Journal of food protection最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Dietary Risk Assessment and Classification Model Basedon Trace Elemental Analysis in Commercially Available Dried Seaweed Products” [J. Food Protect. 88(6) (2025) 100509]","authors":"Jakob Avi Shimshoni , Yuliana Andrushenko , Orit Gal Garber , Vasiliy V. Rosen","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100526","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 6","pages":"Article 100526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Campylobacter in Raw Chicken Meat at Retail Level: Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment, Genomic Profiling, and Comparison With Isolates From Human Infections","authors":"Lucien Kelbert ,&nbsp;Karen Barmettler ,&nbsp;Jule Anna Horlbog ,&nbsp;Marc J.A. Stevens ,&nbsp;Nicole Cernela ,&nbsp;Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen ,&nbsp;Roger Stephan","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Campylobacter</em> is the leading cause of human bacterial diarrheal disease, and the handling and consumption of poultry meat products account for most cases. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and levels of <em>Campylobacter</em> in Swiss and imported retail chicken meat during May – August 2024. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was applied to assess phylogenetic relatedness between <em>Campylobacter</em> from chicken meat samples and human infections occurring during the study time in Switzerland, and to identify antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. A total of 300 different chilled or frozen chicken meat samples and 50 chilled marinated meat samples were analyzed by qualitative (enrichment) and quantitative (plating) ISO 10272-1:2017 and ISO 10272-2:2017 methods. After enrichment, the <em>Campylobacter</em> recovery rate was higher in chilled (62%) than in marinated meat (40%) or frozen chicken meat (11%). <em>Campylobacter</em> were more prevalent in meat from organically labeled meat (72%) and free-range labeled meat (77%) compared to meat with other labels. Quantitatively, 3.7% of chilled, nonmarinated meat had &gt;100 colony-forming units (cfu)/g (range 100–700 cfu/g). The detection of multiple genetically indistinguishable isolates from meat and from humans indicated that chilled chicken meat is a major infection source for Swiss cases of campylobacteriosis. Antimicrobial resistance determinants included <em>bla</em>_OXA, <em>tet</em>(O), and the T86I substitution in GyrA. Virulence genes <em>cstIII</em>, <em>neuABC</em>, <em>wlaN</em>, and <em>cdtABC</em> which are linked to the Guillain-Barré syndrome and gastrointestinal cancers, respectively, were identified. Our data highlight the need to reduce the levels of <em>Campylobacter</em> in chicken meat to protect public health. Freezing meat prior to retailing is an effective and relatively inexpensive measure to increase product safety and to reduce the risk of campylobacteriosis in humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 7","pages":"Article 100540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Methods for Extraction of Infectious Influenza Virus from Raw Milk Cheeses","authors":"Madeleine Blondin-Brosseau ,&nbsp;Wanyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Caroline Gravel ,&nbsp;Jennifer Harlow ,&nbsp;Xuguang Li ,&nbsp;Neda Nasheri","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses have spread widely among birds and multiple mammal species. The HPAI spillover to dairy cattle, and its excretion in milk in high-titers has created a new interface for human exposure and has raised food safety concerns. Multiple lines of evidence show that pasteurization is effective in inactivation of influenza viruses. In Canada, dairy products must be pasteurized with the exception of cheese. Since influenza viruses were not considered as foodborne, there is no data available regarding their survival in cheeses and no standard method exists for their extraction from food commodities, including dairy products. Herein, we examined the efficacy of multiple methods for the extraction of infectious H1N1 virus (as a representative for type A influenza viruses) from cream cheese made from unpasteurized milk. We used murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate for human norovirus and also as a process control virus and examined the efficacy of the employed methods by plaque assay. The limit of detection for the two best-performing methods was determined using a variety of soft and firm raw-milk cheeses. The described methods assist health authorities for the surveillance of foodborne viruses in dairy products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 7","pages":"Article 100529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outbreaks Linked to Melons, United States, 2012–2021","authors":"Michelle Canning ,&nbsp;Michael Bazaco ,&nbsp;Brett Weed ,&nbsp;Meseret G. Birhane ,&nbsp;Jean Whichard ,&nbsp;Laura Gieraltowski ,&nbsp;Misha Park Robyn ,&nbsp;Katherine Marshall ,&nbsp;Jeffrey Torres ,&nbsp;Stelios Viazis ,&nbsp;Christina K. Carstens ,&nbsp;Marie Armstrong ,&nbsp;Colin