Journal of Ginseng Research最新文献

{"title":"Mechanistic elucidation of Panax ginseng in improving atherosclerosis via multidimensional artificial intelligence computing coupled with experimental validation","authors":"Lei Gu,&nbsp;Heng Li,&nbsp;Yi Hu,&nbsp;Junde Fan,&nbsp;Lei Yan,&nbsp;Qingping Xiong,&nbsp;Liwei Li,&nbsp;Yifei Li,&nbsp;Lin Bo,&nbsp;Xuemei Sui","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Atherosclerosis (AS) is the core pathological foundation of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and its efficient prevention is pivotal to lowering related mortality and disability. <em>Panax ginseng</em> confers remarkable cardiovascular protection, whereas its anti-atherosclerotic efficacy and intrinsic mechanisms remain poorly elucidated, restricting its clinical translation. This study sought to decipher the mechanism underlying <em>Panax ginseng</em> mediated AS improvement via multidimensional artificial intelligence (AI) computation integrated with experimental validation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was employed to characterize <em>Panax ginseng</em> chemical constituents. Multidimensional AI computation strategies, including differential expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, machine learning, coupled with transcriptome and database mining were utilized to screen core anti-AS targets. Meanwhile, the molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, cellular thermal shift assay and <em>in vivo</em> experiments combined with multivariate statistical analysis were performed for target verification.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>55 compounds from <em>Panax ginseng</em> and 117 anti-AS potential targets were identified. The RXRA was recognized as the pivotal hub target via machine learning. The 14 components in <em>Panax ginseng</em> displayed stable binding with RXRA in molecular docking, dynamics simulations and cellular thermal shift assay. Ultimately, the experiments <em>in vivo</em> confirmed that Adenine, a representative compound of <em>Panax ginseng</em>, alleviated AS via regulating RXRA expression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>Panax ginseng</em> exerts anti-atherosclerotic effects by targeting RXRA, with 14 active compounds (e.g., Adenine) serving as the key material basis for its pharmacological activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 101107"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Chinese medicine ginseng regulates neurotrophic factors to improve neurodegenerative diseases: A potential strategy for Alzheimer's disease treatment","authors":"Qucheng Huang,&nbsp;Yining Xie,&nbsp;Xiaojun Zhang,&nbsp;YuanYuan Zuo,&nbsp;Leiyi Wang,&nbsp;Hewei Xu,&nbsp;Miao Yu,&nbsp;Chang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment and progressive cognitive decline. Its core pathological mechanisms include β-amyloid deposition, abnormal tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and decreased levels of neurotrophic factors. In recent years, the deficiency of neurotrophic factors has been recognized as a key driver of impaired neuronal survival and synaptic dysfunction. Consequently, restoring or enhancing neurotrophic factor signaling has emerged as a major therapeutic target for AD. As a traditional medicinal plant, ginseng exhibits multi-targeted, multi-level neuroprotective effects. Its active components—including ginsenosides, ginseng polysaccharides, and ginseng proteins—have been demonstrated to promote neuronal survival, inhibit apoptosis, and enhance synaptic plasticity by upregulating signaling pathways such as BDNF/TrkB and NGF/TrkA. Additionally, ginseng suppresses inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, thereby indirectly correcting neurotrophic factor imbalances and demonstrating significant neuroprotective potential. This review summarizes recent advances in ginseng's regulation of neurotrophic factor levels and signaling pathways, focusing on its molecular mechanisms for improving neuronal dysfunction and delaying AD progression. It also outlines future research strategies and prospects for clinical translation. In summary, ginseng's neuroprotective effects achieved through regulating the neurotrophic factor network offer a potential natural drug intervention strategy for AD treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 101078"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The roles of ginseng and ginsenosides for immune regulation: Relation to immunometabolic responses","authors":"Baicheng Chen,&nbsp;Mengjiao Huang,&nbsp;Jun Hong Park,&nbsp;Seung Yeol Nah,&nbsp;Jong-Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ginseng, a traditional medicinal plant with a long history of clinical application has garnered increasing attention due to its broad immunomodulatory properties. Its principal bioactive component ginsenosides regulate diverse immune activity through complex molecular and cellular mechanisms. Despite growing evidence supporting the role of ginseng in modulating innate and adaptive immunity, current studies remain largely focused on individual immune cell types or isolated signaling pathways. A unifying framework that integrates ginseng-mediated immunometabolic regulation with coordinated immune cell interactions is still lacking. