Journal of Ginseng Research最新文献

{"title":"Integration of virtual screening and proteomics reveals potential targets and pathways for ginsenoside Rg1 against myocardial ischemia","authors":"Rongfang Xie ,&nbsp;Chenlu Li ,&nbsp;Chenhui Zhong ,&nbsp;Zuan Lin ,&nbsp;Shaoguang Li ,&nbsp;Bing Chen ,&nbsp;Youjia Wu ,&nbsp;Fen Hu ,&nbsp;Peiying Shi ,&nbsp;Hong Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ginsenoside Rg₁ (Rg₁) is one of the main active components in Chinese medicines, <em>Panax ginseng</em> and <em>Panax notoginseng</em>. Research has shown that Rg₁ has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system, including anti-myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-apoptosis, and promotion of myocardial angiogenesis, suggesting it a potential cardiovascular agent. However, the protective mechanism involved is still not fully understood.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Based on network pharmacology, ligand-based protein docking, proteomics, Western blot, protein recombination and spectroscopic analysis (UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra) techniques, potential targets and pathways for Rg₁ against myocardial ischemia (MI) were screened and explored.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>An important target set containing 19 proteins was constructed. Two target proteins with more favorable binding activity for Rg₁ against MI were further identified by molecular docking, including mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and adenosine kinase (ADK). Meanwhile, Rg₁ intervention on H9c2 cells injured by H₂O₂ showed an inhibitory oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. The inhibition of Rg₁ on MAPK1 and OXPHOS pathway was confirmed by Western blot assay. By protein recombination and spectroscopic analysis, the binding reaction between ADK and Rg₁ was also evaluated.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Rg₁ can effectively alleviate cardiomyocytes oxidative stress injury via targeting MAPK1 and ADK, and inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. The present study provides scientific basis for the clinical application of the natural active ingredient, Rg₁, and also gives rise to a methodological reference to the searching of action targets and pathways of other natural active ingredients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 4","pages":"Pages 395-404"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000332/pdfft?md5=90e961845ce143bd4f1aa7ab841f3369&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000332-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139955963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging evidence that ginseng components improve cognition in subjective memory impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and early Alzheimer's disease dementia","authors":"Rami Lee ,&nbsp;Ji-Hun Kim ,&nbsp;Won-Woo Kim ,&nbsp;Sung-Hee Hwang ,&nbsp;Sun-Hye Choi ,&nbsp;Jong-Hoon Kim ,&nbsp;Ik-Hyun Cho ,&nbsp;Manho Kim ,&nbsp;Seung-Yeol Nah","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine used for prevention and treatment of various diseases as a tonic. Recent scientific cohort studies on life prolongation with ginseng consumption support this record, as those who consumed ginseng for more than 5 years had reduced mortality and cognitive decline compared to those who did not. Clinical studies have also shown that acute or long-term intake of ginseng total extract improves acute working memory performance or cognitive function in healthy individuals and those with subjective memory impairment (SMI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or early Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia who are taking AD medication(s). Ginseng contains various components ranging from classical ginsenosides and polysaccharides to more recently described gintonin. However, it is unclear which ginseng component(s) might be the main candidate that contribute to memory or cognitive improvements or prevent cognitive decline in older individuals. This review describes recent clinical contributors to ginseng components in clinical tests and introduces emerging evidence that ginseng components could be novel candidates for cognitive improvement in older individuals, as ginseng components improve SMI cognition and exhibits add-on effects when co-administered with early AD dementia drugs. The mechanism behind the beneficial effects of ginseng components and how it improves cognition are presented. Additionally, this review shows how ginseng components can contribute to SMI, MCI, or early AD dementia when used as a supplementary food and/or medicine, and proposes a novel combination therapy of current AD medicines with ginseng component(s).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 3","pages":"Pages 245-252"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000344/pdfft?md5=d967153b82184a433414e519ae61d48d&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000344-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140076210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methanol-involved heterogeneous transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to rare ginsenosides using heteropolyacids embedded in mesoporous silica with HPLC-MS investigation","authors":"Mengya Zhao,&nbsp;Yusheng Xiao,&nbsp;Yanyan Chang,&nbsp;Lu Tian,&nbsp;Yujiang Zhou,&nbsp;Shuying Liu,&nbsp;Huanxi Zhao,&nbsp;Yang Xiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The biological activity and pharmacological effects of rare ginsenosides have been proven to be superior to those of the major ginsenosides, but they are rarely found in ginseng.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Ginsenoside Rb1 was chemically transformed with the involvement of methanol molecules by a synthesized heterogeneous catalyst 12-HPW@MeSi, which was obtained by the immobilization of 12-phosphotungstic acid on a mesoporous silica framework. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify the transformation products.