Journal of food protection最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Salmonella Species on U.S. Swine Sites as Part of the NAHMS 2021 Swine Enteric Study","authors":"Stephanie C. Hempstead ,&nbsp;Catherine A. Gensler ,&nbsp;Charles A. Haley ,&nbsp;Alyson M. Wiedenheft ,&nbsp;James B. Robertson ,&nbsp;Paula J. Fedorka-Cray ,&nbsp;Megan E. Jacob","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Salmonella</em> species are an important cause of systemic and gastrointestinal disease in animals and humans worldwide; they are also increasingly resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials which may aid in their treatment and control. <em>Salmonella</em> can also be shed asymptomatically. The aim of this study was to survey the U.S. swine industry to determine and update estimates of <em>Salmonella</em> prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), replicon distribution, and biofilm potential as part of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) 2021 Swine Study. A total of 1,043 fecal samples were collected from finishing swine 20 weeks and older on 39 sites, from November 2021 through April 2022. <em>Salmonella</em> detection was culture-based and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution; replicon typing was completed by PCR. Biofilm potential was assessed using a crystal violet assay and normalized to a positive control strain. Overall, the prevalence of <em>Salmonella</em> in swine feces was low (3.9%; 41 of 1,043) and comprised of a broad range of serotypes including <em>S.</em> Derby (34.1%) and <em>S</em>. I 4,[5],12:i:- (22.0%), also found previously. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent was detected in 61.0% of isolates with the most prevalent resistance to tetracycline (53.7%). Multidrug resistance (≥3 antimicrobial classes) was found in 26.8% of isolates. The most prevalent replicon types detected were IncHI2 (24.4%) and IncA/C (24.4%), both of which have previously been associated with <em>Salmonella</em> isolated from swine. The majority (85.4%) of isolates formed some biofilm <em>in vitro</em>, characterized as weak (36.6%), moderate (39.0%), or strong (9.8%), with no major associations among common serotype or AMR pattern. Surveillance programs updating the prevalence and characteristics of <em>Salmonella</em> in the U.S. swine population will inform ongoing farm-level and public health efforts to mitigate animal and human health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-contamination Risks in Dry Produce Packinghouses: Efficacy of Alcohol-based Sanitizers to Reduce Salmonella and Potential Surrogates on Relevant Surface Materials","authors":"Alexandra Nerney ,&nbsp;Stuart Reitz ,&nbsp;Jovana Kovacevic ,&nbsp;Joy Waite-Cusic","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 2020 <em>Salmonella</em> outbreak was epidemiologically linked to red onions; however, insufficient cleaning and sanitation in the packinghouse expanded the recall to include all onions handled by the packing house in the preceding 3 months. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of dry sanitizers to reduce cross-contamination risk on food contact surfaces (FCSs) found in postharvest packing areas. Transfer of <em>Salmonella</em> and potential surrogates (<em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Enterococcus faecium</em>) to and from onions to FCS materials (high-density polypropylene, polyester-nylon conveyor belts, plywood) was quantified. Transfer rates from inoculated onions to FCS were highly variable, but did not differ by surface, averaging −1.19 log %. Transfer rates from contaminated FCS to uninoculated onions averaged 0.2 log %, with 40% (31/81) of onions having no detectable transfer. Onion variety, surface type, and species did not influence the transfer rate (<em>p &gt;</em> 0.05). Commercial sanitizers and alcohol solutions were tested for efficacy of reducing targeted bacteria on FCS. Reductions were quantified after 30 s and after drying (15 min). High alcohol sanitizers (∼60%) achieved a 5-log reduction on HDPE after drying. Lower alcohol (&lt;30%) products were ineffective (&lt;2-log reduction). <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Salmonella</em> were comparable in sensitivity to sanitizers, but <em>E. faecium</em> was more sensitive (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Transfer and sanitizer evaluation was scaled to investigate cross-contamination in postharvest storage bins (plastic and wood). With no sanitation, inoculated plastic bin contact resulted in contamination of 49–71% of onions. Use of ∼60% alcohol solutions