Journal of food protection最新文献

{"title":"Characterizing Spoilage of Coconut-based Creamers: A Multifaceted Approach to Identify Problematic Bacteria and Their Potential Sources in a New Product Category","authors":"Samantha Kilgore,&nbsp;Jared D. Johnson,&nbsp;Joy Waite-Cusic","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Beverage innovation is a growing trend with a reliance on comanufacturing relationships to launch products quickly. A recent comanufacturing relationship is the utilization of dairy processing facilities to process plant-based beverages using high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization. While the shelflife of HTST bovine milk is well established at 21 days, retailers are expecting new refrigerated beverages to achieve a 60-day shelflife. Little is known about the microbial stability of these new beverages, particularly those with complex formulations. Our objective was to identify bacterial taxa leading to the spoilage of four coconut-based creamers and their potential sources (raw ingredients or packaging). We used a multifaceted approach including plate counting and 16S rRNA metabarcoding to monitor microbial growth in products throughout shelflife (60 d, 4 °C), and cold enrichment (7 °C, 11 d) of ingredients and packaging. Nearly all product units (25/26) had elevated microbial loads (&gt;4.3 log CFU/mL) prior to the 60-d target, with early spoilage detected at 21 d. Key spoilage taxa included <em>Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Aerococcus</em>, <em>Paenibacillus, Sphingomonas,</em> and <em>Oceanobacillus. Pseudomonas</em> were responsible for “early” product spoilage (21–32 d), whereas <em>Oceanobacillus</em> were important in products with very “late” spoilage (60–62 d). All key spoilage taxa were identified in cold enrichments of multiple units of waxboard cartons. <em>Paenibacillus</em> was the dominant bacterium in 47% (10/21) of product units. In addition to carton samples, <em>Paenibacillus</em> was also identified in one raw ingredient (mushroom extract). Metabarcoding identified <em>Listeria sensu stricto</em> as a dominant taxon in three individual product units from three distinct production lots. <em>Listeria</em> was also found in 31% (5/16) of cold enrichments of individual cartons. Taxa responsible for spoilage of plant-based beverages were identified as well as demonstrating packaging as an important contamination source.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24000681/pdfft?md5=f15a2c79afb5e868e0db5a6214705108&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X24000681-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140865311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential for Glove Risk Amplification via Direct Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Contamination","authors":"Barry S. Michaels ,&nbsp;Troy Ayers ,&nbsp;Jenna Brooks-McLaughlin ,&nbsp;Ryan J. McLaughlin ,&nbsp;Katherine Sandoval-Warren ,&nbsp;Casey Schlenker ,&nbsp;Lynda Ronaldson ,&nbsp;Steve Ardagh","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review focuses on the potential direct physical, chemical, and microbiological contamination from disposable gloves when utilized in food environments, inclusive of the risks posed to food products as well as worker safety. Unrecognized problems endemic to glove manufacturing were magnified during the COVID-19 pandemic due to high demand, increased focus on PPE performance, availability, supply chain instability, and labor shortages. Multiple evidence-based reports of contamination, toxicity, illness, deaths, and related regulatory action linked to contaminated gloves in food and healthcare have highlighted problems indicative of systemic glove industry shortcomings. The glove manufacturing process was diagramed with sources and pathways of contamination identified, indicating weak points with documented occurrences detailed. Numerous unsafe ingredients can introduce chemical contaminants, potentially posing risks to food and to glove users. Microbial hazards present significant challenges to overall glove safety as contaminants appear to be introduced via polluted water sources or flawed glove manufacturing processes, resulting in increased risks within food and healthcare environments. Frank and opportunistic pathogens along with food spoilage organisms can be introduced to foods and wearers. When the sources and pathways of glove−borne contamination were explored, it was found that physical failures play a pivotal role in the release of sweat build-up, liquefaction of chemical residues, and incubation of microbial contaminants from hands and gloves. Thus, with glove physical integrity issues, including punctures in new, unused gloves that can develop into significant rips and tears, not only can direct physical food contamination occur but also chemical and microbiological contamination can find their way into food. Enhanced regulatory requirements for Acceptable Quality Limits of food−grade gloves, and the establishment of appropriate bioburden standards would enhance safety in food applications. Based on the information provided, together with a false sense of security associated with glove use, the unconditional belief in glove chemical and microbiological purity may be unfounded.