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the immunomodulatory effects of ginseng and its saponins across innate and adaptive immune compartments. We further delineate the underlying mechanisms with a particular emphasis on key signaling pathways and immunometabolic reprogramming. Notably, we propose that ginseng functions as an immunometabolic regulator that bridges innate and adaptive immunity by orchestrating immune cell crosstalk and restoring immune homeostasis. This conceptual framework not only advances current understanding of ginseng-mediated immune regulation but also highlight its potential as a metabolic modulator in immunotherapy for immune-related diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 101108"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yin and Yang of ginsenosides: Molecular mechanisms of bidirectional regulation of angiogenesis","authors":"Yingrui Wang,&nbsp;Haixia Li,&nbsp;Xiaojin Gao,&nbsp;Lejian Zhu,&nbsp;Hui Yang,&nbsp;Zhuoxi Chen,&nbsp;Shuo Yan,&nbsp;Zhuye Gao,&nbsp;Leiming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Angiogenesis plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of some difficult-to-treat diseases, including wound healing, cancer, and ischemic diseases. Ginsenosides, the primary active components of <em>Panax ginseng</em> Meyer, exhibit context-dependent bidirectional regulatory effects on angiogenesis, aligning with the Yin-Yang theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Generally, PPT-type ginsenosides (e.g., Rg1, F1) promote angiogenesis, whereas PPD-type ginsenosides (e.g., Rb2, Rg3, Rd) inhibit it. Certain ginsenosides, such as Rh2, demonstrate dual pro- and anti-angiogenic activities, the switch of which is determined by dosage, target cell type, and pathological microenvironment. These effects are mediated through modulation of key signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K/Akt, MAPK, JNK) and factors (e.g., VEGF, HIF-1α, MMPs). Based on a literature search using PubMed and Web of Science up to June 2025, this narrative review summarizes the evidence for the bidirectional role of ginsenosides in angiogenesis, explores their molecular mechanisms, and discusses their therapeutic potential in angiogenesis-related diseases, myocardial ischemia, and diabetic retinopathy, providing a foundation for future ginsenoside-based therapies targeting angiogenesis regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 101071"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging and underexplored ginsenosides in cancer therapy (2020–2025): Beyond cytotoxic mechanisms","authors":"Sungpil Yoon,&nbsp;Jae Youl Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ginsenosides from <em>Panax</em> plants have long been studied as potential anticancer agents. In earlier years, most research focused on a few well-known ginsenosides that showed strong direct cytotoxicity, such as Rg3 and Rh2. As a result, many other ginsenosides were considered less active and received limited attention. However, studies published between 2020 and 2025 indicate that several previously underexplored ginsenosides also exhibit meaningful anticancer activity. These compounds often do not function as strongly cytotoxic agents. Instead, they act through broader and more indirect mechanisms. Many regulate tumor metabolism, oxidative stress, immune responses, and drug resistance. Others enhance drug delivery or protect normal tissues from chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related toxicity.</div><div>This review focuses on these emerging and underexplored ginsenosides, including protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type compounds (Rg1, Rg2, Rh1, Rh4, Re, Rf, and F1) and protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type compounds (Rg5, Rk1, F2, Rc, Rg6, Rb3, Rb2, and Rp1). We summarize recent studies according to cancer type, treatment setting, and therapeutic role. Across these compounds, a consistent pattern emerges: their benefits arise mainly from supportive and regulatory functions rather than from direct cytotoxic effects.</div><div>Overall, many ginsenosides appear more effective as combination partners or therapeutic adjuvants than as standalone anticancer drugs. Understanding these broader roles may help guide future research and clinical development of ginsenoside-based cancer therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 101072"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of ginseng and ginsenosides on muscle wasting disorders: Cachexia, sarcopenia, anorexia, and aging","authors":"Chang-Hwan Bae,&nbsp;Subramanian Muthamil,&nbsp;Ji Hyo Lyu,&nbsp;Jong Min Oh,&nbsp;Ung Cheol Shin,&nbsp;Maic Audo Eybi Mayer Sihombing,&nbsp;Thi Quynh Dan Nguyen,&nbsp;Seon-Wook Kim,&nbsp;Jong-Hoon Kim,&nbsp;Md M.N. Azim,&nbsp;Jun Hong Park","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Muscle wasting disorders mainly arise from appetite loss, chronic diseases, prolonged immobilization, and aging. Chronic diseases such as cancer, stroke, neurological diseases, heart and kidney dysfunction are the primary reasons for muscle mass loss. Muscle atrophy caused by