reduced contamination to &lt;4% of onions (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Low-alcohol product significantly increased cross-contamination to 86–100% of onions (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). These findings highlight the importance of validating sanitizer efficacy to quantify microbial reduction and cross-contamination risk on produce contact surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Tetracycline Residues in Layer Eggs in Haryana, India","authors":"Khushbu Bishnoi,&nbsp;Pallavi Moudgil,&nbsp;Deepak Soni,&nbsp;Vijay J. Jadhav","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotics are extensively used in layer flocks for the prevention of diseases and to enhance their growth and production. However, their nonprudent use is leading to the occurrence of residues in eggs. The present study aimed at the detection of tetracycline group residues in egg samples collected from layer farms located in Haryana, India, and human health risk assessment. A total of 100 pooled egg samples were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet detector for the detection of tetracycline group residues. Out of 100 pooled samples, 13 (13%) were found to be contaminated with tetracycline residues (12 for chlortetracycline and one for tetracycline). Of these, five (38.5%) samples (one for tetracycline and four for chlortetracycline) exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) established by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. The risk assessment based on the per capita availability of eggs in Haryana revealed that the current levels of residues in eggs pose no significant toxicological effects on the consumer’s health. The residues exceeding MRL indicate nonprudent use of antibiotics in veterinary practices, which could lead to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. There is a need to generate awareness among farmers toward judicious antibiotic usage in layer birds and adherence to withdrawal periods to prevent the escalating problem of antibiotic resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Meat and Milk in Northeastern Italy","authors":"Debora Pinamonti ,&nbsp;Marisa Manzano ,&nbsp;Michela Maifreni ,&nbsp;Silvia Bianco ,&nbsp;Beki Domi ,&nbsp;Alessia Ferrin ,&nbsp;Jamila Anba-Mondoloni ,&nbsp;Julien Dechamps ,&nbsp;Roman Briandet ,&nbsp;Jasmina Vidic","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> is a pathogenic microorganism often found in animal-derived foods and is known for its ability to readily develop resistance to antibiotic treatments. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of <em>S. aureus</em> strains in raw milk and meat in Italy and to evaluate their antibiotic resistance profiles and biofilm production. Among the meat isolates, 41.67% were resistant to ampicillin, and 25% were methicillin-resistant <em>S. aureus</em> (MRSA). In milk, 20% of the isolates were resistant to gentamycin, while 5.71% were MRSA. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains was higher in meat (16.67%) compared to milk (5.71%). The biofilm formation capability was assessed in most of the isolates (80% in milk and 100% in meat). Representative strains exhibiting different antibiotic resistance profiles were all negative for the enterotoxin genes <em>sea, seb, sec</em>, <em>sed</em>, and <em>see</em>, but harbored potential virulence factors such as hemolytic activity, high pigmentation, low cell envelop permeability, charged and hydrophobicity. Finally, the interaction of representative strains with human Caco-2 intestinal cell line showed that most strains had an adhesion capacity. Our findings reveal that foodborne isolates of <em>S. aureus</em> present a considerable threat to consumers due to their production of virulence factors, which enhance their pathogenicity and increase the likelihood of antibiotic treatment failures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Training Intervention on Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Prevalence of Selected Pathogens in Raw Milk From Smallholder Women Dairy Farmers in Central Ethiopia","authors":"Achenef Melaku Beyene ,&nbsp;Seleshe Nigatu ,&nbsp;Juan C. Archila-Godinez ,&nbsp;Kebede Amenu ,&nbsp;Barbara Kowalcyk ,&nbsp;Desalegne Degefaw ,&nbsp;Binyam Mogess ,&nbsp;Baye Gelaw ,&nbsp;Mucheye Gizachew ,&nbsp;Araya Mengistu ,&nbsp;Ahmed G. Abdelhamid ,&nbsp;James Barkley ,&nbsp;Ahmed Yousef","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contamination of milk is a serious public health risk, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Training is a tool for improving the quality