaveric equine heads preserved using chemical methods for veterinary surgical teaching.","authors":"Rodrigo Romero Corrêa, Rubens Peres Mendes, Diego Darley Velasquez Piñeros, Aymara Eduarda De Lima, André Luis do Valle De Zoppa, Luis Cláudio Lopes Correia da Silva, Ricardo de Francisco Strefezzi, Silvio Henrique de Freitas","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Preservation of biological tissues has been used since ancient times. Regardless of the method employed, tissue preservation is thought to be a vital step in veterinary surgery teaching and learning.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study was designed to determine the usability of chemically preserved cadaveric equine heads for surgical teaching in veterinary medicine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six cadaveric equine heads were collected immediately after death or euthanasia and frozen until fixation. Fixation was achieved by using a hypertonic solution consisting of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate, and an alcoholic solution containing ethanol and glycerin. Chemically preserved specimens were stored at low temperatures (2°C to 6°C) in a conventional refrigerator. The specimens were submitted to gross and organoleptic assessment right after fixative solution injection (D0) and within 10, 20, and 30 days of fixation (D10, D20, and D30, respectively). Samples of tissue from skin, tongue, oral vestibule, and masseter muscle were collected for histological evaluation at the same time points.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Physical and organoleptic assessments revealed excellent specimen quality (mean scores higher than 4 on a 5-point scale) in most cases. In some specimens, lower scores (3) were assigned to the range of mouth opening, particularly on D0 and D10. A reduced the range of mouth opening may be a limiting factor in teaching activities involving structures located in the oral cavity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The excellent physical, histologic, and organoleptic characteristics of the specimens in this sample support their usability in teaching within the time frame considered. Appropriate physical and organoleptic characteristics (color, texture, odor, and flexibility) of the specimens in this study support the use of the method described for preparation of reusable anatomical specimens.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140858800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Butyric acid and prospects for creation of new medicines based on its derivatives: a literature review.","authors":"Lyudmila K Gerunova, Taras V Gerunov, Lydia G P'yanova, Alexander V Lavrenov, Anna V Sedanova, Maria S Delyagina, Yuri N Fedorov, Natalia V Kornienko, Yana O Kryuchek, Anna A Tarasenko","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread use of antimicrobials causes antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The use of butyric acid and its derivatives is an alternative tactic. This review summarizes the literature on the role of butyric acid in the body and provides further prospects for the clinical use of its derivatives and delivery methods to the animal body. Thus far, there is evidence confirming the vital role of butyric acid in the body and the effectiveness of its derivatives when used as animal medicines and growth stimulants. Butyric acid salts stimulate immunomodulatory activity by reducing microbial colonization of the intestine and suppressing inflammation. Extraintestinal effects occur against the background of hemoglobinopathy, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and cerebral ischemia. Butyric acid derivatives inhibit histone deacetylase. Aberrant histone deacetylase activity is associated with the development of certain types of cancer in humans. Feed additives containing butyric acid salts or tributyrin are used widely in animal husbandry. They improve the functional status of the intestine and accelerate animal growth and development. On the other hand, high concentrations of butyric acid stimulate the apoptosis of epithelial cells and disrupt the intestinal barrier function. This review highlights the biological activity and the mechanism of action of butyric acid, its salts, and esters, revealing their role in the treatment of various animal and human diseases. This paper also discussed the possibility of using butyric acid and its derivatives as surface modifiers of enterosorbents to obtain new drugs with bifunctional action.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140859199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigation of gap formation resulting from saw blade in single-cut osteotomy.","authors":"Mu-Young Kim, Stanley Eunwoo Kim","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone loss from the kerf of the sawblade may influence the final outcomes when employing three-dimensional-printed surgical guides. However, no studies have systematically addressed saw blade-induced bone loss. This study aims to quantify bone loss and propose a reduction guide to minimize the fracture gap. The postoperative gap tended to decrease as the amount of gap compensation increased. Osteotomy gaps can be attributed to the thickness of the saw blade, and the proposed methodology addresses this surgical error. Surgeons can proactively plan and design reduction guides with applied compensation using the method described in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field and laboratory investigation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 and H5N8 in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam, 2020 to 2021.","authors":"Trong Duc Tran, Suwicha Kasemsuwan, Manakorn Sukmak, Waraphon Phimpraphai, Tippawon Prarakamawongsa, Long Thanh Pham, Tuyet Bach Hoang, Phuong Thi Nguyen, Thang Minh Nguyen, Minh Van Truong, Tuan Pham Dao, Pawin Padungtod","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease that causes illness and death in poultry and humans. High pathogenicity AI (HPAI) H5N6 outbreaks commonly occur in Quang Ninh province bordering China. In June 2021, the first HPAI H5N8 outbreak occurred at a Quang Ninh chicken farm.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study examined the risk factors associated with HPAI H5N6 and H5N8 outbreaks in Quang Ninh.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective case-control study was conducted in Quang Ninh from Nov 2021 to Jan 2022. The cases were households with susceptible poultry with two or more clinical signs and tested positive by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The controls were households in the same village as the cases but did not show clinical symptoms of the disease. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the risk factors associated with HPAI outbreaks at the household level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 38 cases with H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4h viruses (n = 35) and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses (n = 3). Compared to the 112 controls, raising poultry in uncovered or partially covered ponds (odds ratio [OR], 7.