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X2400067X/pdfft?md5=67653a02850661c38f6fe55930eface8&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X2400067X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140865111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Three Air Sampling Methods for the Quantification of Salmonella, Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC), Coliforms, and Generic E. coli from Bioaerosols of Cattle and Poultry Farms","authors":"Blanca Ruiz-Llacsahuanga ,&nbsp;Martha Sanchez-Tamayo ,&nbsp;Govindaraj Dev Kumar ,&nbsp;Faith Critzer","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent fresh produce outbreaks potentially associated with bioaerosol contamination from animal operations in adjacent land highlighted the need for further study to better understand the associated risk. The purpose of this research was to evaluate three sampling methods for quantifying target bacterial bioaerosols from animal operations. A dairy cattle and poultry farm located in Georgia, U.S. were visited six times each. Air was collected for 10 min using: 2-stage Andersen impactor with and without mineral oil overlay and impingement samplers. Sampling devices were run concurrently at 0.1, 1, and 2 m heights (<em>n</em> = 36). Andersen samplers were loaded with CHROMagar™ <em>Salmonella,</em> CHROMagar™ STEC, or Brilliance™ coliforms/<em>E. coli</em>. The impingement sampler contained buffered peptone water (20 mL) which was vacuum filtered through a 0.45 µm filter and placed onto the respective media. Plates were incubated at 37 ℃ for 48 h. PCR confirmation followed targeting <em>ttr</em> for <em>Salmonella</em> and <em>stx₁</em>, <em>stx₂</em>, and <em>eae</em> genes for STEC. No significant differences were found among methods to quantify coliforms and <em>E. coli</em>. <em>Salmonella</em> and STEC bioaerosols were not detected by any of the methods (Limit of detection: 0.55 log CFU/m³). <em>E. coli</em> bioaerosols were significantly greater in the poultry (2.76–5.00 log CFU/m³) than in the cattle farm (0.55–2.82 log CFU/m³) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), and similarly distributed at both stages in the Andersen sampler (stage 1:&gt;7 μm; stage 2: 0.65–7 μm particle size). Sampling day did not have a significant effect on the recovery of coliforms/<em>E. coli</em> bioaerosols in the poultry farm when samples were taken at the broiler house exhaust fan (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). A greater and constant emission of coliforms and <em>E. coli</em> bioaerosols from the poultry farm warrants further investigation. These data will help inform bioaerosol sampling techniques which can be used for the quantification of bacterial foodborne pathogens and indicator organisms for future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24000668/pdfft?md5=3facbf124bf3225150ad16ab81d480a6&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X24000668-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140767650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a Simulated Commercial English Muffin Baking Process to control Salmonella Contamination","authors":"Arshdeep Singh,&nbsp;Conor Hunt,&nbsp;Lakshmikantha H. Channaiah","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A validation study was conducted to investigate the effect of the English muffin baking process to control <em>Salmonella</em> contamination and to study the thermal inactivation kinetic parameters (<em>D</em>- and <em>z</em>-values) of <em>Salmonella</em> in English muffin dough. The unbleached bread flour was inoculated with 3 serovar <em>Salmonella</em> cocktail (<em>Salmonella</em> serovars <em>viz.,</em> Newport, Typhimurium, and Senftenberg), and dried back to its preinoculated water activity levels with 7.46 ± 0.12 log CFU/g of <em>Salmonella</em> concentration. The <em>Salmonella</em> inoculated flour was used to prepare English muffin batter and baked at 204.4°C (400°F) for 18 min and allowed to cool at ambient air for 15 min. The English muffins reached 99 ± 0°C (211.96 ± 0.37°F) as their maximum mean internal temperature during baking. The pH and <em>a_w</em> of English muffin dough were 5.01 ± 0.01 and 0.947 ± 0.003, respectively. At the end of the 18−min baking period, the <em>Salmonella</em> inoculated English muffins recorded a more than 5 log CFU/g reduction on the injury-recovery media. The <em>D</em>-values of 3 serovar cocktails of <em>Salmonella</em> at 55, 58.5, and 62°C were 42.0 ± 5.68, 15.6 ± 0.73, and 3.0 ± 0.32 min, respectively; and the <em>z</em>-value was 6.2 ± 0.59°C. The water activity (<em>a_w</em>) of the English muffin crumb (0.947 ± 0.003 to 0.9557 ± 0.001) remained statistically unchanged during baking, whereas the <em>a_w</em> of the muffin crust decreased significantly (0.947 ± 0.003 to 0.918 ± 0.002) by the end of 18 min of baking. This study validates and documents the first scientific evidence that baking English muffins at 204.4°C (400°F) for 18 min acts as an effective kill step by controlling <em>Salmonella</em> population by &gt;5 log CFU/g.