an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation in myocytes and the severe muscle-wasting conditions include cachexia, sarcopenia, anorexia, and fatigue. Cachexia is characterized by loss of &gt;5% of body weight or a body mass index (BMI) &lt; 20 kg/m². Sarcopenia is characterized by age-associated declines in muscle mass, strength, and gait speed, while anorexia refers to weight loss associated with dietary restriction. Recent evidence suggests that the HIF-1 pathway plays an important role in muscle wasting disorders. Given the significant health burden caused by muscle wasting, there is an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and to develop effective therapeutic strategies. In this context, plant-derived compounds, particularly ginseng and its bioactive constituent, ginsenosides, have recently been explored for their potential in mitigating muscle wasting conditions. This review provides an updated overview of current research on the therapeutic applications of ginseng and ginsenosides in mitigating muscle atrophy-related conditions, including cachexia, sarcopenia, fatigue, anorexia, aging, and obesity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 101021"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginseng polysaccharides: Structures-based classification and biological activities-A review","authors":"Hancong Shao,&nbsp;Yanjun Yang,&nbsp;Dandan Zhu,&nbsp;Zhonghuan Qu,&nbsp;Bin Huang,&nbsp;Xiaobin Jia,&nbsp;Bing Yang,&nbsp;Liang Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.100975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.100975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ginseng polysaccharides are primarily categorized into two group: acidic polysaccharides, which are composed of rhamnogalacturonan I and homogalacturonan domains, and neutral polysaccharides, primarily consisting of glucans. These polysaccharides exhibit valuable pharmacological activities, including immunomodulation, antitumor effects, and antioxidant properties. Numerous studies have confirmed that structural characteristics such as weight-average molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural domains of ginseng polysaccharides are closely related to their biological activities. However, research on the correlation between these factors remains fragmented, lacking a systematic integration that elucidates their intrinsic connections. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the structural features and biological activities of ginseng polysaccharides, with a particular focus on their structure-activity relationships. Furthermore, it summarizes the patterns of physical, biological, and chemical transformations of ginseng polysaccharide structures and the resulting changes in their biological activity. We hope this paper provides a theoretical basis and insights for the clinical application and product development of ginseng polysaccharides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 100975"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic activation of NK-cell effector programs and caspase-8-dependent apoptosis mediates the antitumor activity of LGP in NSCLC","authors":"Gang-Ao Li,&nbsp;Xing-Hui Jin,&nbsp;Zhen-Xing Zhu,&nbsp;Ya-Ni Wang,&nbsp;Zi-Han Zhao,&nbsp;Wen-Yuan Liu,&nbsp;Shi-Yin Zhang,&nbsp;Xin-Hao Cai,&nbsp;Xing-Chen Zhu,&nbsp;Yao-Yang Ma,&nbsp;Xiao-Shi Zheng,&nbsp;Hai-Lun Ye,&nbsp;Guan-Ting Wu,&nbsp;Yu-Qi Zhou,&nbsp;He Cao,&nbsp;Yang Li,&nbsp;Kwang-Il To,&nbsp;Ying-Hua Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Effective activation of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and caspase-8-dependent extrinsic apoptosis remains a major challenge in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Epigenetic mechanisms regulating NK cell function within the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood and rarely targeted therapeutically.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The antitumor activity of Li-Ginseng Powder (LGP), a specifically processed <em>Panax ginseng</em> formulation enriched in rare ginsenosides (Rh4, Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and Rk3), was evaluated in human lung cancer A549 cells and A549 xenograft mouse models. NK cell infiltration and activation were assessed by flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) was performed to analyze DNA methylation changes. The effects of LGP ginsenosides (LGG) on tumor cell apoptosis and death receptor signaling were examined in vitro.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>LGP significantly suppressed tumor growth and enhanced systemic and intratumoral NK cell activation. Promoter demethylation of NK cell effector genes, including Ncr1, Gzmb, Nktr, and Itgal, was associated with increased NK cell infiltration and activation, elevated granule-mediated cytotoxicity, and enhanced IFN-γ signaling. In parallel, LGP treatment induced caspase-8-dependent apoptosis associated with increased expression of membrane death receptors, their ligands, FADD, and procaspase-8 in tumor tissues. In vitro, LGG upregulated these apoptosis-initiating proteins and triggered caspase-8 activation in A549 cells independent of promoter methylation changes. Collectively, these immune-associated and tumor-intrinsic responses contributed to robust tumor suppression with a favorable systemic safety profile.