and safety of milk. However, its effect on the microbial quality and safety of milk has not been well documented. This study assessed the impact of training interventions on the microbial quality and safety of milk, with a specific focus on smallholder dairy farms. The study was conducted from January to June 2022 in four locations in Central Ethiopia. Milk samples were collected from 120 dairy farmers one week before and four to six weeks after the training and analyzed for total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, Shiga toxin-producing <em>E. coli</em> (STEC), <em>Salmonella enterica,</em> and <em>Campylobacter jejuni</em>. Total and thermotolerant coliforms were determined by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method; categorized as high (≥1,001 MPN/ml), medium (101 10³ MPN/ml), low (21–10² MPN/ml), and very low (≤20 MPN/ml); and analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Prevalence of <em>E. coli</em>, STEC, <em>S. enterica</em>, and <em>C. jejuni</em> in raw milk samples were 67, 12, 3, and 4% pretraining and 45, 4, 3, and 2% posttraining, respectively. The prevalence of <em>E. coli</em> (<em>p</em> = 0.0389) and STEC (<em>p</em> = 0.0005) was significantly lower posttraining compared to pretraining. Most samples had total coliform counts exceeding 10³ MPN/ml pretraining (71%); this proportion decreased to 62% posttraining. The estimated cumulative probability of being in the high category was marginally significantly higher (<em>p</em> = 0.0581) pretraining (76%) compared to posttraining (64%). In conclusion, reductions in the detection of some milk quality and safety parameters were observed. However, a considerable proportion of the milk samples were highly contaminated even after the training. Hence, comprehensive and continued risk mitigation strategies are needed to ensure milk safety for consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142907105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival of Salmonella on Biodegradable Mulch, Landscape Fabric, and Plastic Mulch","authors":"Alyssa A. Rosenbaum ,&nbsp;Claire M. Murphy ,&nbsp;Annette L. Wszelaki ,&nbsp;Alexis M. Hamilton ,&nbsp;Steven L. Rideout ,&nbsp;Laura K. Strawn","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ground covers are used in produce production to enhance plant growth and control diseases and pests. While various factors are considered when selecting commercial ground covers, food safety, particularly the survival of foodborne pathogens, is often overlooked. This study aimed to assess the survival of <em>Salmonella</em> on different ground covers, including biodegradable mulch, landscape fabric, and plastic mulch. New rolls of each ground cover were cut to fit a 100 × 15 mm petri dish and spot inoculated with a seven-strain <em>Salmonella</em> cocktail at approximately 6 log CFU/cm². The inoculated coupons were stored in a climate-controlled chamber (23°C, 55% relative humidity) and sampled at 0, 0.06 (1.5 h), 0.17 (4 h), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 30, 60, 90, and 140 days postinoculation (dpi). If counts dropped below the detection limit (&lt;0.12 log CFU/cm²), enrichments were performed following the Food and Drug Administration’s Bacteriological Analytical Manual <em>Salmonella</em> protocol. <em>Salmonella</em> survived 140 dpi on all tested ground covers, with reductions &gt;5 log CFU/cm². Survival rates at 140 dpi were highest on landscape fabric (83%, 25/30) followed by plastic mulch (50%, 15/30) and biodegradable mulch (13%, 4/30) coupons (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). During the first 30 dpi, biodegradable mulch exhibited the smallest reduction in <em>Salmonella</em> (2.47 ± 0.26 log CFU/cm²), compared to landscape fabric (3.07 ± 0.30 log CFU/cm²) and plastic mulch (3.86 ± 0.72 log CFU/cm²). After 60 dpi, <em>Salmonella</em> reductions stabilized across all materials (∼4 log CFU/cm²) and by 90 dpi, no significant differences were observed between ground cover types (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). Although <em>Salmonella</em> survival varied among ground covers in the short-term (0–30 dpi), a &gt;5 log CFU/cm² reduction of <em>Salmonella</em> was observed among all materials by 140 dpi. Findings suggest that ground cover material influences <em>Salmonella</em> survival and should be factored into food safety risk management strategies, especially when ground covers are reused.