Journal of Ginseng Research最新文献

{"title":"Atypical formations of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids as new materials and their beneficial effects on degenerative diseases","authors":"Ji-Hun Kim ,&nbsp;Ra Mi Lee ,&nbsp;Hyo-Bin Oh ,&nbsp;Tae-Young Kim ,&nbsp;Hyewhon Rhim ,&nbsp;Yoon Kyung Choi ,&nbsp;Jong-Hoon Kim ,&nbsp;Seikwan Oh ,&nbsp;Do-Geun Kim ,&nbsp;Ik-Hyun Cho ,&nbsp;Seung-Yeol Nah","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fresh ginseng is prone to spoilage due to its high moisture content. For long-term storage, most fresh ginsengs are dried to white ginseng (WG) or steamed for hours at high temperature/pressure and dried to form Korean Red ginseng (KRG). They are further processed for ginseng products when subjected to hot water extraction/concentration under pressure. These WG or KRG preparation processes affect ginsenoside compositions and also other ginseng components, probably during treatments like steaming and drying, to form diverse bioactive phospholipids. It is known that ginseng contains high amounts of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs). LPAs are simple lipid-derived growth factors in animals and humans and act as exogenous ligands of six GTP-binding-protein coupled LPA receptor subtypes. LPAs play diverse roles ranging from brain development to hair growth in animals and humans. LPA-mediated signaling pathways involve various GTP-binding proteins to regulate downstream pathways like [Ca²⁺]_i transient induction. Recent studies have shown that gintonin exhibits anti-Alzheimer's disease and anti-arthritis effects <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> mediated by gintonin LPAs, the active ingredients of gintonin, a ginseng-derived neurotrophin. However, little is known about how gintonin LPAs are formed in high amounts in ginseng compared to other herbs. This review introduces atypical or non-enzymatic pathways under the conversion of ginseng phospholipids into gintonin LPAs during steaming and extraction/concentration processes, which exert beneficial effects against degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and arthritis in animals and humans via LPA receptors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323000246/pdfft?md5=88be53d29c120d459ef6e62bb2e919a8&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323000246-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45754330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rg3-enriched red ginseng extracts enhance apoptosis in CoCl2-stimulated breast cancer cells by suppressing autophagy","authors":"Yun-Jeong Jeong ,&nbsp;Mi-Hee Yu ,&nbsp;Yuna Cho ,&nbsp;Min-Young Jo ,&nbsp;Kwon-Ho Song ,&nbsp;Yung Hyun Choi ,&nbsp;Taeg Kyu Kwon ,&nbsp;Jong-Young Kwak ,&nbsp;Young-Chae Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ginsenoside Rg3, a primary bioactive component of red ginseng, has anti-cancer effects. However, the effects of Rg3-enriched ginseng extract (Rg3RGE) on apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer have not yet been investigated. In the present study, we explored the anti-tumor effects of Rg3RGE on breast cancer cells stimulated CoCl₂, a mimetic of the chronic hypoxic response, and determined the operative mechanisms of action.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The inhibitory mechanisms of Rg3RGE on breast cancer cells, such as apoptosis, autophagy and ROS levels, were detected both <em>in vitro</em>. To determine the anti-cancer effects of Rg3RGE <em>in vivo</em>, the cancer xenograft model was used.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Rg3RGE suppressed CoCl₂-induced spheroid formation and cell viability in 3D culture of breast cancer cells. Rg3RGE promoted apoptosis by increasing cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP and decreasing Bcl2 under the hypoxia mimetic conditions. Further, we identified that Rg3RGE promoted apoptosis by inhibiting lysosomal degradation of autophagosome contents in CoCl₂-induced autophagy. We further identified that Rg3RGE-induced apoptotic cell death and autophagy inhibition was mediated by increased intracellular ROS levels. Similarly, in the <em>in vivo</em> xenograft model, Rg3RGE induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation and autophagy.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Rg3RGE-stimulated ROS production promotes apoptosis and inhibits protective autophagy under hypoxic conditions. Autophagosome accumulation is critical to the apoptotic effects of Rg3RGE. The <em>in vivo</em> findings also demonstrate that Rg3RGE inhibits breast cancer cell growth, suggesting that Rg3RGE has potential as potential as a putative breast cancer therapeutic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 31-39"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323000672/pdfft?md5=3d8442ac459e86a933f1089a47b6ddd2&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323000672-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43175044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Korean red ginseng on T-cell repopulation after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in childhood cancer patients","authors":"Kyung Taek Hong ,&nbsp;Yeon Jun Kang ,&nbsp;Jung Yoon Choi ,&nbsp;Young Ju Yun ,&nbsp;Il-Moo Chang ,&nbsp;Hee Young Shin ,&nbsp;Hyoung Jin Kang ,&nbsp;Won-Woo Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Although the survival outcomes of childhood cancer patients have improved, childhood cancer survivors suffer from various degrees of immune dysfunction or delayed immune reconstitution. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on T cell recovery in childhood cancer patients who underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) from the perspective of inflammatory and senescent phenotypes.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This was a single-arm exploratory trial. The KRG group (n = 15) received KRG powder from month 1 to month 12 post-ASCT. We compared the results of the KRG group with those of the control group (n = 23). The proportions of T cell populations, senescent phenotypes, and cytokine production profiles were analyzed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-ASCT using peripheral blood samples.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>All patients in the KRG group completed the treatment without any safety issues and showed a comparable T cell repopulation pattern to that in the control group. In particular, KRG administration influenced the repopulation of CD4⁺ T cells via T cell expansion and differentiation into effector memory cell re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA) cells. Although the KRG group showed an increase in the number of CD4⁺ EMRA cells, the expression of senescent and exhausted markers in these cells decreased, and the capacity for senescence-related cytokine production in the senescent CD28^- subset was ameliorated.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings suggest that KRG promotes the repopulation of CD4⁺ EMRA T cells and regulates phenotypical and functional senescent changes after ASCT in pediatric patients with cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 68-76"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001124/pdfft?md5=28181541eff699fc9d0ea3ba238f4afa&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001124-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135249294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-induced Changes in Ginsenoside Accumulation and Primary Metabolic Characteristics of Panax Ginseng in Transplantation Mode","authors":"Wei Yuan ,&nbsp;Qing-feng Wang ,&nbsp;Wen-han Pei ,&nbsp;Si-yu Li ,&nbsp;Tian-min Wang ,&nbsp;Hui-peng Song ,&nbsp;Dan Teng ,&nbsp;Ting-guo Kang ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ginseng (<em>Panax ginseng</em> Mayer) is an important natural medicine. However, a long culture period and challenging quality control requirements limit its further use. Although artificial cultivation can yield a sustainable medicinal supply, research on the association between the transplantation and chaining of metabolic networks, especially the regulation of ginsenoside biosynthetic pathways, is limited.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Herein, we performed Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based metabolomic measurements to evaluate ginsenoside accumulation and categorise differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs). Transcriptome measurements using an Illumina Platform were then conducted to probe the landscape of genetic alterations in ginseng at various ages in transplantation mode. Using pathway data and crosstalk DAMs obtained by MapMan, we constructed a metabolic profile of transplantation Ginseng.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Accumulation of active ingredients was not obvious during the first 4 years (in the field), but following transplantation, the ginsenoside content increased significantly from 6−8 years (in the wild). Glycerolipid metabolism and Glycerophospholipid metabolism were the most significant metabolic pathways, as Lipids and lipid-like molecule affected the yield of ginsenosides. Starch and sucrose were the most active metabolic pathways during transplantation Ginseng growth.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study expands our understanding of metabolic network features and the accumulation of specific compounds during different growth stages of this perennial herbaceous plant when growing in transplantation mode. The findings provide a basis for selecting the optimal transplanting time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001148/pdfft?md5=ef574585a025119aba20c5392b8e3186&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001148-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135407913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginsenoside F2 Restrains Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation by Altering the Binding Affinity of Liver X Receptor Coregulators","authors":"Kyurae Kim ,&nbsp;Myung-Ho Kim ,&nbsp;Ji In Kang ,&nbsp;Jong-In Baek ,&nbsp;Byeong-Min Jeon ,&nbsp;Ho Min Kim ,&nbsp;Sun-Chang Kim ,&nbsp;Won-Il Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ginsenoside F2 (GF2), the protopanaxadiol-type constituent in <em>Panax ginseng</em>, has been reported to attenuate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, the mechanism of action is not fully understood. Here, this study investigates the molecular mechanism by which GF2 regulates MASLD progression through liver X receptor (LXR).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>To demonstrate the effect of GF2 on LXR activity, computational modeling of protein-ligand binding, Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay for LXR cofactor recruitment, and luciferase reporter assay were performed. LXR agonist T0901317 was used for LXR activation in hepatocytes and macrophages. MASLD was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding with or without GF2 administration in WT and LXRα^−/− mice.