Journal of food protection最新文献

{"title":"Microbiological Testing Results of Boneless and Ground Beef Purchased for the National School Lunch Program, School Years 2019–2022","authors":"William A. Stone ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Whisenant ,&nbsp;Angelia Gale ,&nbsp;Glenn E. Tillman ,&nbsp;Amos Hardy ,&nbsp;Carl M. Schroeder ,&nbsp;Darin R. Doerscher","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) purchases beef for the National School Lunch Program and other federal nutrition assistance programs. For beef to be delivered to foodservice facilities raw, each ca. 900 kg lot of boneless beef raw material and each ca. 4,500 kg sublot of resultant ground beef is tested for standard plate count organisms (SPCs), coliforms, generic <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Salmonella</em>, and <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7. Additionally, one of every 10 lots of boneless beef, randomly selected, is tested for Shiga toxin-producing non-O157 <em>E. coli</em> (STEC) O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145. For beef that will be cooked using a validated lethality step at a federally inspected establishment prior to delivery, each lot of boneless beef and each sublot of ground beef is tested for SPCs, coliforms, and generic <em>E. coli</em> only. Any lot or sublot exceeding predefined critical limits (CLs) of 100,000 CFU g⁻¹ for SPCs, 1,000 CFU g⁻¹ for coliforms, or 500 CFU g⁻¹ for generic <em>E. coli</em>, or containing <em>Salmonella</em> or STEC (O157:H7 or non-O157), is rejected for purchase. For school years 2019 through 2022 (July 2018 through June 2022), 199,955,763 kg of boneless beef and 176,852,781 kg of ground beef were produced for AMS. For boneless beef, 198 (0.09%), 344 (0.16%), and 169 (0.08%) of 218,349 lots exceeded CLs for SPCs, coliforms, and generic <em>E. coli</em>, respectively; 1,678 (1.44%) and 144 (0.12%) of 116,873 lots tested for pathogens were positive for <em>Salmonella</em> and <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7, respectively; and 20 (0.16%) of 12,133 lots tested were positive for non-O157 STEC. For ground beef, 46 (0.11%), 40 (0.09%), and 15 (0.03%) of 43,346 sublots exceeded CLs for SPCs, coliforms, and generic <em>E. coli</em>, respectively; and 260 (1.34%) and 8 (0.04%) of 19,444 sublots were positive for <em>Salmonella</em> and <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on 1,770 <em>Salmonella</em> isolates, 112 <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 isolates, and 14 non-O157 STEC isolates. Resistance to ≥1 antimicrobial was observed for 726 (41.02%) <em>Salmonella</em> isolates, 27 (24.11%) <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 isolates, and 1 (7.14%) non-O157 isolates. All lots and sublots found to exceed indicator organism CLs or to contain pathogens were rejected for purchase and diverted from federal nutrition assistance programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 4","pages":"Article 100469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An outbreak of Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Serotype O145:H28 Associated with Domestic Travel and Consumption of Unpasteurized Cheese, UK, 2023","authors":"Orlagh I. Quinn ,&nbsp;Claire Jenkins ,&nbsp;David R. Greig ,&nbsp;Susan Neale ,&nbsp;Frieda Jorgensen ,&nbsp;Yanshi ,&nbsp;Thomas Inns ,&nbsp;Lesley Allison ,&nbsp;Lynda Browning ,&nbsp;Amy Douglas ,&nbsp;Sooria Balasegram","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unpasteurized dairy products carry an inherent risk of being contaminated with STEC and/or other zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogens. In November 2023, a genetically linked and geographically dispersed outbreak of 36 cases of Shiga toxin-producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> (STEC) O145:H28 was detected by the foodborne gastrointestinal pathogens surveillance systems at the UK Health Security Agency, using whole genome sequencing. Reported symptoms included diarrhoea (81%), bloody diarrhoea (65%), vomiting (84%), and 47% of cases were admitted to hospital. A review of the completed enhanced surveillance questionnaires (<em>n</em> = 29) revealed 18 cases reporting travelling first class on trains operated by the same company prior to onset of symptoms, of which 16/18 consumed the same meal which included an unpasteurized cheese. Microbiological testing of the cheese products did not detect the outbreak strain; however, STEC O145:H28 was detected in two bovine fecal samples collected at the dairy farm where the unpasteurized cheese was produced. Analysis of the genome sequencing data confirmed that the 36 human STEC O145 isolates and the two bovine STEC O145 isolates fell within the same 5 SNP single linkage cluster. These findings indicated that the cattle were the likely source of the human infections, via the consumption of contaminated unpasteurized cheese. The food business operator voluntarily recalled the implicated product from sale. Vulnerable groups, such as those who are very young, elderly, pregnant, or immunocompromised, should avoid consuming raw drinking milk and cheeses. Due to advances in clinical molecular diagnostics and enhanced epidemiological surveillance, notifications