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 18 transformation products were obtained and identified. Methanol was found to be involved in the formation of 8 products formed by the addition of methanol molecules to the C-24 (25), C-20 (21) or C-20 (22) double bonds of the aglycone. The transformation pathways of ginsenoside Rb1 involved deglycosylation, addition, elimination, cycloaddition, and epimerization reactions. These pathways could be elucidated in terms of the stability of the generated carbenium ion. In addition, 12-HPW@MeSi was able to maintain a 60.5% conversion rate of Rb1 after 5 cycles.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Tandem and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis allowed rapid and accurate identification of the transformation products through the characteristic fragment ions and neutral loss. Rare ginsenosides with methoxyl groups grafted at the C-25 and C-20 positions were obtained for the first time by chemical transformation using the composite catalyst 12-HPW@MeSi, which also enabled cyclic heterogeneous transformation and facile centrifugal separation of ginsenosides. This work provides an efficient and recyclable strategy for the preparation of rare ginsenosides with the involvement of organic molecules.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 4","pages":"Pages 366-372"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000083/pdfft?md5=42726f910d0e23e11e917eb00586143b&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000083-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139879676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginsenoside Rg5, a potent agonist of Nrf2, inhibits HSV-1 infection-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting oxidative stress and NF-κB activation","authors":"Buyun Kim,&nbsp;Young Soo Kim,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Eun-Bin Kwon,&nbsp;Hwan-Suck Chung,&nbsp;Younghoon Go,&nbsp;Jang-Gi Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), known to latently infect the host’s trigeminal ganglion, can lead to severe herpes encephalitis or asymptomatic infection, potentially contributing to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. The virus generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that significantly impact viral replication and induce chronic inflammation through NF-κB activation. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an oxidative stress regulator, can prevent and treat HSV-1 infection by activating the passive defense response in the early stages of infection.</p></div><div><h3>Methods and results</h3><p>Our study investigated the antiviral effects of ginsenoside Rg5, an Nrf2 activator, on HSV-1 replication and several host cell signaling pathways. We found that HSV-1 infection inhibited Nrf2 activity in host cells, induced ROS/NF-κB signaling, and triggered inflammatory cytokines. However, treatment with ginsenoside Rg5 inhibited ROS/NF-κB signaling and reduced inflammatory cytokines through NRF2 induction. Interestingly, the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 suppressed the expression of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) and enhanced the expression of KEAP1 in HSV-1 infected cells. This led to the reversal of VP16 expression inhibition, a protein factor associated with HSV-1 infection, thereby promoting HSV-1 replication.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings suggest for the first time that ginsenoside Rg5 may serve as an antiviral against HSV-1 infection and could be a novel therapeutic agent for HSV-1-induced neuroinflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 4","pages":"Pages 384-394"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000071/pdfft?md5=6903c7dbf127fb7c38d96bdf21401401&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000071-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139689858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic exploration of therapeutic effects and key mechanisms of Panax ginseng using network-based approaches","authors":"Young Woo Kim ,&nbsp;Seon Been Bak ,&nbsp;Yu Rim Song ,&nbsp;Chang-Eop Kim ,&nbsp;Won-Yung Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Network pharmacology has emerged as a powerful tool to understand the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of natural products. However, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluations of network-based approaches for natural products on identifying therapeutic effects and key mechanisms.</p></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>We systematically explore the capabilities of network-based approaches on natural products, using <em>Panax ginseng</em> as a case study. <em>P. ginseng</em> is a widely used herb with a variety of therapeutic benefits, but its active ingredients and mechanisms of action on chronic diseases are not yet fully understood.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Our study compiled and constructed a network focusing on <em>P. ginseng</em> by collecting and integrating data on ingredients, protein targets, and known indications. We then evaluated the performance of different network-based methods for summarizing known and unknown disease associations. The predicted results were validated in the hepatic stellate cell model.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We find that our multiscale interaction-based approach achieved an AUROC of 0.697 and an AUPR of 0.026, which outperforms other network-based approaches. As a case study, we further tested the ability of multiscale interactome-based approaches to identify active ingredients and their plausible mechanisms for breast cancer and liver cirrhosis. We also validated the beneficial effects of unreported and top-predicted ingredients, in cases of liver cirrhosis and gastrointestinal neoplasms.