{"title":"Symbol, Vision, Mother","authors":"C. O'Brien","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"Several papal documents have acknowledged the power (and attendant controversies) associated with the cinema since its invention in 1895. Filmic representations of the Virgin Mary increase the potential for contention by interconnecting with gender issues in addition to theology. Paying attention to these polemical dimensions, this chapter explores three cinematic approaches to Mariology: (i) the symbolic effect of the Marian image, which may provide a Catholic cultural context or a plot device; (ii) Marian apparitions and the attendant shrines; and (iii) filmic adaptations of the life of the mother of Jesus that touch upon dogmatic definitions (by accident or design). Despite different perspectives, the productions underline the ongoing significance of Mary as an inspiration for filmmakers, regardless of the religious affiliation (or none) of the directors.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115539338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Doctrine of the Theotokos in Gregorios Palamas","authors":"C. Kappes","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"The present chapter is designed to furnish the reader with new insights into the doctrine of Theotokos within the works of Gregorios Palamas (c.1296–d.1357). The study uncovers new facets of Palamas’ doctrine of Mary. Palamas’ spiritual renewal of Orthodox monasticism and his defence of Hesychasm or the traditional practice of prayer and spirituality of the monks on Mount Athos are chronicled in numerous studies. Diversely, this study concentrates on Marian reflections unique to Palamas that have been either neglected or only partially explored in modern studies. The disquisition concludes by orienting readers toward peculiar Marian doctrines that are important for the Palamite synthesis. In fact, these new discoveries are essential for understanding Palamas’ famous doctrine of the essence-energies, as culminating in Palamas’ doctrine of deification and divine vision. Gregorios sees divinization best exemplified in Mary, in whose vocation the apostles and other righteous Christians seek to participate by imitating her life of vision, prayer, and virtue.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128988927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary and Inculturation in Mexico and India","authors":"P. Granziera","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"In sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Mexico and India, the task of evangelization was in the hands of the missionaries, who mostly venerated the ‘Immaculate Virgin’. This Marianism is linked to the Counter-Reformation spirit in Europe and especially in the Iberian Peninsula. However, goddess cults were already a central part of pre-Hispanic and Indian religions. This chapter explores how European missionaries responded to the popularity of the goddesses in the new colonized lands (Mexico and India) and how Mary’s image was carefully shaped according to what they encountered in the conquered lands. It asks how similar or different were the symbols used to represent the idea of a female divine in Catholic and natives’ religions. This analysis will be based on an examination of colonial writings and devotional images in both Mexico and India.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121664998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marian Piety and Gender","authors":"T. V. Osselaer","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies gender ideals via practices of Marian piety and discourse on Marian devotion, focusing on the gender dynamics at new Marian shrines of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (e.g. Lourdes, La Salette, Oostakker). These sites became the object of discussion between Catholics and liberals, protestants, and anti-Catholics. and formed a perfect petri dish to study gender in modern Marian devotion. Scholars working from a gender perspective have stressed the importance and predominance of women among the visionaries, miraculés, and pilgrims documenting what has been called the ‘feminization’ of Catholicism. Men, however, have been lost from view even though at Lourdes, for instance, the most famous miraculé was a Belgian peasant, Pierre De Rudder. Analysing the work on these new shrines and linking it to more general studies on Marian devotion, this chapter wants to rebalance the research and trace both men’s and women’s involvement and find out what it says about gender perceptions.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129226105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary in Patristics","authors":"A. Louth","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"Mariological reflection in some second-century Fathers is introduced, especially the parallel with Eve; this explicit reflection on Mary is set beside second-century reflection on the Church as Virgin Mother, a tradition only later explicitly related to Mary as Virgin Mother. Attention is paid to the second-century Protevangelium of James with its remarkably developed Mariology; the nature of its esotericism is discussed, and later apocryphal texts introduced. Other tantalizing hints of devotion to Mary are mentioned, not least the use of the title Theotokos in a prayer belonging, possibly, to the third century. Mary’s virginity as an ascetic model in the fourth-century ascetic movement is briefly discussed. The first elaborate celebration of Mary is found in the liturgical poetry of the fourth-century Ephrem the Syrian. Mariology developed dramatically from the fifth century, witnessed in Proklos’ homilies, Romanos’ Kontakia, and the Akathist Hymn.