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>LGP exerts dual antitumor effects characterized by enhanced NK-cell activation and increased sensitivity of tumor cells to caspase-8–dependent extrinsic apoptosis. These coordinated immune-associated and apoptosis-sensitizing effects underscore the therapeutic potential of LGP for the treatment of NSCLC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 101104"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148861557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 mitigates radiation-induced intestinal injury through Treg expansion and IL-10–mediated epithelial regeneration","authors":"Jeong-Won Kim,&nbsp;Jin-Hwa Kim,&nbsp;Seohee Jo,&nbsp;Han Byul Kim,&nbsp;Seung Bum Lee,&nbsp;Ki-Chun Yoo,&nbsp;Sang-Pil Choi,&nbsp;Seokjin Lee,&nbsp;Ji-Soo Jeong,&nbsp;Yeonghoon Son,&nbsp;Hae-June Lee,&nbsp;Hyosun Jang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Radiation-induced enteropathy represents a key limitation to recovery after accidental radiation exposure or radiotherapy, with few effective pharmacological treatments. We investigated the therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rb1, a major saponin from <em>Panax ginseng</em>, in attenuating the radiation-induced intestinal injury.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>C57BL/6 mice were exposed to abdominal irradiation at a dose of 13.5 Gy and treated with Rb1. The epithelial integrity, bacterial translocation, and immune modulation were assessed. <em>In vitro</em>, rat intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6 were examined for proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin activation in response to Rb1 and IL-10. The role of IL-10 was validated using neutralization experiments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Rb1 significantly alleviated radiation-induced crypt damage, villus shortening, bacterial translocation, and inflammation. It enhanced regulatory T (Treg) cell population and IL-10 secretion, which in turn activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and promoted epithelial regeneration. <em>In vitro</em>, IL-10, but not Rb1 directly, promoted the proliferation of irradiated IEC-6 cells, whereas IL-10 neutralization abolished the mitigative effect of Rb1 in vivo.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Rb1 mitigated radiation-induced enteropathy by upregulating Treg abundance and IL-10 signaling, which in turn activated epithelial regeneration with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation, supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent for radiation-induced intestinal injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 101084"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148861558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reglid: novel glycolipids from Korean red ginseng marc","authors":"Ji-Hun Kim,&nbsp;Rami Lee,&nbsp;Sung-Hee Hwang,&nbsp;Yebeen Kang,&nbsp;Hyun-Mee Park,&nbsp;Sun-Hye Choi,&nbsp;Ik-Hyun Cho,&nbsp;Seung-Yeol Nah","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ginseng contains ginseng saponins as well as non-saponin components. In a previous study, we introduced a bioactive glycolipoprotein complex called gintonin, which play as a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand. However, until now new ingredient(s) have not been discovered, except for gintonin. The purpose of this study is to further identify and isolate novel bioactive component(s).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In the present study, we identified the existence of a group of glycolipids using SDS-PAGE assay from Korean red ginseng marc (KRGM) extract. We isolated a group of glycolipids, named Reglid, through cation exchange chromatography and gel filtration. We analyzed Reglid and further examined <em>in vitro</em> Reglid biological effects on skin cell proliferation, autophagy activity, wound healing and melanin formations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found that Reglid is abundant in KRGM but not in white ginseng or American ginseng. Reglid is H₂O-soluble and its molecular weight (MW) is approximately 48 kDa. Biochemical analysis shows that Reglid mainly contains lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) as active ingredients, and carbohydrates. <em>In vitro</em> studies showed that Reglid treatment increases skin cell proliferation in human dermal fibroblasts, promotes wound healing in HaCaT cells, and enhances autophagy activity in human skin fibroblasts. Reglid treatment also inhibits melanin production by inhibiting tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The present study provides a novel discovery of Reglid, a group of bioactive glycolipids containing LPC, PC, and carbohydrates derived from KRGM, and shows its potential application in cosmeceutical products for functional skin health. Finally, KRGM is a resource for KRGM-derived Reglid preparations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"50 5","pages":"Article 101083"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148859656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}