of foodborne outbreaks of STEC other than serogroups O157 are increasing in the UK. Further improvements in microbiological methods for detecting STEC on the farm and in food are essential for the presale identification of contaminated food items and to reduce the risks to public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 4","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Species-Specific Primers Enable Accurate Detection and Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa via qPCR","authors":"Chaerin Kim ,&nbsp;Ravi Jothi ,&nbsp;Kwang-Kyo Oh,&nbsp;Dong Suk Park","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa,</em> a notable pathogen in nosocomial infections, also emerges as a significant and often underestimated foodborne pathogen, frequently identified in diverse food categories, including meat, milk, fruits, vegetables, and water. Its resilience, virulence, and ability to form biofilms necessitate the development of novel methods for early detection of its presence in food products. This study aims to identify, design, and validate specific genetic markers for <em>P. aeruginosa</em> detection through quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. In this study, 816 publicly available genome sequences of <em>P. aeruginosa</em> strains were compared to identify a conserved and specific gene encoding a hypothetical protein (WP_003109295.1) in <em>P. aeruginosa</em> DSM 50071. Primers targeting this gene region were designed and validated for their ability to detect <em>P. aeruginosa</em> using qPCR, demonstrating a high level of sensitivity and specificity for <em>P. aeruginosa</em> among various <em>Pseudomonas</em> species. Further validation through standard curve analysis using three different templates such as cloned DNA, genomic DNA, and cell suspension confirmed the exceptional sensitivity and specificity of the designed primers in quantifying <em>P. aeruginosa</em> via qPCR. Additionally, the on-site application of these primers was validated on <em>P. aeruginosa</em>-inoculated carrot samples, highlighting their reliability and accuracy. The proposed direct qPCR method offers substantial advantages for the rapid, simple, and specific detection of <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, enhancing the efficiency of diagnostic and monitoring processes for this pathogen in food and vegetable distribution systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 4","pages":"Article 100467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofilm-forming Abilities of Salmonella Serovars Isolated From Clinically Ill Livestock at 48 and 168 h","authors":"Samantha R. Locke ,&nbsp;Poonam G. Vinayamohan ,&nbsp;Dubraska Diaz-Campos ,&nbsp;Gregory Habing","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Little is known regarding the biofilm-forming capabilities of a somewhat distinct population of <em>Salmonellae</em> present on-farm and responsible for illnesses in livestock and humans. Evaluation of cleaning and disinfection in preharvest environments has found little success in eradicating <em>Salmonella</em> biofilms to date. Disrupting the environmental survival of <em>Salmonella</em> via biofilm removal will be critical to reducing carriage in livestock reservoirs and the risk of foodborne illness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the biofilm-forming abilities of <em>Salmonellae</em> relevant to livestock and human health. Eighty-one isolates from 8 serovars (<em>S</em>. Typhimurium, Heidelberg, Montevideo, Agona, Newport, Dublin, 4,[5],12:i:-, Enteritidis) were sourced from poultry and clinically ill cattle, swine, and equine. We hypothesized that biofilm production rate would vary significantly between serovars, and biofilm density would increase from 48 to 168 hrs. Isolates were grown in 24-well microplates in tryptone soy broth at ambient temperature, with media refreshed every 48 h. Biofilm density was quantified using crystal violet assays. Strong biofilm formers comprised 84% (68/81) of isolates tested, while 5.9% (4/81) were considered weak. Biofilm density was significantly greater at 168 h versus 48 h for all serovars except Dublin. Additionally, biofilm growth rate varied by serovar. Differences in biofilm-associated genes were evaluated, and only the detection of <em>csrB</em> was significantly associated with the categorization of biofilm producers. Results suggest inconsistent cleaning likely allows for the establishment of biofilms in on-farm environments. Further, some serovars may pose a greater risk for rapid biofilm establishment. This study provides data necessary to inform the development of evidence-based cleaning and disinfection protocols effective against the most prolific biofilm-forming strains of virulent <em>Salmonella.