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>our study provides a promising framework to systematically explore the therapeutic effects and key mechanisms of natural products, and highlights the potential of network-based approaches in natural product research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 4","pages":"Pages 373-383"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S122684532400006X/pdfft?md5=cb4fc9119cb97f49b44f07f954e87630&pid=1-s2.0-S122684532400006X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139560230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing systemic, developmental, and reproductive toxicity and estrogenicity of Korean red ginseng extract G1899 in juvenile Sprague-Dawley Rats","authors":"Sangyun Kim ,&nbsp;Ji-Seong Jeong ,&nbsp;Woojin Kim ,&nbsp;Onju Ham ,&nbsp;Yixian Quah ,&nbsp;Soontag Jung ,&nbsp;Dong-Ju Park ,&nbsp;Min Jae Kim ,&nbsp;Byung-Cheol Han ,&nbsp;Eunji Kim ,&nbsp;Seung-Jin Lee ,&nbsp;Wook-Joon Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Korean red ginseng (KRG) is a product from ginseng roots, which is enriched with ginsenosides and has been utilized for a long time as an adaptogen to alleviate various physiological or disease conditions. While KRG is generally considered safe, conducting a thorough toxicological assessment of the spray-dried powder G1899 during the juvenile period is essential to establish its safety profile. This study aimed to assess the safety of G1899 during the juvenile period using Sprague-Dawley rats.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Two studies were conducted separately: a juvenile toxicity study and a uterotrophic bioassay. To assess the potential toxicity at systemic, postnatal developmental, and reproductive levels, G1899 was orally gavaged once a day in post-weaning juvenile Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 0, 1250, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg/day. Estrogenicity was assessed by orally gavaging G1899 in immature female SD rats at 0, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg/day on postnatal days (PND) 19–21, followed by a uterotrophic bioassay. These studies were conducted in accordance with the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations and regulatory test guidelines.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Regarding juvenile toxicity, no abnormalities related to the G1899 treatment were observed in any group during the experiment. Moreover, no uterotrophic responses were observed in the dosed female group. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of G1899 was determined to be at least 5000 mg/kg/day for general systemic function, developmental/reproductive function, and estrogenic activity.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results suggest that G1899 is not toxic to juveniles at doses of up to 5000 mg/kg/day.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 3","pages":"Pages 333-340"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000022/pdfft?md5=176d07462c5811d307ddfb392438d89b&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000022-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139560394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass spectrometry-based ginsenoside profiling: Recent applications, limitations, and perspectives","authors":"Hyun Woo Kim ,&nbsp;Dae Hyun Kim ,&nbsp;Byeol Ryu ,&nbsp;You Jin Chung ,&nbsp;Kyungha Lee ,&nbsp;Young Chang Kim ,&nbsp;Jung Woo Lee ,&nbsp;Dong Hwi Kim ,&nbsp;Woojong Jang ,&nbsp;Woohyeon Cho ,&nbsp;Hyeonah Shim ,&nbsp;Sang Hyun Sung ,&nbsp;Tae-Jin Yang ,&nbsp;Kyo Bin Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ginseng, the roots of <em>Panax</em> species, is an important medicinal herb used as a tonic. As ginsenosides are key bioactive components of ginseng, holistic chemical profiling of them has provided many insights into understanding ginseng. Mass spectrometry has been a major methodology for profiling, which has been applied to realize numerous goals in ginseng research, such as the discrimination of different species, geographical origins, and ages, and the monitoring of processing and biotransformation. This review summarizes the various applications of ginsenoside profiling in ginseng research over the last three decades that have contributed to expanding our understanding of ginseng. However, we also note that most of the studies overlooked a crucial factor that influences the levels of ginsenosides: genetic variation. To highlight the effects of genetic variation on the chemical contents, we present our results of untargeted and targeted ginsenoside profiling of different genotypes cultivated under identical conditions, in addition to data regarding genome-level genetic diversity. Additionally, we analyze the other limitations of previous studies, such as imperfect variable control, deficient metadata, and lack of additional effort to validate causation. We conclude that the values of ginsenoside profiling studies can be enhanced by overcoming such limitations, as well as by integrating with other -omics techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 2","pages":"Pages 149-162"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000058/pdfft?md5=af74f2592f01af337709532164afec95&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000058-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139506423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination of red ginseng and velvet antler extracts prevents skin damage by enhancing the antioxidant defense system and inhibiting MAPK/AP-1/NF-κB and caspase signaling pathways in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes and SKH-1 hairless mice","authors":"Van-Long Truong ,&nbsp;Yeon-Ji Bae ,&nbsp;Ji-Hong Bang ,&nbsp;Woo-Sik Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Studies have reported that the combination of two or more therapeutic compounds at certain ratios has more noticeable pharmaceutical properties than single compounds and requires reduced dosage of each agent. Red ginseng and velvet antler have been extensively used in boosting immunity and physical strength and preventing diseases. Thus, this study was conducted to elucidate the skin-protective potentials of red ginseng extract (RGE) and velvet antler extract (VAE) alone or in combination on ultraviolet (UVB)-irradiated human keratinocytes and SKH-1 hairless mice.