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24000644/pdfft?md5=5dcb1332b9ddd4202044f823539917f1&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X24000644-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140650313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matrix effect on the Effectiveness of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment on Antibiotic Residues","authors":"Nikolaos D. Sidirokastritis,&nbsp;Patroklos Vareltzis","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of antibiotics in agriculture and livestock poses health risks to consumers. Treatments such as High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) have been shown to reduce antibiotic and pesticide residues in food. This study aims to investigate the matrix effect on the effectiveness of HHP on hydrochloride tetracycline (HTC) and sulfathiazole (STZ) residues in spiked food matrices. The effect of viscosity, as well as carbohydrate, protein, and fat content on the effectiveness of HHP on antibiotic residues, was investigated. The studied matrices were full-fat and fat-free bovine milk and model food systems consisting of aqueous solutions of sugars, aqueous solutions of proteins, and oil in water emulsions. Model food systems were also used to study the viscosity effect. These systems consisted of aqueous solutions of honey, aqueous solutions of apple puree, and aqueous solutions of glycerol. The HHP processing (580 MPa, 6 min, 25 °C) took place under industrial conditions. For both antibiotics, the concentration of sugars and proteins was found to affect the effectiveness of treatment. The concentration of oils affected treatment efficacy only for HTC. Reduction of antibiotics by HHP was also affected by the type of carbohydrate and the viscosity. In conclusion, the composition and the viscosity of the food matrix exert a variable effect on the studied antibiotic residues reduction by HHP indicating different underlying mechanisms of the interactions between food constituents and antibiotics under the same process conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24000620/pdfft?md5=58da9732d843f30e619aeefef4162cfd&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X24000620-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140646353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an HPLC-PDA Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Three Antibiotics in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Bovine Milk and Health Risk Assessment","authors":"Mohammad Nasir Uddin ,&nbsp;Asif Hasnaine ,&nbsp;Md. Sajedul Haque ,&nbsp;Suman Das ,&nbsp;Monir Uddin ,&nbsp;Dipankar Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mostafa","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A simple new, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective HPLC–PDA method was developed and validated for the determination of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) simultaneously. Chromatographic separations were carried out using a reversed-phase Shim-pack GIS C18 column (4.60 × 250.00 mm; 5.00 µm) at 30°C. Oxalic acid (0.05 M), acetonitrile, and methanol were used as mobile phase under gradient elution conditions at the flow rate of 1.50 mL min⁻¹. Detection wavelength was set at 330 nm. An aliquot of 20.00 µL solution was injected, and three drugs were eluted within 7.39 ± 0.05 min. As per ICH guidelines linearity, recovery, accuracy, precision, selectivity, specificity, sensitivity, stability, column efficiency, system suitability, and robustness were determined for the validation of the proposed method. Calibration curves were linear over a studied concentration range of 8.00 µg mL⁻¹ with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999 for all drugs. Relative standard deviation (RSD) for intra− and interday precision was found less than 2.87% and 3.22%, respectively, indicating the method to be reproducible. The proposed method has been suitably applied for the estimation of TC, OTC, and CIP in pharmaceutical formulation and milk samples collected from local market in Bangladesh. Among 15 milk samples analyzed, most of the cases (more than 50%) TC, OTC, and CIP were detected above maximum residue levels (MRLs) though no significant toxicological effect on the health of consumers in the study area was