Journal of food protection最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating Biosolutions for Sustainable Food Systems: A Review of Safety, Quality, Regulatory, and Sustainability Considerations Within the European Union","authors":"Marianne Thomsen ,&nbsp;Françoise Leroi ,&nbsp;Delphine Passerini ,&nbsp;Milena Siemiatkowska ,&nbsp;Tirzania Sopacua ,&nbsp;Kristina Andersson ,&nbsp;Paula Teixeira ,&nbsp;Fatima Poças ,&nbsp;Even Heir ,&nbsp;Solveig Langsrud ,&nbsp;Véronique Zuliani","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biosolutions, such as food cultures and fermentates, are emerging alternatives to classical food preservation methods, offering multiple benefits, including food quality and safety enhancement, and waste reduction, with limited sensory and nutritional modification of the product and higher consumer acceptance. This study explores the potential of biosolutions to address critical challenges in sustainable food systems through their application in food production. Evaluation criteria of focus include impacts on food quality and safety, environmental sustainability, and compliance with European regulatory frameworks. The study emphasizes the role of biosolutions in reducing foodborne illnesses, promoting circular economy principles, and building consumer trust. A holistic approach is proposed to support industry stakeholders and policymakers interested in integrating biosolutions into resilient, resource-efficient, and sustainable food systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 10","pages":"Article 100606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summarizing the Current knowledge and Existing Knowledge Gaps for Preharvest and Postharvest Salmonella Contamination in Pork","authors":"Alejandra Abrego ,&nbsp;Barry Wiseman ,&nbsp;Sara E. Gragg","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pork production is one of the most important industries in the world, and ensuring safety in the production chain is crucial for public health. <em>Salmonella</em> presence in pigs and pork products is a significant challenge within the pork industry. <em>Salmonella</em> can contaminate the production chain at any stage, from the farm sites to harvest and final product processing. Different strategies can be used to mitigate <em>Salmonella</em> on the farm and during transportation, lairage, and postharvest; however, despite ongoing improvement of these interventions, many knowledge gaps remain and must be addressed. This review summarizes what is currently published in the literature regarding <em>Salmonella</em> contamination in pigs and pork, including the efficacy of common interventions, and highlights critical knowledge gaps at each production stage. Research recommendations to control <em>Salmonella</em> and enhance food safety and public health are also described herein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 10","pages":"Article 100609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress and Challenge in the Risk Management of Food Additives","authors":"Ying Niu ,&nbsp;Yongxiang Fan ,&nbsp;Jiyue Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of global food safety and public health, the safe, scientific, and rational use of food additives has become a focal point for governments, the food industry, and consumers. This review summarizes the current status of international risk management of food additives, including safety evaluation, technical necessity management, and food label practices, highlighting that governments and regulatory agencies have established strict approval processes and ongoing safety evaluation mechanisms to ensure additive use adheres to safety and necessity principles. It also analyzes the main challenges currently faced, such as increased exposure risks due to changing dietary patterns, noncompliant labeling practices, and public trust crises. Furthermore, the review discusses the approval status and development trends of new food additives, as well as efforts by countries to strengthen risk communication on food additives to better inform and protect consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 10","pages":"Article 100607"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aflatoxin Contamination and Aflatoxin-producing Strain Screening in Dried Red Chili Peppers From Different Origins.","authors":"Yaoyao Su, Jun Huang, Xiaoman Chen, Gang Yang, Kewei Chen, Muying Du, Zsolt Zalán, Ferenc Hegyi, Sameh Awad, Jianquan Kan","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The contamination of spices with aflatoxin (AF) raises concerns regarding its health risks. In this study, 51 samples of dried red chili peppers (including 10 varieties collected from three regions) were used to investigate the AF contamination of dried red chili peppers sold in China, and the toxigenic characteristics of Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from chili peppers. AFs were identified using immunoaffinity column purification, derivatization, and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The AF content in various types of dried red chili peppers sold in the Chinese market was generally low (≤7.19 µg/kg), below the limit of the relevant standard (10 µg/kg). The frequency of suspected A. flavus strains isolated from chili peppers was high (24/51), with a high toxigenic strain ratio of 29.17%. Further investigation revealed that 25-30 °C was the optimal temperature for toxin production by these toxigenic strains. This indicated that dried chilled peppers have a significant risk of AF contamination. