{"title":"Mary and Grace","authors":"M. Levering","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter explores the topic of Mary and grace in light of its biblical background, especially the Gospel of Luke and the letters of Paul. On the topic of Mary’s grace and her sanctification, I examine the perspectives of four notable Fathers of the Church: Irenaeus, Origen, Augustine, and John of Damascus. Treating the Western development of doctrine on this topic, I very briefly describe the positions of Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus, as well as the reflections of Matthias Scheeben and John Henry Newman after the 1854 promulgation of the dogma of Mary’s Immaculate Conception.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123382766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary in the Hymnody of the East","authors":"J. Mcguckin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning with a notice of the major Marian hymnal elements in the New Testament text, this study goes on to consider how the most ancient Christian tradition of celebrating the role of the Virgin Mary in the salvific events the Church commemorates at prayer runs on in an unbroken line into the earliest liturgical examples from the Byzantine Greek liturgy. The study exegetes some of the chief liturgical troparia addressed to the Theotokos in the Eastern Orthodox Church ritual books. It analyses some of the more famous and renowned poetic acclamations of the Virgin in Byzantine literary tradition, such as the Sub Tuum Praesidium, the Akathist, and the Nativity Kontakion of Romanos the Melodist, but also goes on to show how the minor Theotokia (or ritual verses in honour of the Virgin), taken from the Divine Liturgy and from the Eastern Church’s Hours of Prayer, all consistently celebrate the Mother of God’s role in the salvific work of Christ in the world.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123055123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary as Cultural Symbol in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"C. Herringer","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"In the nineteenth century the Virgin Mary, traditionally the most important woman in the Roman Catholic Church, also became a dynamic negative cultural symbol for Protestants, an ambivalent figure for Anglicans, and an empowering symbol for some feminists. Her role as cultural symbol was the result of the confluence of religious and secular factors, including increased Marian devotion in the Roman Catholic Church, a growing Roman Catholic population in Protestant-dominated countries, the development of Anglo-Catholicism, and the ascendancy of the feminine ideal. Paying particular attention to recent and classic treatments of nineteenth-century Marian devotion in its cultural context, this chapter shows that understanding the competing views of the Virgin Mary is essential to understanding the intersection of religion and secular culture, particularly in relation to gender.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123928742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Patristic and Medieval Roots of Mary’s Humility","authors":"Briana Reynolds","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.45","url":null,"abstract":"Today, if one were to identify a single quality that typifies Mary other than her virginity it might well be her humility, yet this has not always been so. Despite the emphasis on her humility in Luke’s Gospel the Fathers in the early centuries of the Church mainly showed more interest in her virginity and obedience. Only in the eighth century, especially with Bede, did Mary come to be widely identified with humility, leading to a remarkable shift in her image in the Western Church; in fact by the twelfth century, Bernard of Clairvaux declared that her humility was more important than her virginity in God’s choice of her as his Mother. This chapter examines the complex factors that led to Mary becoming so closely identified with the virtue in the Latin Church and discuss the nature of Marian humility in this period, often mistakenly confused with passivity and servility.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133985293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary in the Apocrypha","authors":"T. Burke","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"References to Mary of Nazareth are plentiful in Christian apocryphal texts. The canonical gospels say little about her life before the birth of Jesus, and less still about what happened to her after Jesus’ death. Christian imagination filled in these gaps in Mary’s biography while also introducing some key aspects of doctrine. The chapter covers in detail the two key Marian apocryphal texts: the Protevangelium of James and the Dormition of the Virgin. Included also are numerous texts that expand and reflect upon her birth and early life, upon her role as the mother of Jesus, and upon her depiction as a mediator between God and humanity. Attention is paid also to the composite Mary found in gnostic texts, and to efforts at combining apocryphal texts of Mary into comprehensive biographies. The chapter aims to be descriptive about the texts that are available for study while also reflective of their importance for the history of Marian devotion.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121516264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary in Medieval Hispanic Literatures","authors":"L. Twomey","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198792550.013.