identified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24000632/pdfft?md5=a5ec08a4a72321c4b0df280c4e79925f&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X24000632-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140647289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification and Prediction of Food Safety Policy Tools in China Based on Machine Learning","authors":"Di Sha ,&nbsp;Pei Du ,&nbsp;Linhai Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Governments use policy interventions to mitigate food safety risks. Despite its crucial role, empirical studies evaluating the effectiveness of China's food safety policy tools are scarce. Drawing on a dataset encompassing 11,236 food safety policy texts from 2005 to 2021 and the incidence of problematic food products in the Eastern, Central, and Western regions of China, this study employs Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models to facilitate the classification of policy tools and forecast the effectiveness of policy combinations. The study reveals that (1) local governments have gradually become an important supplementary maker of food safety policies, and have issued an increasing number of policy tools year by year. (2) Mandatory policy tools are predominant in number and have the highest legal hierarchy and authority levels, followed successively by guiding policy and voluntary policy tools. (3) Mandatory policy tools demonstrated the most effective intervention results, followed successively by guiding policy and voluntary policy tools. (4) The forecast analysis reveals that combinations of policies within high-growth frameworks and those driven by mandatory regulations emerge as the most effective. Therefore, the balance of policy tools in terms of type, effectiveness, and quantity, as well as their applicability in different situations, should all be taken into account.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24000607/pdfft?md5=423483681d4cea9db95144d49c6dfac7&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X24000607-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140632502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Microbial Composition of Edible Insect Products Available for Human Consumption within the United States Using Traditional Microbiological Methods and Whole Genome Sequencing","authors":"Amrit Pal,&nbsp;Amy Mann,&nbsp;Henk C. den Bakker","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Edible insects offer a promising protein source for humans, but their food safety risks have not been previously investigated within the United States. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the microbial content of processed edible insect products. A total of eight different types of edible insect products, including diving beetles, silkworms, grasshoppers, Jamaican crickets, mealworms, mole crickets, whole roasted crickets, and 100% pure cricket powder, were purchased from a large online retailer for the analysis. All the products were purchased in August 2022 and examined between August 2022 and November 2022. Traditional microbiological methods were employed to determine microbial counts for each product type using three replicates (total number of samples = 24). This included assessing aerobic bacterial spore, lactic acid bacteria, <em>Enterobacteriaceae,</em> total viable counts, and the presence of <em>Salmonella</em>. Additionally, whole genome sequencing was employed to further characterize selected colonies (<em>n</em> = 96). Microbial counts data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, while sequence data were taxonomically classified using Sepia.<!--> <em>Bacillus</em> <em>cereus</em> <!-->group isolates underwent additional characterization with Btyper3. Product type significantly influenced total viable counts, bacterial spore counts, and lactic acid bacteria counts (<em>P</em> = 0.00391, <em>P</em> = 0.0065, and <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001, respectively), with counts ranging from &lt; 1.70 to 6.01 Log₁₀ CFU/g, &lt;1.70 to 5.25 Log₁₀ CFU/g, and &lt; 1.70 to 4.86 Log₁₀ CFU/g, respectively. <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> were only detected in mole crickets (&lt;2.30 Log₁₀ CFU/g) and house cricket powder (&lt;2.15 Log₁₀ CFU/g). All samples were negative for <em>Salmonella</em>. Whole genome sequencing revealed the presence of 12 different bacterial genera among the analyzed isolates, with a majority belonging to the <em>Bacillus</em> genus. Some of the isolates of <em>Bacillus cereus</em> group were identified as biovar Emeticus. Overall, although edible insects offer a promising food alternative, the presence of <em>Bacillus cereus</em> group in some products could raise concerns regarding food safety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24000619/pdfft?md5=9ea77fc5f24e9ea0eaee55f7240e17b4&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X24000619-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140632504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foodborne Illnesses from Leafy Greens in the United States: Attribution, Burden, and Cost","authors":"Xuerui Yang,&nbsp;Robert Scharff","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Leafy green vegetables are a major source of foodborne illnesses. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to estimate attribution and burden of illness estimates for leafy greens. This study combines results from three outbreak-based attribution models with illness incidence and economic cost models to develop comprehensive pathogen-specific burden estimates for leafy greens and their subcategories in the United States. We find that up to 9.18% (90% CI: 5.81%-15.18%) of foodborne illnesses linked to identified pathogens are attributed to leafy greens. Including ‘Unknown’ illnesses not linked to specific pathogens, leafy greens account for as many as 2,307,558 (90% CI: 1,077,815–4,075,642) illnesses annually in the United States. The economic cost of these illnesses is estimated to be up to $5.278 billion (90% CI: $3.230-$8.221 billion) annually. Excluding the pathogens with small outbreak sizes, Norovirus, Shiga toxin-producing<!--> <em>Escherichia coli</em> (both non-O157 and O157:H7), <em>Campylobacter</em> spp., and nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella</em>, are associated with the highest number of illnesses and greatest costs from leafy greens. While lettuce (romaine, iceberg, “other lettuce”) takes 60.8% of leafy green outbreaks, it accounts for up to 75.7% of leafy green foodborne illnesses and 70% of costs. Finally, we highlighted that 19.8% of Shiga toxin-producing<!--> <em>Escherichia coli</em> O157:H7 illnesses are associated with romaine among all food commodities, resulting in 12,496 estimated illnesses and $324.64 million annually in the United States.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24000590/pdfft?md5=536fe70a4e0e57f867e660e00b1a9e79&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X24000590-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140605329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proportions and Serogroups of Enterohemorrhagic Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Feces of Fed and Cull Beef and Cull Dairy Cattle at Harvest","authors":"Joseph M. Bosilevac,&nbsp;Tatum S. Katz,&nbsp;Terrance M. Arthur,&nbsp;Norasak Kalchayanand,&nbsp;Tommy L. Wheeler","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cattle are considered a primary reservoir of Shiga toxin (<em>stx</em>)-producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> that cause enterohemorrhagic disease (EHEC), and contaminated beef products are one vehicle of transmission to humans. However, animals entering the beef harvest process originate from differing production systems: feedlots, dairies, and beef breeding herds. The objective of this study was to determine if fed cattle, cull dairy, and or cull beef cattle carry differing proportions and serogroups of EHEC at harvest. Feces were collected via rectoanal mucosal swabs (RAMSs) from 1,039 fed cattle, 1,058 cull dairy cattle, and 1,018 cull beef cattle at harvest plants in seven U.S. states (CA, GA, NE, PA, TX, WA, and WI). The proportion of the <em>stx</em> gene in feces of fed cattle (99.04%) was not significantly different (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05) than in the feces of cull dairy (92.06%) and cull beef (91.85%) cattle. When two additional factors predictive of EHEC (intimin and <em>ecf1</em> genes) were considered, EHEC was significantly greater (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) in fed cattle (77.29%) than in cull dairy (47.54%) and cull beef (38.51%) cattle. The presence of <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 and five common non-O157 EHEC of serogroups O26, O103, O111, O121, and O145 was determined using molecular analysis for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) followed by culture isolation. SNP analysis identified 23.48%, 17.67%, and 10.81% and culture isolation confirmed 2.98%, 3.31%, and 3.00% of fed, cull dairy, and cull beef cattle feces to contain one of these EHEC, respectively. The most common serogroups confirmed by culture isolation were O157, O103, and O26. Potential EHEC of fourteen other serogroups were isolated as well, from 4.86%, 2.46%, and 2.01% of fed, cull dairy, and cull beef cattle feces, respectively; with the most common being serogroups O177, O74, O98, and O84. The identification of particular EHEC serogroups in different types of cattle at harvest may offer opportunities to improve food safety risk management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24000577/pdfft?md5=2647003c2a536f7422796b3211b669d5&pid=1-s2.0-S0362028X24000577-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140632505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}