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 4","pages":"Article 100466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Training on Butcheries Meat Sanitation Practices in Eastern Ethiopia: Food Safety Indicator Cases of Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Adem Hiko ,&nbsp;Getachew Shelfa ,&nbsp;Sisay Girma ,&nbsp;Yesihak Yusuf ,&nbsp;Debeli Tadesse ,&nbsp;Abdi Dedefo","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food handlers’ training minimizes foodborne illness. A study was conducted from November 2020 to June 2023 to assess the effectiveness of theoretical and practical trainings on the hygienic meat handling improvement of Haramaya, Awaday, Malk-Rafu, and Harar towns’ butcheries using <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> as food safety indicator in Eastern Ethiopia. Two rounds (before- and after-training delivery) of swab samples from carcasses, equipment (cutting board, hooks, and knife), personnel hands and floor, and water samples were collected from 30 randomly selected butchery shops. A total of 420 samples consisting of 210 before- and 210 after-trainings were collected and examined for <em>S. aureus</em>. Selected <em>S. aureus</em> isolated before the training were tested against eight various antimicrobial agents. Per butchery shop (<em>n</em> = 30), the demography of one worker per shop was also assessed. Prevalence of <em>S. aureus</em> was 51.4% before- and 11.90% after the delivery of the training. After the training, a significant reduction of <em>S. aureus</em> by 39.53% in overall, by 41.66% in environmental, and by 26.70% in meat samples were observed. After the training, <em>S. aureus</em> presence was significantly reduced (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) by 6.2–10.2 folds at studied towns. Except on meat, personnel hands, and floor swabs (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.01), <em>S. aureus</em> were significantly reduced after the training in other sampling locations (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). Except for the cutting board, odds of <em>S. aureus</em> reductions were by 3.2–16.7 folds at all sampling locations. <em>S. aureus</em> was 48.9%, 55.1%, and 57.1% before delivery of the training in cattle, goat, and sheep meat lines, respectively. However, it becomes 9.5%, 11.5%, 13.3%, and 14.3% after the delivery of the training in respective the animals’ meat lines. All of the 30 butchery shops were found <em>S. aureus</em> positive for at least one location both before the training (50%) and after the training (46.7%) delivery. Of the 53 tested <em>S. aureus</em>, high susceptibility to gentamicin (100%), chloramphenicol (83.02%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (69.81%), and erythromycin (60.38%) were observed. Two antimicrobial drugs resistant (67.92%) and multiples of ≥3 antimicrobial drugs resistant (30.19%) isolates were also observed. Two isolates showed four antimicrobial drug classes resistant. In conclusion, this study showed the effectiveness of training in the reduction of selected foodborne pathogens. However, the significances, sustainability, and long-term effects of the training with logistic supply and frequent supervision are still recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 4","pages":"Article 100468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The Combined Use of High Pressure Processing and Lactic Acid Containing Fermentate on Inactivation of Salmonella, Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Pet Foods” [J. Food Protect. 87(12) (2024) 100390]","authors":"Alvin Lee ,&nbsp;Nicole Maks-Warren ,&nbsp;Viviana Aguilar ,&nbsp;Brittany Swicegood ,&nbsp;Lindsay Halik ,&nbsp;Joshua Warren ,&nbsp;Edward O’Neill ,&nbsp;Jason Meents ,&nbsp;Susy Tejayadi","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 3","pages":"Article 100465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Population Analyses Reveal Pre-enrichment Method and Selective Enrichment Media Affect Salmonella Serovars Detected on Broiler Carcasses” [J. Food Protect. 82(10) (2019) 1688–1696]","authors":"Nelson A. Cox ,&nbsp;Mark E. Berrang ,&nbsp;Sandra L. House ,&nbsp;David Medina ,&nbsp;Kim Cook ,&nbsp;Nikki W Shariat","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100415","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 3","pages":"Article 100415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Initializing a Public Repository for Hosting Benchmark Datasets to Facilitate Machine Learning Model Development in Food Safety","authors":"Chenhao Qian ,&nbsp;Huan Yang ,&nbsp;Jayadev Acharya ,&nbsp;Jingqiu Liao ,&nbsp;Renata Ivanek ,&nbsp;Martin Wiedmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While there is clear potential for artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models to help improve food safety, the development and deployment of these models in the food safety domain are by and large lacking. The absence of publicly available databases that host well-curated datasets that can be used to develop and validate AI /ML models represents one likely barrier. Thus, we took three previously published datasets, which we further cleaned and annotated, and made them publicly available in a repository called Cornell Food Safety ML Repository. The selected datasets include (i) presence or absence of <em>Listeria</em> spp. in soil samples collected across the U.S. with paired metadata for soil properties, geolocation, climate, and surrounding land use, (ii) presence or absence of <em>Salmonella</em> and <em>Campylobacter</em> in young chicken carcasses tested in processing facilities with associated meteorological and temporal metadata, and (iii) presence or absence of fecal contamination as