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142907103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Antimicrobial Biopolymer Film Incorporated with a Mixture of Sodium Lactate and Diacetate and Studying its Efficacy Against Listeria monocytogenes and Microbiological Spoilage in Deli Meat Over 12 Weeks of Storage","authors":"Katherine Sierra ,&nbsp;Luis Guzman ,&nbsp;Vianca Tashiguano ,&nbsp;Micah T. Black ,&nbsp;Payten Leeds ,&nbsp;Jakob Doster ,&nbsp;Laura J. Garner ,&nbsp;Sungeun Cho ,&nbsp;Yucheng Peng ,&nbsp;Amit Morey","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food packaging is a major contributor to environmental pollution and is a concern among customers who are pushing the food industry towards innovative, sustainable, and biodegradable plastic-alternative packaging materials. The integration of biomolecules derived from agricultural waste has the potential to enhance the mechanical properties of these novel packaging materials. Additionally, incorporating antimicrobial agents can improve food safety and extend shelf life, thereby increasing the market acceptance of these environmentally friendly packaging solutions. Research was conducted to (1) develop and evaluate mechanical properties of plastic-alternative films with chicken skin gelatin and antimicrobials (a mixture of sodium lactate and sodium diacetate (LD)); and (2) evaluate the efficacy of the antimicrobial films against <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> and microbiological spoilage of fully cooked, beef bologna. Through the 12-week storage, the LD biopolymer film initially exhibited bacteriostatic effects, followed by bactericidal (decrease of ∼2 log CFU/g), and again bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen during weeks 0–4, 5–6, and 7–12, respectively. The biopolymer film with antimicrobial reduced the spoilage microorganism’s growth by 0.6 log CFU/g over the 12-weeks of storage. Our research demonstrates that biopolymer films can be incorporated with antimicrobials and can be highly effective in controlling <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> in ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products during storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142828427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Dietary Acrylamide Exposure of Ethiopian Population Through Coffee Consumption","authors":"Dhaba Mengesha ,&nbsp;Negussie Retta ,&nbsp;Henok Ashagrie Deribew ,&nbsp;Markos Makiso Urugo ,&nbsp;Paulos Getachew","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study estimated the acrylamide exposure of the Ethiopian population through traditional brewing of <em>Coffee arabica</em>. Acrylamide concentrations in traditionally processed Ethiopian <em>C. arabica</em> varieties from Jimma, Sidama, Yirgacheffe, Nekemte, and Hararge were measured. A qualitative survey in Addis Ababa was used to develop a traditional coffee brewing flowchart, which was then applied in a laboratory setting. Acrylamide concentrations in roasted coffee powders were found to be 944.01, 861.67, 739.63, 726.35, and 326.60 μg/kg for Hararge, Nekemte, Jimma, Yirgacheffe, and Sidama, respectively. First brew concentrations were 119.97, 112.10, 108.68, 94.07, and 6.67 μg/L, and second brew concentrations were 21.41, 16.45, 16.77, 3.92, and 6.31 μg/L for the respective varieties of Nekemte, Yirgachefe, Jimma, Hararge, and Sidama. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of acrylamide, based on coffee consumption data, were well below harmful levels (&lt;200 μg/kg bw/day), with Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values indicating minimal noncarcinogenic risk (&lt;1). The study also found low concern for nonneoplastic effects (intake &lt; 0.2 μg/kg bw/day) from Sidama and Nekemte coffees, although a relatively higher concern was observed for Nekemte in specific areas. The findings suggest that reducing acrylamide content in coffee through preventive actions and mitigation strategies is advisable to minimize potential health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Manure Compost with Alkaline Walnut Hull Biochar","authors":"Joshua B. Gurtler,&nbsp;Charles A. Mullen","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar has been used to accelerate heating profiles during composting by increasing oxygenation, which could also reduce microbial pathogens. However, the antimicrobial inactivation of foodborne pathogens in compost, by amending with biochar without increased heating profiles, has not been evaluated. In this study, we examined the ability of biochar to inactivate <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 (EC) in fresh dairy manure compost by amending with one of four types of biochar. Two slow pyrolysis biochars (high-temperature walnut hull biochar [HTWHB], and