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that long-term storage of dried chili peppers should be conducted at temperatures below 25 °C or above 37 °C to mitigate the problem of AF contamination exceeding the levels allowed by the standards, providing new insights for the prevention and control of AF contamination of dried red chili peppers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":" ","pages":"100582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144667779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of Selected Foodborne Pathogens on Frozen Berries Collected at Retail Level in Switzerland","authors":"Silvan Tresch,&nbsp;Michael Biggel,&nbsp;Nicole Cernela,&nbsp;Roger Stephan","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Berries are globally appreciated for their health benefits, particularly due to antioxidants, and have grown in popularity over recent decades. However, several foodborne outbreaks—mainly viral, caused by norovirus and hepatitis A—have been linked to both fresh and frozen berries. In contrast, the role of frozen berries in transmitting bacterial pathogens such as <em>Salmonella</em> spp., <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) remains underexplored.</div><div>To address this, we investigated both the qualitative and quantitative presence of selected pathogens. Over a three-month period (Nov 2024–Jan 2025), 100 frozen berry samples from Swiss retailers were analyzed. One-third (<em>n</em> = 32) were labeled organic; 96% contained imported berries. Samples included raspberries (<em>n</em> = 33), blueberries (<em>n</em> = 18), strawberries (<em>n</em> = 18), blackberries (<em>n</em> = 3), redcurrants (<em>n</em> = 1), and berry mixes (<em>n</em> = 17), with some containing blackcurrants or sour cherries (<em>n</em> = 10).</div><div>All samples were tested qualitatively for <em>Salmonella</em> spp., Shiga toxin-producing <em>E. coli</em> (STEC), and <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, and quantitatively for <em>E. coli</em> and members of the <em>Bacillus cereus</em> group. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) were also screened. <em>Salmonella</em>, STEC, and <em>L. monocytogenes</em> were not detected. <em>E. coli</em> counts remained below detection limits. <em>B. cereus</em> group members were found in 12% of samples (2.0–3.41 log CFU/g), with several strains genetically matching <em>B. cereus</em> s.s. Thuringiensis biopesticide strains. ESBL-E were found in 2% of samples (both Egyptian strawberries), identified by WGS as <em>Enterobacter hormaechei</em> carrying <em>bla</em>_CTX-M-15 and <em>E. coli</em> with <em>bla_SHV-12</em>.These findings support defining microbiological criteria for frozen berries in HACCP and routine food safety testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 10","pages":"Article 100604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Retail Meat in Puerto Rico: A Two-Year Study (2022-2023).","authors":"Esther M Vega Quiñones, Gustavo Quiñones Justiniano, Edward G Dudley, Nkuchia M M'ikanatha, Yadira Malavez","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, with over 1.35 million infections annually, 212,500 of which are antibiotic-resistant. In Puerto Rico, 47.1% of reported foodborne illness cases are attributed to nontyphoidal Salmonella. This study reports the first National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System effort to characterize the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella in Puerto Rico's retail meats. A total of 475 fresh raw samples, including chicken and giblets, ground beef, ground turkey, ground pork, and pork chops, were collected between 2022 and 2023. Nontyphoidal Salmonella was detected in 11% of samples, with higher prevalence in poultry (15%) compared to beef (4%) and pork (0%). The most prevalent serotypes were S. Typhimurium (18%) and S. Infantis (25%). Meat imported from the United States showed greater serotype diversity than locally sourced meat. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates, and whole-genome sequencing was performed, and bioinformatics tools were employed to assess antimicrobial resistance profiles. High resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (59%), aminoglycosides (59%), and sulfonamides (48%). Notably, 32% of isolates had reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, and 14% were resistant to ceftriaxone. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella was found in 25% of isolates, including eight MDR from imported meat and two from Puerto Rico. Mean antimicrobial resistance index values were slightly higher in meat from the United States (20%) than in local meat (19%). S. Infantis strains carrying the bla_CTX-M-65 gene and IncFIB(pN55391) plasmid replicons were identified in Puerto Rico retail meat, posing a public health risk due to resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams and multidrug resistance. These findings highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship in Puerto Rico.</p>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":" ","pages":"100589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144764979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Antimicrobial Use and Detection of Antimicrobial Residues in Bulk Tank Milk From Specialized Dairy Herds in Antioquia, Colombia","authors":"Ángela Sofía Ágredo-Campos ,&nbsp;Christina Rehagel ,&nbsp;Ömer Akineden ,&nbsp;Jorge A. Fernández-Silva ,&nbsp;Nicolás F. Ramírez-Vásquez","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antimicrobial residues in bulk tank milk (BTM) are often linked to the treatment of bovine mastitis, the main disease in specialized dairy herds. These residues cause economic losses, especially in fermented dairy production and may pose health risks to consumers. Limited data exist on antimicrobial residues in raw milk in Colombia; thus, this study aimed to characterize antimicrobial use and detect residues in BTM from specialized dairy herds. A probabilistic selection of 150 herds from three municipalities in Antioquia, Colombia, was carried out for an epidemiological survey in which each herd was visited once to determine the use of antimicrobials on the farm and for bovine mastitis. One BTM sample per herd (<em>n</em> = 150) was evaluated with the Brilliant Black Reduction Test (BRT), Milksafe™ 2BC, and Milksafe™ 3BTS, for the selective detection of beta-lactam, sulfonamide, and tetracycline residues. Survey results showed that bovine mastitis is the main reason for the use of antibiotics in the dairy herds in the study region. In 47% of herds, antimicrobials were recommended by nonveterinarians, and 78% lacked written treatment records. Cloxacillin-ampicillin was the most used for dry cow therapy, while benzylpenicillin was preferred for mastitis. Antimicrobial residues were found in 13% (19/150) of bulk tank milk samples. Of these 19 positive samples, four samples contained beta-lactams and one sample contained sulfonamides. According to survey data, bovine mastitis is the primary disease in herds for which antibiotics are used and antimicrobial residues in raw milk are present imposing a significant risk for consumers in the region. Therefore, it is a priority to reduce bovine mastitis incidence as well as the application of a program for on-farm antimicrobial administration, oriented to the reduction of the economic impact of inadequate treatments that lead to therapeutic failure and penalties in the price of milk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 10","pages":"Article 100603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144957063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Lab Media and Brown Crab (Cancer pagurus) Meat","authors":"Dongli Dong ,&nbsp;Selene Pedrós-Garrido ,&nbsp;Aoife Boyd ,&nbsp;Daniel Hurley ,&nbsp;James G. Lyng","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study investigated thermal resistance characteristics of two key pathogens in ready-to-eat crabs, namely, <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> and <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em>. Five <em>L. monocytogenes</em> and seven <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> strains were treated individually in a thermoresistometer at 56–62 °C and 47–53 °C, respectively, in liquid lab media. Data were fitted to inactivation models in GInaFit to select the most heat-resistant strains based on their <em>t</em>_4D-values and <em>z</em>(<em>t</em>_4D)-values. To study the food matrix effect, <em>t</em>_4D-values (58 °C) of the most heat-resistant strains in crabmeat and lab medium were compared. Finally, the selected strains were recovered on nonselective and selective media to evaluate their sublethal injury. Results showed that the Double Weibull model gave the best fit to all inactivation curves. NCTC 13372 was the most heat-resistant <em>L. monocytogenes</em> strain with <em>t</em>_4D-values of 55.80, 25.10, 9.67, and 3.92 min at 56, 58, 60, and 62 °C, respectively (<em>z</em>(<em>t</em>_4D)-value of 5.16 °C). RIMD 2210633 was the most heat-resistant <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> strain with <em>t</em>_4D-values of 103.20, 34.68, 7.97, and 1.88 min at 47, 49, 51, and 53 °C, respectively, (<em>z</em>(<em>t</em>_4D)-value of 3.41 °C). No significant crabmeat matrix interference effect was observed with a similar <em>t</em>_4D-value of 23.05 min at 58 °C for NCTC 13372 in both MRD and crabmeat. Sublethal injuries occurred for both <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> and <em>L. monocytogenes</em> at all temperatures. Thermal resistance varies among bacterial strains. <em>L. monocytogenes</em> was more resistant than <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em>. The sublethal injury of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> and <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> demonstrated that there is an actual risk of recovery of these foodborne pathogens after inadequate thermal treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 10","pages":"Article 100601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Prevalence and Concentration of Mycotoxins (Aflatoxins, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, and Ochratoxin A) in Domestic Bird Eggs: A Global Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Probabilistic Risk Assessment","authors":"Yadolah Fakhri ,&nbsp;Fereshteh Mehri ,&nbsp;Vahid Ranaei ,&nbsp;Zahra Pilevar ,&nbsp;Farshid Soleimani ,&nbsp;Rasul Nasiri ,&nbsp;Amin Mousavi Khaneghah","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA), present significant health risks due to their carcinogenic and toxic properties. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence, concentration, and associated health risks of mycotoxins in domestic bird eggs. Following the PRISMA guideline, a comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2005–2024). Thirteen studies, encompassing 8,410 egg samples, were analyzed. The pooled prevalence and concentration of mycotoxins were estimated using random-effects models, while probabilistic risk assessment was performed via Monte Carlo simulation, calculating the Margin of Exposure (MOEs) and Hazard Quotient (HQ). The prevalence ranking of aflatoxins (AFs) in eggs was as follows: AFB₁ (19%) &gt; AFB₂ (12%) &gt; AFG₁ (10%) ≈ AFG₂ (10%). In terms of mean pooled concentration, mycotoxins followed this order: DON (83.93 µg/kg) &gt; ZEN (6.00 µg/kg) &gt; AFs (5.604 µg/kg) &gt; OTA (2.52 µg/kg). Concentrations of DON and OTA were higher in egg white than in yolk, whereas ZEN levels were higher in yolk. From a public health perspective, risk assessment revealed alarming exposure levels, particularly in China, Egypt, and Jordan, where MOE values for AFB₁ were significantly below the safety threshold (MOEs &lt; 10,000). Children were found to be at heightened risk due to their lower body weight and developing physiological systems, with MOEs as low as 3 in China. Additionally, HQ analyses indicated nonnegligible risks from DON, OTA, and ZEN, particularly in China and Poland, where dietary exposure may contribute to chronic toxicity or endocrine disruption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 10","pages":"Article 100600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler Type","authors":"Zeynal Topalcengiz ,&nbsp;Sahaana Chandran ,&nbsp;Francis Torko ,&nbsp;Kristen E. Gibson","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface sampling devices ranging in material composition and size can be used in environmental monitoring programs. This study aimed to compare the bacterial recovery efficiency of surface samplers on stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene (PP) surfaces. Separate cocktails of <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> and <em>Salmonella enterica</em> strains were spot inoculated (1 mL; 40 spots × 25 μL) on SS and PP surfaces at high (7 log) and low (4 log) concentrations. A cellulose sponge sampler, polyurethane foam sponge sampler, and polyolefin nonwoven fabric sampler were utilized for bacteria recovery from SS and PP surfaces at two surface areas: 1× [929 cm² (144 in²)] and 2× [1858 cm² (288 in²)]. The effect of prewet volume (5 mL, 10 mL) on bacteria recovery from PP and SS was also investigated with the nonwoven fabric sampler at high inoculum level and 1× surface area. Three experimental trials were conducted totaling 336 samples, and recovery percentages were based on the CFU recovered divided by the initial CFU added to each surface. Statistical analysis was performed to determine whether sampler type, pathogen type, inoculum concentration, surface type, and surface area were significant predictors of recovery percentage. A significant five-way interaction (<em>P =</em> 0.0015) was observed between the predictor variables; therefore, no conclusions can be made regarding the main effects. The recovery percentage of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> was significantly higher than <em>Salmonella</em> from PP surfaces across all three sampler types. For the nonwoven fabric sampler, the 5 mL prewet volume yielded significantly higher recovery (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05) for both bacteria combined at 10.66% (95% CI: 9.93, 11.44) compared to 3.09% (95% CI: 2.71, 3.52) recovery with the 10 mL prewet volume. However, the effect of volume on recovery depended on the interaction between surface type and inoculum level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 10","pages":"Article 100599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}