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-39.27), poultry traders visiting the farm (OR, 8.66; 95% CI, 2.7-27.69), farms with 50-2,000 birds (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.06-8-51), and farms with ≥ 2,000 birds (OR, 11.35; 95% CI, 3.07-41.94) were significantly associated with HPAI outbreaks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Combining biosecurity measures, such as restricting visitor entry and vaccination in farms with more than 50 birds, can enhance the control and prevention of HPAI in Quang Ninh and its spread across borders.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140867632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of platelet-rich plasma in Achilles tendon allograft in rabbits.","authors":"Seok-Hong Park, Dong-Yub Kim, Won-Jae Lee, Min Jang, Seong Mok Jeong, Sae-Kwang Ku, Young-Sam Kwon, Sungho Yun","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Achilles tendon is composed of dense connective tissue and is one of the largest tendons in the body. In veterinary medicine, acute ruptures are associated with impact injury or sharp trauma. Healing of the ruptured tendon is challenging because of poor blood and nerve supply as well as the residual cell population. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains numerous bioactive agents and growth factors and has been utilized to promote healing in bone, soft tissue, and tendons.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of PRP injected into the surrounding fascia of the Achilles tendon after allograft in rabbits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Donor rabbits (n = 8) were anesthetized and 16 lateral gastrocnemius tendons were fully transected bilaterally. Transected tendons were decellularized and stored at -80°C prior to allograft. The allograft was placed on the partially transected medial gastrocnemius tendon in the left hindlimb of 16 rabbits. The allograft PRP group (n = 8) had 0.3 mL of PRP administered in the tendon and the allograft control group (n = 8) did not receive any treatment. After 8 weeks, rabbits were euthanatized and allograft tendons were transected for macroscopic, biomechanical, and histological assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The allograft PRP group exhibited superior macroscopic assessment scores, greater tensile strength, and a histologically enhanced healing process compared to those in the allograft control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest administration of PRP on an allograft tendon has a positive effect on the healing process in a ruptured Achilles tendon.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of point-of-care platforms for rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2.","authors":"Chiao-Hsu Ke, Mao-Yuan Du, Wang-Ju Hsieh, Chiu-Chiao Lin, James Mingjuh Ting, Ming-Tang Chiou, Chao-Nan Lin","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection is ubiquitous around the world. Diagnosis of the porcine circovirus-associated disease requires clinic-pathological elements together with the quantification of viral loads. Furthermore, given pig farms in regions lacking access to sufficient laboratory equipment, developing diagnostic devices with high accuracy, accessibility, and affordability is a necessity.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to investigate two newly developed diagnostic tools that may satisfy these criteria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected 250 specimens, including 170 PCV2-positive and 80 PCV2-negative samples. The standard diagnosis and cycle threshold (Ct) values were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Then, two point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platforms, convective polymerase chain reaction (cPCR, qualitative assay: positive or negative results are shown) and EZtargex (quantitative assay: Ct values are shown), were examined and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sensitivity and specificity of cPCR were 88.23% and 100%, respectively; the sensitivity and specificity of EZtargex were 87.65% and 100%, respectively. These assays also showed excellent concordance compared with the qPCR assay (κ = 0.828 for cPCR and κ = 0.820 for EZtargex). The statistical analysis showed a great diagnostic power of the EZtargex assay to discriminate between samples with different levels of positivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The two point-of-care diagnostic platforms are accurate, rapid, convenient and require little training for PCV2 diagnosis. These POC platforms can discriminate viral loads to predict the clinical status of the animals. The current study provided evidence that these diagnostics were applicable with high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of PCV2 infection in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140849189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology of the aortic arch branching pattern in raccoon dogs (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>, Gray, 1834).","authors":"Euiyong Lee, Young-Jin Jang, In-Shik Kim, Hyun-Jin Tae, Jeoungha Sim, Dongchoon Ahn","doi":"10.4142/jvs.23305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aortic arch (AA) branching patterns vary among different mammalian species. Most previous studies have focused on dogs, whereas those on raccoon dogs remain unexplored.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of this study was to describe the AA branching pattern in raccoon dogs and compare their morphological features with those of other carnivores.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We prepared silicone cast specimens from a total of 36 raccoon dog carcasses via retrograde injection through the abdominal aorta. The brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) branching patterns were classified based on the relationship between the left and right common carotid arteries. The subclavian artery (SB) branching pattern was examined based on the order of the four major branches: the vertebral artery (VT), costocervical trunk (CCT), superficial cervical artery (SC), and internal thoracic artery (IT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In most cases (88.6%), the BCT branched off from the left common carotid artery and terminated in the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. In the remaining cases (11.4%), the BCT formed a bicarotid trunk. The SB exhibited various branching patterns, with 26 observed types. Based on the branching order of the four major branches, we identified the main branching pattern, in which the VT branched first (98.6%), the CCT branched second (81.9%), the SC branched third (62.5%), and the IT branched fourth (52.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The AA branching pattern in raccoon dogs exhibited various branching patterns with both similarities and differences compared to other carnivores.</p>","PeriodicalId":17557,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140862730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}