Yuhao Wang, Jianmei Zhang, Canglang Mou, Yeye Hu, Ziliang He, Jongsung Lee, Jong-Hoon Kim, Jae Youl Cho
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer death. Protopanaxatriol (PPT), one of the main active metabolic ginsenosides of ginseng, has been found to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, but its role in regulating colon cancer development remained unclear.
Purpose: We sought to confirm the inhibitory effect of PPT on colon cancer cells and elucidate its target and mechanism.
Methods: MTT assay, colony formation, invasion, migration assays, cell apoptosis, and cell-cycle analysis were performed. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, bioinformatic analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology, and cellular thermal shift assay experiments were also employed.
Results: PPT can inhibit the cloning, migration, invasion, and proliferation of colon cancer cells. PPT can increase the number of apoptotic bodies, promote the expression of the apoptotic proteins caspase-9 and caspase-3, induce apoptosis, and inhibit cell proliferation. In addition, by regulating cyclin, PPT can increase the expression of p21 and p27 proteins and inhibit the expression of the cyclin D1 protein, thereby inhibiting the G1/S transformation in the cell cycle. We further demonstrated that PPT can target AKT, reduce its protein expression, and reduce tumor progression and the expression of inflammatory factors caused by AKT high expression (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), thereby playing a role in inhibiting colon cancer progression.
Conclusion: We are the first to demonstrate that the ginsenoside PPT can inhibit the activity of colon cancer cells by directly binding AKT.
期刊介绍：
Journal of Ginseng Research (JGR) is an official, open access journal of the Korean Society of Ginseng and is the only international journal publishing scholarly reports on ginseng research in the world. The journal is a bimonthly peer-reviewed publication featuring high-quality studies related to basic, pre-clinical, and clinical researches on ginseng to reflect recent progresses in ginseng research.
JGR publishes papers, either experimental or theoretical, that advance our understanding of ginseng science, including plant sciences, biology, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, veterinary medicine, biochemistry, manufacture, and clinical study of ginseng since 1976. It also includes the new paradigm of integrative research, covering alternative medicinal approaches. Article types considered for publication include review articles, original research articles, and brief reports.
JGR helps researchers to understand mechanisms for traditional efficacy of ginseng and to put their clinical evidence together. It provides balanced information on basic science and clinical applications to researchers, manufacturers, practitioners, teachers, scholars, and medical doctors.
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