Schwensohn","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), working closely with public health and regulatory partners, investigate outbreaks of foodborne illness. Outbreak investigations continue to identify melons as an important source of outbreak-associated illness. We characterized the epidemiology of outbreaks linked to melons from 2012 to 2021, summarized public health responses to these outbreaks, and identified potential opportunities for prevention efforts and interventions. We queried CDC’s Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) for all <em>Salmonella</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>), and <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> outbreaks linked to melons and collected data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Coordinated Outbreak Response &amp; Evaluation (CORE) Network internal databases for information regarding outbreak investigations that involved FDA’s evaluation and response activities. Descriptive statistics were calculated for outbreaks overall, by melon type, and by etiology, including the number of outbreaks, illnesses, hospitalizations, deaths, patient demographics including sex and age, outbreak duration, investigation duration, seasonality, serotypes, and food preparation and consumption settings. During 2012–2021, 18 outbreaks were linked to melons. The median number of outbreaks per year was 2 (range: 0–3); there were no melon-associated outbreaks reported in 2015. These 18 outbreaks resulted in 821 illnesses, 251 hospitalizations, and 10 deaths. More than half of the melon-associated <em>Salmonella</em> outbreaks in this reporting timeframe were linked to cantaloupe. Outbreak illnesses clustered in the U.S. Midwest and in outbreaks where the growing area was known, most were produced domestically (4/7, 57%), frequently grown in Indiana. Traceback and epidemiologic investigations demonstrated that contamination can occur at all points along the farm-to-fork continuum, requiring the need for pathogen control at every step.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 7","pages":"Article 100536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Alfalfa Seeds With Food-grade Organic Acid Mixtures Reduces Loads of Pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium on Sprouts Without Reducing Germination Percentage or Sprout Mass","authors":"David F. Bridges ,&nbsp;Alexander R. Hendricks ,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Colella ,&nbsp;W. Scott Compel ,&nbsp;Maeli Melotto","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sprouts are regarded as premier health foods due to their high content of vitamins and minerals. Unfortunately, numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness have been linked to raw sprouts due to their capacity to harbor bacterial pathogens combined with growing conditions favoring microbial growth. One commonly utilized practice to reduce microbial hazards on fresh sprouts is treatment of seeds with 20,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) or calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)₂). However, these traditional chlorine-based treatments have a limited capacity to reduce the population growth of pathogens during sprout development and might affect the safety of workers and health of consumers; thus, alternative treatments are needed. Promising alternatives to chlorine-based sanitizers are organic acids. We have investigated the capacity of novel matrices comprised of organic acids (OAM), consisting of unique mixtures of zinc acetate (Zn(CH₃CO₂)₂), citric acid (HOC(CH₂CO₂H)₂), malic acid (HO₂CCHCH₂CO₂H), and lactic acid (C₃H₆O₃) to reduce loads of human pathogenic bacteria <em>Escherichia coli</em> O157:H7 and <em>Salmonella</em> Typhimurium inoculated on alfalfa sprouts (∼6 log CFU/ml). Seed treatment with OAM formulations prior to germination resulted in approximately 100-fold reductions and was superior to treatment with solutions containing only the base organic acid ingredients of the OAMs, but not as significant as the 20,000 ppm NaClO treatments which consistently reduced pathogen loads over 1000-fold. However, all OAM treatments resulted in significantly increased germination percentages (89.0–95.3%) compared to 20,000 ppm NaClO treatments (85%). Fresh sprout weight measured after 5 days for 3 of the 4 tested OAMs (100 sprout batches; 2.31–2.62 g) was also significantly higher than fresh weights after NaClO treatment (∼2.0 g). Our results indicate a promising step towards implementing treatments that decrease sickness risks from consuming fresh sprouts without compromising production yield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 7","pages":"Article 100513"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth Potential of Listeria monocytogenes in Vegan Salami","authors":"Signe Magnussen,&nbsp;Emma Bergenkvist,&nbsp;Karin Söderqvist","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for plant-based products has raised concerns regarding the potential presence and growth of <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> in ready-to-eat products such as plant-based deli slices. In