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"386 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115912595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary and Migrant Communities","authors":"C. Notermans","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the meaning of Mary for migrant communities, and for African migrants in Europe in particular. These women appear to be well informed about European pilgrimages and, once in Europe, develop a programme of religious travel. Their mobility has become a kind of lifestyle that serves to frame their new lives as migrant mothers. The central question to be answered is: How do women as pilgrims and souvenir shoppers intensify their Marian devotion in post-migration life and in what kind of religious fusion and empowerment does that result? This central question is answered with an analysis of the data collected during multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in France (Paris, Lourdes) and Italy (San Damiano) between 2009 and 2015.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122869625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Virgin as Theotokos at Ephesus (ad 431) and Earlier","authors":"R. Price","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"The earliest apparent piece of evidence for giving Our Lady the title Theotokos is a papyrus in the John Rylands Library originally dated to the third century; recent research, however, suggests a date many centuries later. It has also been asserted that the First Council of Ephesus (431) formally defined that Our Lady is Theotokos; in fact, no such decree was issued. Although early Fathers had used the title as a matter of course, St Cyril of Alexandria was the first champion of its dogmatic status. But he did nothing to promote a cult of Our Lady, involving prayer for her intercession. This was because he bestowed on Our Lady a greater dignity than that of mere patron saints, namely an indispensable role as the collaborator of Our Lord in the work of salvation.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121628987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary and Modernity","authors":"Charlene M. Spretnak","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"Because the Reformation was unfavourably disposed toward expressions of the cosmological, mystical, symbolic, and aesthetic dimensions of the Virgin Mary’s spiritual presence, and because secular versions of several concepts in the Reformation became central to emergent modernity, the work of modernizing the Catholic Church at Vatican II resulted in streamlining Mary’s presence and meaning in favour of a more literal, objective, and strictly text-based version, which is simultaneously more Protestant and more modern. In the decades since Vatican II, however, the modern, mechanistic worldview has been dislodged by discoveries in physics and biology indicating that physical reality, the Creation, is composed entirely of dynamic interrelatedness. This perception also informs the Incarnation, the Resurrection, Redemption, transubstantiation, and the full spiritual presence of Mary with its mystical and cosmological dimensions. Perhaps the rigid dividing lines at Vatican II will evolve into new possibilities in the twenty-first century regarding Mary and modernity.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114178741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary in Luther and the Lutheran Reformation","authors":"B. Kreitzer","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"Mary, the queen of heaven and the most powerful intercessor among all the saints, was the focus of intense piety and devotion at the turn of the sixteenth century. She played a central role in the life of Christians, both in private devotions and in public ritual. But not everyone was pleased with the quantity or quality of Marian devotion. Following earlier critics, Martin Luther rejected much of the medieval cult surrounding Mary and transformed Marian devotion, inspiring a shift in her image from that of a powerful, merciful queen to a humble, obedient housewife. Although he maintained a warm, if transformed, devotion to Mary himself, Luther’s understanding of her role as the Mother of God and foremost of saints was dramatically different from the late medieval understanding. His influence on Protestant areas had the long-term effect of reducing Mary’s importance in Christian life and her visibility to Christians.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"110 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113970137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chasing the Lady","authors":"P. Williams","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.37","url":null,"abstract":"Responding to intellectual, devotional and liturgical changes in the rest of Europe, the place of the Virgin Mary was reappraised in England during the Reformations of the sixteenth century. It was during a seventeen year period between the publication of the Litany in English under Henry VIII in 1544 and the revised Calendar of the 1559 Prayer Book under Elizabeth in 1561 that a liturgical ‘shape’ to a reformed understanding of the Virgin Mary’s place within worship of the established church was formed. It provided a basis for an ‘Anglican’ theology of Mary, subsequent devotion and liturgical developments in the Church of England and the Anglican Communion.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126813757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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