well as <em>E. coli</em> concentration in New York watersheds with associated metadata for land use, water attributes, and meteorological factors. These datasets can serve as benchmark datasets for developing ML models. To demonstrate the utility of the repository, we developed customizable scripts as well as LazyPredict (a quick screening method) scripts for training different types of ML models using the shared datasets. While this repository provides an important starting point that will allow for the development and testing of ML models to predict foodborne pathogens contamination in different sources, the inclusion of further datasets is clearly needed to advance this field. This paper thus includes a call to action for the deposit of well-curated datasets that can be used for further development of predictive models in food safety. This paper will also discuss the benefits of such public databases, including the assessment of data-sharing scenarios using existing privacy-preserving techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 3","pages":"Article 100463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Lies Behind Mycotoxin Presence in Animal Feed? A Case Study☆","authors":"Maria-Eleni Dimitrakopoulou ,&nbsp;George Marinos ,&nbsp;Manos Karvounis ,&nbsp;Giannis Stoitsis ,&nbsp;Nikolaos Manouselis ,&nbsp;Charalampos Thanopoulos ,&nbsp;Chris Elliott","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates seasonal trends and correlations among different mycotoxins in animal feed, employing time series analysis and Seasonal-Trend Decomposition using LOESS (STL) to uncover patterns and relationships. Data collected from Food Fortress, covering 2014–2024, include feed for ruminants, pigs, and poultry. The analysis reveals that seasonality accounts for less than 15% of the variability in mycotoxin levels, suggesting a limited seasonal influence. High deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations in ram feed were attributed to specific management practices, while persistent DON levels in pig and poultry feed highlight the need for enhanced interventions. A strong correlation between DON and zearalenone (ZEN) was identified in pig and poultry feed. Over the study period, aflatoxin levels exhibited a slight increase, potentially linked to evolving climatic conditions, whereas DON and ZEN levels showed a slight decline. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between aflatoxin and ochratoxin levels suggests competitive interactions among fungal species, such as <em>Aspergillus</em> and <em>Penicillium</em>. These findings provide valuable insights into the intricate interactions of seasonal factors, management practices, and fungal ecology shaping mycotoxin contamination in animal feed. The study emphasizes the need for advanced mitigation strategies, including predictive modeling and artificial intelligence, to monitor and manage mycotoxin risks effectively at the regional level, ensuring feed safety and quality in the face of evolving environmental and management challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 4","pages":"Article 100464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Concentration of Aflatoxin M1 in Mother Milk: A Meta-analysis, Meta-regression, and Infants’ Health Risk Assessment","authors":"Yadolah Fakhri ,&nbsp;Vahid Ranaei ,&nbsp;Zahra Pilevar ,&nbsp;Maryam Sarkhosh ,&nbsp;Mansour Sarafraz ,&nbsp;Zohreh Abdi-Moghadam ,&nbsp;Reihane Javid","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breast milk is a complete and nutritious food for newborns and infants, but it may be contaminated with Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁), which endangers consumers’ health. Several studies from various regions have determined the concentration and prevalence of AFM₁ in mother milk. In this study, an attempt was made to meta-analyze the concentration and prevalence of AFM₁ and estimate the health risk of infants. The concentration and prevalence of AFM₁ in the countries subgroup were meta-analyzed in the random effects model (REM), and also the effect over time on the prevalence of AFM₁ was determined by meta-regression. Finally, the human risk in infants was estimated via the margin of exposure (MOE_S) in different countries. The five countries with the highest prevalence of AFM₁ in mother milk were observed in Jordan (100.00), Tanzania (100.00), Mexico (97.00%), Lebanon (93.69%), and Colombia (90.00%). The pooled prevalence of AFM₁ in mother milk was 54.48%, 95% CI (42.99–65.73). The five countries with the highest concentration of AFM₁ in mother milk were observed: Egypt (570 µg/l), Sudan (413 µg/l), Cameroon (315.00 µg/l), Serbia (175 µg/l), and Tanzania (70 µg/l). The pooled prevalence of AFM₁ in mother milk was 6.00, 95% CI (5.80–6.90(. Except for Egypt, infants in other countries are at an acceptable health risk (MOEs &gt; 10,000). Considering the unacceptable risk due to the consumption of milk containing AFM₁ in Egypt, it is suggested that programs be carried out to control the quality of mother milk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of food protection","volume":"88 3","pages":"Article 100462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143365073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}