this study, a challenge test was performed to evaluate the growth potential of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> in a vegan salami product. This particular product not only exhibited the highest pH value among the eight similar products available in the supermarket but also had a water activity of 0.96. Additionally, the vegan salami contained no chemical additives with antimicrobial activity, thus possibly representing a “worst case” product for enabling bacterial growth. The product samples were inoculated with two strains of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> and stored at 8 °C during their remaining shelf-life (approximately 30 days). The concentration of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> was measured at the beginning of the test, at three intermediate time points throughout, and at the end. Water activity and pH were also assessed during the challenge test, and noninoculated samples were analyzed for total bacterial counts (TBCs) and screened for the most prevalent bacterial species with MALDI-TOF-MS. A growth potential (<em>δ</em>) of 4.4 log₁₀ cfu/g was observed for the vegan salami, i.e. <em>L. monocytogenes</em> levels increasing from an initial inoculation level of approximately 2.4 log₁₀ to a maximum of 6.8 log₁₀ cfu/g during the challenge test. The screening investigation revealed that species of the genera <em>Carnobacterium</em> and <em>Leuconostoc</em> were the most prevalent. To summarize, the findings from this study demonstrate that there are currently plant-based deli slices on the market that possess the potential to support the growth of <em>L. monocytogenes</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 7","pages":"Article 100538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Citric Acid on Viability, Membrane Damage, Efflux Pump Activity, and Growth Recovery of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio cholerae Strains","authors":"José Eduardo Lucero-Mejía ,&nbsp;Angélica Godínez-Oviedo ,&nbsp;Adrián Gómez-Baltazar ,&nbsp;Sergio de Jesús Romero-Gómez ,&nbsp;Ma. Soledad Vázquez-Garcidueñas ,&nbsp;Gerardo Vázquez-Marrufo ,&nbsp;Montserrat Hernández-Iturriaga","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Citric acid, a common food ingredient, can induce cellular stress in foodborne pathogens, potentially affecting their viability and recovery. This study evaluated the physiological responses of <em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em> and <em>Vibrio cholerae</em> cells in logarithmic and stationary growth phases after exposure to citric acid at pH 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5 for 60, 120, and 180 min. After exposure, viability, membrane damage, efflux pump activity, and recovery were evaluated. Culture media type and growth phase had no significant effect on cell viability (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). <em>V. cholerae</em> strains were more sensitive to citric acid than <em>V. alginolyticus</em> strains, with a slight reduction (0.5 log CFU/mL) after 180 min of citric acid exposure (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Membrane damage was greater in stationary-phase cells than in logarithmic-phase cells after 60 min, whereas efflux pump activity increased over time and was independent of the growth phase (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Regardless of pH, cells exposed to citric acid for 60 min had longer detection times (7.92 ± 0.7 h) compared to those exposed for 180 min (6.68 ± 1.45 h), and cells grew faster at high pH values and at lower exposure time (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Overall, citric acid induced mild sublethal damage in both <em>V. alginolyticus</em> and <em>V. cholerae</em>, with cell recovery primarily attributed to efflux pump activity. These results provide valuable insights into the risk associated with <em>Vibrio</em> cells under mild citric acid stress, a condition similar to that occurring during the preparation of raw fish dishes marinated in lemon juice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 7","pages":"Article 100534"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Salmonella enterica Serotypes Isolated From Broiler Liver and Their Antibiotic Resistance Profiles","authors":"İbrahim Polat ,&nbsp;İlayda Güngör ,&nbsp;Burhan Şen","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Salmonella</em> is an important foodborne pathogen of worldwide significance. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of <em>Salmonella</em> in chicken livers in Türkiye<strong>.