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198792550.013.34","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter presents a discussion of three key questions on this subject. It addresses the presence of Spain’s three cultures in Marian literature. It looks at the question of how Passion literature develops in the Christmas cycle of poems and plays as well as the converse position of the Christmas sorrows in the sorrows tradition. It also examines the role of the court in Marian poetry and drama, both in the earliest poems and miracles and in the later fifteenth century. Fifteenth-century songbooks are an important repository of plays, versified lives of Christ, joys poems, and popular hymns. Songbooks include Mary’s praises, a related tradition to the joys.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115518004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mariology in the Counter Reformation","authors":"R. Fastiggi","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.42","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the Marian doctrine and devotion of the Counter-Reformation (c. 1550–1700), which is also called the Post-Tridentine era, the Baroque age, or the early modern period. It begins with a brief summary of Catholic Marian teaching of the 1500s and 1600s and then provides an overview of the Marian teachings of the Council of Trent (1545–63). It covers the development of systematic Mariology by Suárez and others as well as the Mariology of the French School of Bérulle, Olier, St John Eudes, and St Louis de Montfort. Subsequently, attention is given to sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Marian mystics; Jansenism; and the critics of excessive Marian piety.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131307798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Original Holiness","authors":"S. Boss","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"The nineteenth century saw an upsurge in Marian devotion and Mariological enquiry in Western Europe. Of particular note is the Bull of Pope Pius IX, Ineffabilis Deus (1854), which defines the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception as an article of Catholic faith. Developments of this kind may be seen partly as an example of the Catholic Church’s reaction against increasing secularization. However, methodologically, Marian theology was part of the tendency towards a more historical approach to theology, with greater emphasis on the participation of the ordinary faithful in the articulation of doctrine. Attention is drawn to the importance of the tradition in which Mary is identified with the Old Testament figure of Wisdom, and the relevance of this for the understanding of Mary’s pre-election as the Mother of God, immaculately conceived. Finally, there is discussion of some of the nineteenth century’s most prominent Mariological thinkers, such as Newman and Scheeben.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"84 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132695564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marian Typological and Symbolic Imagery in Patristic Christianity","authors":"Briana Reynolds","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.28","url":null,"abstract":"For well over half of the more than two thousand years of Christian history, Mary was viewed as much through the lens of Old Testament exegesis as through those brief passages in the New Testament that mention her, which is to say that the dominant mode of speaking about and understanding her was typological or figural. Epithets such as ‘the new Eve’ (Gen. 1–3), ‘Jacob’s ladder’ (Gen. 28:10–16), ‘burning bush’ (Ex. 3:1–8), ‘fleece of Gideon’ (Judg. 6:37–40), ‘ark’ (2 Kgs 6.14–23), ‘bridal chamber’ (Ps. 18:6), ‘tower of ivory’ (Song of Songs 7:4), ‘rod of Jesse’ (Isa. 11:1), and many more were once deeply significant to all Christians, from the most erudite of theologians to the simplest of faithful. This chapter examines the origins, nature, and significance of Marian typology and symbolism in the Patristic period with the aim of providing the contemporary reader with the necessary exegetical and hermeneutic keys for a fuller understanding of the original significance of this elaborate imagery.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130601902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Annunciation from Luke to the Enlightenment","authors":"G. Waller","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.46","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a cultural rather than a theological reading of the Annunciation story, locating it historically from its beginnings in Luke to the pre-Enlightenment, and then, by interrogating that history, speculating about why for a millennium and a half (and beyond), the Gospel’s story of Gabriel’s appearance to Mary (Luke 1: 26–38) has had such a powerful hold over the Western imagination. The early modern period saw the discovery of multiple versions of the Annunciation story, and from Ersamus onwards, the emergence of critical history calling into question the historicity of the Gospel accounts.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116472535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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