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Computational modeling showed that GF2 had a high affinity with LXRα. LXRE-luciferase reporter assay with amino acid substitution at the predicted ligand binding site revealed that the S264 residue of LXRα was the crucial interaction site of GF2. TR-FRET assay demonstrated that GF2 suppressed LXRα activity by favoring the binding of corepressors to LXRα while inhibiting the accessibility of coactivators. <em>In vitro</em>, GF2 treatments reduced T0901317-induced fat accumulation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in hepatocytes and macrophages, respectively. Consistently, GF2 administration ameliorated hepatic steatohepatitis and improved glucose or insulin tolerance in WT but not in LXRα^−/− mice.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>GF2 alters the binding affinities of LXRα coregulators, thereby interrupting hepatic steatosis and inflammation in macrophages. Therefore, we propose that GF2 might be a potential therapeutic agent for the intervention in patients with MASLD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 89-97"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S122684532300146X/pdfft?md5=ff5cd1fa17a0da7a9f3a6c928f72fe3e&pid=1-s2.0-S122684532300146X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136093913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 reduces KIF20A expression and promotes CDC25A proteasomal degradation in epithelial ovarian cancer","authors":"Rong Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Huihui Li ,&nbsp;Hansong Bai ,&nbsp;Yuping Suo ,&nbsp;Ju Cui ,&nbsp;Yingmei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 shows promising tumor-suppressive effects in ovarian cancer via inhibiting NF-κB signaling. This study aimed to explore the downstream tumor suppressive mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg3 via this signaling pathway.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>A systematical screening was applied to examine the expression profile of 41 kinesin family member genes in ovarian cancer. The regulatory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on <em>KIF20A</em> expression was studied. In addition, we explored interacting proteins of KIF20A and their molecular regulations in ovarian cancer. RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used for bioinformatic analysis. Epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and A2780 were used as <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> cell models. Commercial human ovarian cancer tissue arrays were used for immunohistochemistry staining.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><em>KIF20A</em> is a biomarker of poor prognosis among the kinesin genes. It promotes ovarian cancer cell growth <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. Ginsenoside Rg3 can suppress the transcription of <em>KIF20A</em>. GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation (IP) assays confirmed that KIF20A physically interacts with BTRC (β-TrCP1), a substrate recognition subunit for SCF^β−TrCP E3 ubiquitin ligase. <em>In vitro</em> ubiquitination and cycloheximide (CHX) chase assays showed that via interacting with BTRC, KIF20A reduces BTRC-mediated CDC25A poly-ubiquitination and enhances its stability. Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment partly abrogates <em>KIF20A</em> overexpression-induced CDC25A upregulation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study revealed a novel anti-tumor mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3. It can inhibit <em>KIF20A</em> transcription and promote CDC25A proteasomal degradation in epithelial ovarian cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 40-51"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S122684532300074X/pdfft?md5=478900eca8b18ed3488ba507aaee1168&pid=1-s2.0-S122684532300074X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41870107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic applications of ginseng for skeletal muscle-related disorder management","authors":"Syed Sayeed Ahmad ,&nbsp;Hee Jin Chun ,&nbsp;Khurshid Ahmad ,&nbsp;Inho Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest organ of the body and is largely responsible for the metabolism required to maintain body functions. Furthermore, the maintenance of SM is dependent on the activation of muscle satellite (stem) cells (MSCs) and the subsequent proliferation and fusion of differentiating myoblasts into mature myofibers (myogenesis). Natural compounds are being used as therapeutic options to promote SM regeneration during aging, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, or obesity. In particular, ginseng-derived compounds have been utilized in these contexts, though ginsenoside Rg1 is mostly used for SM mass management. These compounds primarily function by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, upregulating myogenin and MyoD to induce muscle hypertrophy, downregulating atrophic factors (atrogin1, muscle ring-finger protein-1, myostatin, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production), and suppressing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cachexia. Ginsenoside compounds are also used for obesity management, and their anti-obesity effects are attributed to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) inhibition, AMPK activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and increased phosphorylations of insulin resistance (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of ginseng-related compounds for the management of SM-related disorders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323000696/pdfft?md5=570de4f195aa56277df7ee57278a536f&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323000696-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48823559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Red ginseng on neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"Min Yeong Lee ,&nbsp;Mikyung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Red ginseng (RG) is widely used as a herbal medicine. As the human lifespan has increased, numerous diseases have developed, and RG has also been used to treat various diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are major problems that modern people face through their lives. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are featured by progressive nerve system damage. Recently, neuroinflammation has emerged as a degenerative factor and is an immune response in which cytokines with nerve cells that constitute the nervous system. RG, a natural herbal medicine with fewer side effects than chemically synthesized drugs, is currently in the spotlight. Therefore, we reviewed studies reporting the roles of RG in treating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases and found that RG might help alleviate neurodegenerative diseases by regulating neuroinflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 20-30"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001094/pdfft?md5=7e43f133c3d56719d709a472b48ddbab&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001094-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47838020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Cultivation of six-year-old Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng) in pot: From Non-Agrochemical Management to Increased Ginsenoside","authors":"Kyung Ho Hwang ,&nbsp;Hyun Gi Kim ,&nbsp;Kiyoung Jang ,&nbsp;Yong Ju Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ginseng (<em>Panax ginseng</em> Meyer) is a perennial plant belonging to the Araliaceae family that is known to have various beneficial effects including improving memory loss and spatial cognitive ability, and anti-cancer and anti-diabetes activity. Its functional benefits also include improving liver function, regulating blood pressure, stress, and providing antioxidant activity. Usually, various agrochemicals are used in cultivating ginseng preventing from many diseases.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>FCGP (field cultivated ginseng in pot) was implemented by imitating MCWG (mountain cultivated wild ginseng). Pesticide analysis of pot cultivation was carried out and the contents of bioactive components such as ginsenoside were also analyzed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>FCGP ginsenoside content was higher than that of FCG (field cultivated ginseng) and MCWG. FCGP has been shown to have a relatively high antioxidant effect compared with cultivated ginseng.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>It was confirmed that ginseng can be grown for 6 years without resorting to use of pesticides. In addition, it was confirmed that effective accumulation of physiologically active ingredients such as ginsenoside is possible. Our result represents FCGP is a novel method of pesticide-free ginseng cultivation</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 98-102"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47139238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Korean red ginseng suppresses mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy","authors":"Ji-Soo Jeong,&nbsp;Jeong-Won Kim,&nbsp;Jin-Hwa Kim,&nbsp;Chang-Yeop Kim,&nbsp;Je-Won Ko,&nbsp;Tae-Won Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Skeletal muscle denervation leads to motor neuron degeneration, which in turn reduces muscle fiber volumes. Recent studies have revealed that apoptosis plays a role in regulating denervation-associated pathologic muscle wasting. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has various biological activities and is currently widely consumed as a medicinal product worldwide. Among them, ginseng has protective effects against muscle atrophy in <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>. However, the effects of KRG on denervation-induced muscle damage have not been fully elucidated.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice by dissecting the sciatic nerves, administered KRG, and then analyzed the muscles. KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 3 weeks at 100 and 400 mg/kg/day doses after operation.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>KRG treatment significantly increased skeletal muscle weight and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle fiber volume in injured areas and reduced histological alterations in TA muscle. In addition, KRG treatment reduced denervation-induced apoptotic changes in TA muscle. KRG attenuated p53/Bax/cytochrome c/Caspase 3 signaling induced by nerve injury in a dose-dependent manner. Also, KRG decreases protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, reducing restorative myogenesis.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Thus, KRG has potential protective role against denervation-induced muscle atrophy. The effect of KRG treatment was accompanied by reduced levels of mitochondria-associated apoptosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"Pages 52-58"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323000763/pdfft?md5=bd6f73d14fb086d622fbfdd595220e31&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323000763-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43267213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}