</strong> This study obtained 104 packaged chicken liver samples, 13 from each of the 8 brands, from the province of Kırklareli, northwest of Türkiye. The overall prevalence of <em>Salmonella</em> spp. in liver samples was 36.5%. The 38 <em>Salmonella</em> isolates obtained were serotyped by slide agglutination using antisera by the Kauffmann White Le Minor Scheme. Based on standard serotyping results, the dominant serovar was <em>S</em>. Infantis (81.6%), followed by <em>S</em>. Enteritidis (13.1%) and <em>S</em>. Agona (5.3%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 38 <em>Salmonella</em> isolates was performed using disk diffusion method. The <em>Salmonella</em> isolates (<em>n</em> = 38) were resistant to cefepime (60.5%), chloramphenicol (57.9%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (50.0%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (39.5%), azithromycin (28.9%), ofloxacin (26.3%), and cefoxitin (13.2%). Multidrug-resistance (MDR) accounted for 47.4% of <em>Salmonella</em> isolates. MDR was observed in <em>S</em>. Infantis (17/31, 54.8%) and <em>S</em>. Agona (1/2, 50.0%), nevertheless not in <em>S</em>. Enteritidis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 7","pages":"Article 100535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flies as Vectors of Foodborne Pathogens Through Food Animal Production: Factors Affecting Pathogen and Antimicrobial Resistance Transmission","authors":"Eshita Shahanaz ,&nbsp;Kirsten M. Zwally ,&nbsp;Cameron Powers ,&nbsp;Brandon Lyons ,&nbsp;Phillip Kaufman ,&nbsp;Giridhar Athrey ,&nbsp;Thomas M. Taylor","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flies play an important role in the transmission of antimicrobial−resistant (AMR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) foodborne pathogens in animal production systems, posing risks to food safety and public health. Synanthropic fly species, including house flies (<em>Musca domestica</em>), face flies (<em>Musca autumnalis</em>), blow flies (Calliphoridae), and flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), mechanically and/or biologically transmit bacterial pathogens such as <em>Salmonella enterica</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella,</em> and <em>Campylobacter</em> spp. Their frequent contact with manure, animal waste, and processing environments enables the transfer of AMR pathogens across food production systems. This review synthesizes recent research on the interactions between flies and foodborne pathogens, highlighting the role of fly physiology, behavior, and microbial associations in pathogen transport. Additionally, it introduces the influence of environmental factors on pathogen dissemination and evaluates current Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, including biological, chemical, and physical control methods, for mitigating fly-mediated pathogen transmission. Understanding these systems is essential for developing targeted interventions to reduce the burden of AMR pathogens in food production and enhance public health protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 7","pages":"Article 100537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Staphylococcus aureus Burden in Frozen, Precooked Tuna Loins and Growth Behavior During Typical and “Worst-case” Processing Conditions","authors":"John DeBeer ,&nbsp;Javier Colley ,&nbsp;William Cole ,&nbsp;Alexandra Oliveira ,&nbsp;Joy Waite-Cusic ,&nbsp;William Soto ,&nbsp;Yadwinder S. Rana","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>FDA’s Seafood HACCP Guidance (SHG) recommends a cumulative exposure time limit of 3 h if product temperature exceeds 21.1 °C (70°F) to minimize the growth of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (SA) and prevent staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) production. This time limit is insufficient to practically accomplish postthawing activities (e.g., packing, brining, sealing, retort staging, and time for the center of the can to reach the critical temperature of 50 °C (122°F)). The documented evidence supporting the establishment of this exposure time recommendation is minimal and mostly irrelevant to tuna. The goal of this study was to provide “real world” and “worst-case” industrial data to support the development of an accurate maximum cumulative exposure time for tuna processing facilities. A total of 48,933 certificates of analysis (COAs) were compiled and reviewed to determine SA detection frequency (2.14%) and estimate quantitative microbial burden. Review of quantitative results indicates the need for careful review and communication with suppliers to correct for dilution factors in analytical methods. SA levels were closely monitored during typical processing conditions on nine production days which demonstrated consistent control of SA populations (&lt;2 log CFU/g increase) between thawing and retort staging. The processing system was challenged on three production days to create “worst-case” processing conditions where open or sealed cans were packed and held for up to 5 h in the retort staging area at 26 °C (78.8°F). Extended holding times of tuna in open cans led to significant increases in SA populations which confirmed the predicted SE production risk for products with high oxygen availability used to develop the SHG guidance. However, extended holding times in sealed cans demonstrated significantly reduced SA growth. This collective and contextual data analysis supports the relaxation of the maximum cumulative exposure time beyond the 3 h recommendation in the SHG.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 7","pages":"Article 100539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}