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>HaCaT cells were preincubated with RGE/VAE alone or in combination for 2 h before UVB (30 mJ/cm²) irradiation. SKH-1 mice were orally given RGE/VAE alone or in combination for 15 days before exposure to single dose of UVB (600 mJ/cm²). Treated cells and treated skin tissues were collected and subjected to subsequent experiments.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>RGE/VAE pretreatment alone or in combination significantly prevented UVB-induced cell death, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production, and DNA damage in keratinocytes and SKH-1 mouse skins by downregulating mitogen-activated protein kinases/activator protein 1/nuclear factor kappa B and caspase signaling pathways. These extracts also strengthened the antioxidant defense systems and skin barriers in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells and SKH-1 mouse skins. Furthermore, RGE/VAE co-administration appeared to be more effective in preventing UVB-caused skin injury than these extracts used alone.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Overall, these findings suggest that the consumption of RGE/VAE, especially in combination, offers a protective ability against UVB-caused skin injury by preventing inflammation and apoptosis and enhancing antioxidant capacity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 3","pages":"Pages 323-332"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000046/pdfft?md5=a1246ed4cbe245b765980ba5158e4f5b&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000046-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139498742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles protect skin from UV irradiation and oxidative stress by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling and limiting the generation of reactive oxygen species","authors":"Wooram Choi ,&nbsp;Jeong Hun Cho ,&nbsp;Sang Hee Park ,&nbsp;Dong Seon Kim ,&nbsp;Hwa Pyoung Lee ,&nbsp;Donghyun Kim ,&nbsp;Hyun Soo Kim ,&nbsp;Ji Hye Kim ,&nbsp;Jae Youl Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Recently, plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) have been isolated, and active research was focusing on understanding their properties and functions. In this study, the characteristics and molecular properties of ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GrDENs) were examined in terms of skin protection.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>HPLC-MS protocols were used to analyze the ginsenoside contents in GrDENs. To investigate the beneficial effect of GrDENs on skin, HaCaT cells were pre-treated with GrDENs (0–2 × 10⁹ particles/mL), and followed by UVB irradiation or H₂O₂ exposure. In addition, the antioxidant activity of GrDENs was measured using a fluorescence microscope or flow cytometry. Finally, molecular mechanisms were examined with immunoblotting analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>GrDENs contained detectable levels of ginsenosides (Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rf, Rg2 (<em>S</em>), Gyp17, Rd, C-Mc1, C–O, and F2). In UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, GrDENs protected cells from death and reduced ROS production. GrDENs downregulated the mRNA expression of proapoptotic genes, including BAX, caspase-1, -3, -6, -7, and -8 and the ratio of cleaved caspase-8, -9, and -3 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GrDENs reduced the mRNA levels of aging-related genes (MMP2 and 3), proinflammatory genes (COX-2 and IL-6), and cellular senescence biomarker p21, possibly by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study demonstrates the protective effects of GrDENs against skin damage caused by UV and oxidative stress, providing new insights into beneficial uses of ginseng<strong>.</strong> In particular, our results suggest GrDENs as a potential active ingredient in cosmeceuticals to promote skin health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 2","pages":"Pages 211-219"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000034/pdfft?md5=73a464ea9438b1d720e1d3638130013d&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000034-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139475552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable production of natural products using synthetic biology: Ginsenosides","authors":"So-Hee Son ,&nbsp;Jin Kang ,&nbsp;YuJin Shin ,&nbsp;ChaeYoung Lee ,&nbsp;Bong Hyun Sung ,&nbsp;Ju Young Lee ,&nbsp;Wonsik Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Synthetic biology approaches offer potential for large-scale and sustainable production of natural products with bioactive potency, including ginsenosides, providing a means to produce novel compounds with enhanced therapeutic properties. Ginseng, known for its non-toxic and potent qualities in traditional medicine, has been used for various medical needs. Ginseng has shown promise for its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, and it has been used as a potential agent to boost immunity against various infections when used together with other drugs and vaccines. Given the increasing demand for ginsenosides and the challenges associated with traditional extraction methods, synthetic biology holds promise in the development of therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent developments in microorganism producer engineering and ginsenoside production in microorganisms using synthetic biology approaches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 2","pages":"Pages 140-148"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000010/pdfft?md5=38418636904c0b12a4b1d5de6e1f1e8d&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000010-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139104933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}