walnut hull cyclone biochar [WHCB]), and two fast pyrolysis biochars were examined. Compost with 8.1 log CFU/g of EC + 10% amended biochar was held at 22 °C and analyzed for EC weekly. The control treatment sustained ca. 8.7 log CFU of EC through week 7; however, the bacterium was not detected by direct plating in WHCB compost (below the detection limit) by day 7, through the entire 49 days (which may be attributed to increased compost alkalinity [i.e., pH 10.76]). Populations of EC in compost supplemented with 10% of the three other biochars sustained EC populations ≥9.2 log through the balance of the study. The four biochars were further tested in soil at 17% moisture to determine if concentrations as low as 3.5% could inactivate EC. When 3.5% HTWHB was added to soil, populations were 5.1 log CFU lower than when 10% of the same biochar was amended into dairy compost by week 3. This may indicate that alkaline biochar, amended into lower moisture, soil may be more biocidal than when alkaline biochar is added to high moisture manure compost. The current study demonstrates that highly alkaline walnut hull cyclone biochar is capable of reducing up to 8 log of EC in high moisture fresh compost in only 7 days, while as little as 3.5% alkaline WHCB in 17% moisture soil can reduce 6.7 log of EC in only 14 days. These results may assist farmers in amending compost, manure, cattle feedlots, or soil with biochar to reduce EC, and potentially other pathogens (e.g., <em>Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni,</em> and <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>)<em>,</em> with the goal of reducing the dissemination of human bacterial pathogens to meat, poultry, and fresh produce.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142871241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of Immersion Precooling and Drip Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures on Weight, Temperature, Microbiological Quality, and Safety of Chicken Carcasses","authors":"Angela B.P.S. Fernandes ,&nbsp;Clair F.S. Pereira ,&nbsp;Hiago M. Pereira ,&nbsp;Marco A.C. Batista ,&nbsp;Luiz F.S. Dionisio ,&nbsp;Amauri A. Alfieri ,&nbsp;Bruna Alexandrino ,&nbsp;José C. Ribeiro-Júnior","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to validate sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs) of the precooling system in two immersion stages with different temperatures followed by dripping for 3 min. The variables evaluated were temperature, weight, microbiological quality, and safety of chicken carcasses. Groups of indicator microorganisms were quantified and the occurrence of <em>Salmonella</em> spp., <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, diarrheagenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> (non-157), and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> with enterotoxigenic potential was investigated, before and after cooling by immersion and dripping. <em>Salmonella</em> serovars were determined by real-time PCR. Immersion of the carcasses in water at 9.5 (±2.89) and 2.33 (±1.30) °C in the first and second stages was sufficient to considerably reduce the carcass temperature to 5.70 and 7.41 °C at the system outlet and after dripping, respectively. The weight gain was 5.5%, in accordance with Brazilian legislation (&lt;8%). Immersion cooling significantly reduced (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) the total counts of enterobacteria, total coliforms, and <em>E. coli</em>. Contamination was reduced in the carcasses, which increased the water counts in the system to 3.76 log CFU/mL for psychrotrophs. <em>Salmonella</em> spp. was identified in 100% of the carcasses evaluated and in the water from the first and second stages of cooling. The main serovars were <em>S.</em> Newport and <em>S.</em> Minnesota. Pathotypes of diarrheagenic <em>E. coli</em>, mainly atypical EPEC and STEC, and <em>S. aureus</em> with enterotoxigenic potential were highly prevalent in the carcasses even before entering the precooling systems by immersion, which was not sufficient to rule out the occurrence of any pathogen studied. Despite the notable SSOP effect on the quantification of microbiological indicators during immersion cooling, the high occurrence of different pathogens underlies the need to review procedures and techniques not only in slaughterhouses but also throughout the production chain, acting in an integrated manner to provide biosecurity and reduce risks to the consumption of chicken meat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 2","pages":"Article 100451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}